This Stadium Looks and Tastes Just Like the Others: Cookie-Cutter-Era Sports Facilities from

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "This Stadium Looks and Tastes Just Like the Others: Cookie-Cutter-Era Sports Facilities from"

Transcription

1 Sport History Review, 2009, 40, Human Kinetics, Inc. This Stadium Looks and Tastes Just Like the Others: Cookie-Cutter-Era Sports Facilities from Chad Seifried and Donna Pastore The Ohio State University The early permanent professional sport facility era ( ) presented baseball and football venues as interesting structures, but, overwhelmingly, these small and simple buildings failed to provide the adequate supply of amenities, comfort, or technological features sport organizations and a growing fan base desired. 1 Sport entrepreneurs wanted their facilities to be more entertaining, comfortable, and multi-functional in order to meet the demands of a changing consumer market. Brown (1979, p. 142) represented well the ideology of the post World War II society as he claimed sport facilities should possess, good visibility from all parts of the facility, be safe, flexible, and convenient for all users, and accommodate the needs of sponsors. 2 Improving economic conditions and an increasing population changed the consumer marketplace to influence the development of a new wave of professional sport facilities. For example, the population of the United States increased by more than 109 million between the end of World War II and Further, the U.S. Census determined that the Pacific region s population increased over 40% each decade from 1950 to 1970, whereas the Mountain and South Atlantic states averaged a gain of more than 20% during that same time span. Untouched by the war and with a growing population, the United States entered the 1950s as the world s strongest economy, producing roughly 40% of the world s total output of goods. Public confidence in business and government allowed the nation to enjoy a Gross National Product (GNP) that grew to a record $482.7 billion by Between 1950 and 1960, the average yearly income also increased from $3,083 to $5,976. In the 1960s, the country sustained further economic expansion through rising productivity, low unemployment, and investment in foreign countries. 4 Professional baseball and football facilities benefited from the remarkable economic and population growth mostly through franchise relocation and expansion. The increasing popularity and maturing of professional sport along with improvements in travel technology helped the exploration of new markets and the creation of new facilities. 5 For instance, 25,356 spectators appeared at each National Football League (NFL) game at the start of the 1950s. Gradually, the NFL s average attendance improved over 70% from 1950 to 1959, primarily due to the merger with All-America Football Conference, which increased the number of NFL teams The authors are with The Ohio State University, 305 W. 17th Avenue, Columbus, OH,

2 Cookie-Cutter Sports Facilities 31 to 12. With opportunities in America s growing regions, the American Football League ( ) surfaced, which also prompted the NFL to expand. 6 The two leagues merged in 1970; the NFL grew to 26 teams; total league attendance was 13.4 million by 1980 and 14.3 million in After the end of World War II baseball also achieved a remarkable turnout as 79,534,035 people attended games between 1946 and However, by the early 1950s Major League Baseball (MLB) started to decrease in popularity. 9 Teams in multiple-team towns suffered the most. Up until 1953, 10 cities hosted the 16 major league baseball organizations, but 5 of the 15 largest markets did not possess a major league baseball team. 10 A variety of authors blamed declining urban conditions, inadequate parking, television, and poorly maintained facilities for the decline. 11 Between 1953 and 1961, six of the 16 MLB teams moved from their multi-team locales to cities like Milwaukee, Kansas City, Baltimore, Minneapolis St. Paul, Los Angeles, and San Francisco, cities which were without major league baseball. These baseball franchises moved into renovated minor league stadiums or new facilities that accommodated both baseball and football. Baseball crowds grew again to nearly 20 million by 1960, and league expansion efforts in several locations attracted 54,823,768 attandees during One of these new facilities, County Stadium, was completed in 1953 by the City of Milwaukee. It was the first professional sport facility to be built with public funds, and the Milwaukee Model, as it came to be known, provided the foundation for the new wave of professional baseball and football facilities to come. It also housed the first MLB franchise to move since the early 1900s, the Braves. County Stadium scored a National League attendance record in 1953 as nearly 1.8 million fans came to see the newly acquired Braves in the 36,000-seat facility. 13 After this success, the Braves expanded the stadium s seating capacity to 43,000 and became the first National League team to break the 2 million mark in The Green Bay Packers moved into the facility as well during 1953 and eventually would play nearly half their home games there over a 41-year period. 15 Milwaukee County Stadium was heralded as a success and a pioneer in the evolution of professional sport facilities. The Milwaukee Model provided multiple rewards to professional sport organizations seeking new homes. Specifically, the new publicly funded facility helped reduce initial construction and annual maintenance costs sport franchise owners would typically incur. The Milwaukee Model was also an attractive building because it appeared cleaner and more spacious than facilities offered in the previous era. The early permanent ballparks frequently possessed several seating areas with obstructed views of the field and surfaces inside and outside were deteriorating, with cracked foundations, dirty and tight concourses, and inadequate safety conditions. 16 In Milwaukee s case, the 14,000-seat Borchert Field ( ) suffered from a small seating capacity and extraordinarily cramped dimensions. The move to the more comfortable and technologically advanced County Stadium also allowed the Braves to make over $500,000 in profit during their first year. This wiped out a debt accrued over the previous three years in Boston. 17 The financial success Milwaukee experienced inspired other major league owners to pursue similar sport facilities, complete with public funding and suburban locations, because they believed similar benefits would be bestowed upon them. 18 Resultantly, the cookie-cutter era was born, and architects designed facilities that occupied more space (i.e., surface

3 32 Seifried and Pastore area), provided more parking, showcased better spectator comforts (i.e., concourse size, seats, scoreboards, and other amenities), and were round in shape, because a round design was seen as a compromise that could accommodate the needs of both football and baseball. Researchers believe studying cookie-cutter-era facilities is valuable because they can provide another valuable framework from which we can assess modernization. However, despite showcasing a large variety of topics and glimpses of those structures, studies of sport facilities demonstrate little connection between the changing physical shape of sport facilities and modernization or even a fully formed description of the typical multi-use cookie-cutter building. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to analyze the physical layout of professional baseball and football facilities in America from 1953 to 1991 and to identify those instances and conditions (i.e., context) that impacted the shape of the structures. This work holds that the architectural design or physical layout of professional sport facilities evolve as technology and cultural beliefs or practices of human interaction change over time. Essentially, as John Bale proposed throughout his book Sport, Space, and the City, the geography of sport facilities mirror the modernization of its surrounding environment. 19 Modernization is characterized and defined in this work from several perspectives. First, we follow Melvin Adelman, who theorized that modernization is characterized by technology and the desire for achievement along with change. 20 Human territoriality expert Robert Sack further proposed that capitalism, as a part of modernization, creates innovation that frequently makes old products and services obsolete. 21 Thus, sport facilities, as a commodity, are subject to obsolescence without innovation and consequently under the control of their environment. Next, Adelman acknowledged that formalization of behavior is also a symbol or characteristic of modernization. 22 For example, Bale suggested the rise of rule standardization coincides with sport facilities evolving into a specialized site where people are restricted, removed, and fill space at specific times of the day or year. In essence, the full segregation of spectators from the competition area occurs with modernization as sport materialized as something to pay to see (e.g., luxury boxes). 23 Sack further associated modernization with the increase of market capitalism and supported sport facilities, which are enclosed places to be filled and emptied in an increasingly time-conscious society. 24 Finally, Adelman offered that modernization prompts the alteration of space for economic reasons. 25 Modernization forces communities to organize and manage their land differently in order to accommodate citizens growing demands. Consequently, many sporting activities moved away from the center of town and received municipally allocated facilities that were to be regularly maintained. This was possible because capitalism increased the mobility of people and the use of geographic space. 26 Modernization thus evoked the coordination of the mobile population. Overall, the professional sport facility of this era transformed away from a place to simply play and showcase competition into a specialized place that seeks to encourage and increase the spending of all individuals in attendance. Modernization therefore forces sport facilities to adapt to changing circumstances. In order to explain the impact of modernization on professional baseball and football facilities, we will describe how television imposed changes on the professional sport facility. Other structures such as concession stands, restrooms, or specialty seating and technological innovations such as artificial turf, electronic scoreboards,

4 Cookie-Cutter Sports Facilities 33 and moveable seating also demonstrate the increasing flexibility, comfort, and entertainment available to the changing society. Next, we shift the discussion to focus on the changing urban conditions and locations to show how they prompted professional sport facilities to establish distinctively similar shapes and a huge size. Finally, this study aims to produce an inventory of information related to the production of professional baseball and football facilities that will be useful to scholars. Earle Zeigler supported this purpose with his suggestion that the construction of such a resource would allow researchers to discover completed work and generate new ideas or possible topics to study. 27 The researchers examined a variety of items (e.g. construction costs, seating capacity, site sizes, concession/restroom opportunities, technology, and field dimensions) as valuable facility inventory elements. This study considered football facilities utilized by the National Football League (NFL ) and American Football Leagues ( ) along with baseball facilities operated by the National League (NL ) and American League (AL ). We chose to focus this study on the changing characteristics of American baseball and football facilities because they truly dominated the attention of the United States sporting culture in 20th century. By regularly hosting the largest crowds of modern American society, they also became the two major types of sport facilities produced by the United States by the 1930s. 28 We feel compelled to study professional baseball and football facilities simultaneously because they overwhelmingly shared facilities. For instance, we found that 31 different sport facilities (see Table 1) hosted both professional baseball and football from Camden Yards at Oriole Park served as the end point of the research project because recent developments in professional sport-facility construction appear somewhat based upon that facility. 29 Table 1 Facilities Shared by Professional Football and Baseball Teams Name Anaheim Stadium Astrodome Atlanta Fulton County Stadium Busch Stadium Candlestick Park Civic Stadium Cleveland Municipal Stadium Comiskey Park D.C. Stadium Fenway Park Griffith Stadium H.H. Humphrey Metrodome Kingdome Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Memorial Stadium Metropolitan Stadium City Anaheim, CA Houston Atlanta St. Louis San Francisco Portland, OR Cleveland Chicago Washington, D.C. Boston Washington, D.C. Minneapolis Seattle Los Angeles Baltimore Bloominton, MN

5 34 Seifried and Pastore (table 1 continued) Mile High Stadium Milwaukee County Stadium Municipal Stadium Oakland Alameda County Coliseum Polo Grounds Riverfront Stadium San Diego Stadium Shea Stadium Shibe Park Three Rivers Stadium Tiger Stadium Veterans Stadium War Memorial Stadium Wrigley Field Yankee Stadium Denver Milwaukee Kansas City Oakland New York City Cincinnati San Diego New York City Philadelphia Pittsburgh Detroit Philadelphia Buffalo Chicago New York City The Impact of Television Television surfaced as one of the great innovations for professional sport because sporting leagues could broadcast visual images of their drama to remote audiences across the country or local region thus, providing more interest in their team and game. Television was first introduced to professional baseball when the Brooklyn Dodgers hosted the Cincinnati Reds on August 26, 1939 at Ebbets Field. 30 However, the 1948 Chicago Cubs and White Sox were the first teams to agree to broadcast all of their home games on television after the success of the 1947 World Series broadcasts. 31 Previously, early efforts to introduce television coverage of sporting events met some resistance, much like what radio experienced earlier, because sport franchise owners perceived television broadcasts as giving their product away for free. 32 Essentially, owners worried that television would hurt their gate receipts, the primary source of revenue before the 1960s. Also, professional sport struggled to broadcast games on television because the technology lacked the sophistication necessary to adequately showcase the event. 33 Earlier broadcasts experienced great difficulty in following the action of professional sport (i.e., players or ball movement). Better lenses and enhanced zoom capabilities were necessary before broadcasts could become more than just a novelty. 34 Early sport facilities also lacked the necessary locations for cameras to broadcast at the proper angles for television watching. For instance, Shibe Park televised its first baseball game in 1947 when facility managers converted a concession stand underneath the upper deck behind home plate for the park s only camera location. 35 Ebbets Field first televised game materialized from cameras located behind the catcher in a 2nd level box seat section and the other near the visitor dugout. 36 Eventually, televised sporting events changed from novel acts into big business for professional sport organizations as the number of television sets increased across

6 Cookie-Cutter Sports Facilities 35 the country and the money from sponsors became more plentiful. 37 Americans spent a substantial amount of their personal time in front of the television and radically changed their daily rituals around television broadcasts. 38 Sporting activities likely grabbed hold of a national audience because their drama played well on television. Football, especially, excelled and capitalized during early television broadcasts because the technology and lack of suitable camera locations limited shooting to straight or linear shots like those provided by the football line of scrimmage on the gridiron. Oriard (2001, 99) suggested, Television struck a blow at football s local-rootedness more generally, as it made every team a potential home team for football fans everywhere, enabling the National Football League to transcend geography. 39 Harris Polls conducted in 1968 illustrated this point as they found sport fans preferred to watch football over baseball on television. 40 Because baseball s action occurs in different locations on the field simultaneously, the spacing of the players prevented early television camera locations from seeing the whole field. Despite these difficulties, the television industry preferred to use sporting events as a vehicle to sustain or increase their network traffic because they were time-oriented activities and less costly to produce. 41 Professional sport franchises obviously improved their bargaining position on the design of any new sport facility because of their increasing popularity with those in live and remote attendance. Thus, they pushed for venues that accommodated the needs of television broadcasters because the broadcasters controlled the image of the franchise and even the city itself, asw well as the future growth of the team s fan base. Still, financial success was also an important factor in developing a television-friendly, cookie-cutter facility. Television provided sport franchises with money through broadcast rights, which were initially negotiated between the sport organization and local television stations. Consequently, by the mid to late 1950s, the money collected by teams from television and radio broadcasting agreements varied by team. The 1955 and 1956 Dodgers collected $787,155 and $888,270, respectively, from their television and radio deals. In contrast, the Milwaukee Braves collected only $135,000 from radio and television during the late 1950s. Likewise, NFL organizations used television to their advantage. The average NFL team made $113,637 in 1955 and $143,332 in In 1960, the upstart AFL collectively agreed to sell its broadcasting rights to ABC. The results produced higher revenues for league members to share in because there was no competition among member organizations to sell their broadcasting rights. The NFL and MLB completed similar deals during this time. This collective behavior emerged because the Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 appeared to permit professional football and baseball to essentially operate as cartels during the sale of broadcast rights. As a result, the NFL s first television contract in 1961 brought each team about $330,000, an obvious increase from the numbers each team was able to generate indivudually during the 1950s. Another contract with CBS, beginning in 1964, tripled this figure to $1 million per team. By the start of the 1970s, the AFL and NFL had merged, and NFL contracts earned the league $47 million from 1970 to The close of the 1970s ( ) brought a staggering $161.7 million a year for each team of the league to share. 43 Appropriately, professional sport facilities responded physically to accommodate television by the start of the 1950s through the 1990s in their new and old facilities. This was necessary in order for professional sport venues and their franchises to survive. 44 For example, Philadelphia installed television-camera booths

7 36 Seifried and Pastore along the first and third baselines to improve viewing angles in Shibe Park. 45 Press boxes were expanded to assist television announcers and camera operators attempting to broadcast various sporting events. Sport facilities also altered their layout by incorporating large interview or press conference rooms to accommodate growing media requests. Predictably, sophisticated lighting structures appropriate for the broadcasting of night sporting events were installed. For instance, Three Rivers Stadium (Pittsburgh, PA) introduced a new type of floodlight specifically designed for television broadcasts. Engineered by the Westinghouse Corporation, these floodlights allowed television cameras to film under better conditions, which resulted in the highest quality broadcasts. 46 Broadcast-production space were also incorporated in professional sport facilities to meet the advances of television technology and preferences of live and remote spectators. Examples of major technological advances created by television include slow-motion instant replay, the telestrator, and statistical graphics. Finally, the new cookie-cutter facility included anywhere from four to eight camera locations throughout the structure to help broadcast the event, which had an impact the shape of the facility. 47 Distinctive Structures of Cookie-Cutter Facilities The transformation of the American consumer to communicate, gather information differently, and seek out more immediate and better comfort helped institute great cultural expectations in all professional sport buildings by the 1960s. Distinctively, cookie-cutter sport facilities incorporated a variety of structures that embraced the expectation of immediate gratification and reduced anxieties associated with safety and security concerns. Cookie-cutter structures met the new consumers needs adequately and adapted well to the event through the use of computer-aided design and evolving technology. They were also a product of the modernist movement or minimalist architectural style favored by designers from the 1950s through the 1980s. The result was that sport venues began to look alike across the country; they appeared as large antiseptic buildings stripped of charm and isolated from the outside world. Their lack of charm allows them to appear as Brown suggested, economical in expenses and maintenance. 48 The cookie-cutter sport facility represented a normal cycle architecture goes through, because what works in one place is assumed to go well in another. 49 Consequently, professional baseball and football facilities, like other modernist buildings, sought to eliminate or reduce the effect of weather for competitive sport and emerge as objects to be admired. 50 Modernity also implied establishing or reorganizing space for specialized participation. 51 Thus, the modernist movement contributed heavily to the ability of this era s sport facilities to dominate other surrounding structures or exist as a large free-standing structure. 52 Overall, these monstrous venues lacked a natural landscape and spawned a neighborhood of similar unaesthetic, unattractive buildings. Improved restroom accommodations and concession opportunities dotted the landscape as latent structures of the cookie-cutter facility. During the previous era, poor or primitive restrooms and concession areas often caused people not to return to their seat or the facility. Furthermore, a limited number of restrooms and permanent concession stands in the early permanent structures increased wait times and discouraged return trips. 53 Cookie-cutter facilities incorporated more

8 Cookie-Cutter Sports Facilities 37 restrooms and concession stands with greater menu options because quicker access to restrooms and concessions meant more money spent by the customer. They also included more restrooms and concessions simply because there were more seats and more of them surrounded much of the playing area instead of just along the baselines and behind homeplate. 54 Overall, existing data showed the average cookie-cutter facility supported 48 restrooms and 40 concession stands whereas previous facilities hosted roughly 12 restrooms and fewer permanent concession stands (see Tables 2 and 3). 55 Table 2 Number of Concession Stands in Cookie-Cutter Sports Facilities Name Concession Stands Hoosier Dome 26 D.C. Stadium 28 Riverfront Stadium 35 Tropicana Field 37 Arrowhead Stadium 39 Candlestick Park 40 Giants Stadium 40 Ralph Wilson Stadium 42 Joe Robbie Stadium 43 Three Rivers Stadium 50 San Diego Stadium 52 U.S. Cellular Field 53 Average 40 Table 3 Number of Restrooms in Cookie-Cutter Sports Facilities Name Restrooms Foxboro Stadium I 20 Tropicana Field I 30 Giants Stadium 35 U.S. Cellular Field I 38 Kingdome 41 Pontiac Silverdome 44 D.C. Stadium 45 Ralph Wilson Stadium I 46 Arrowhead Stadium I 48 Riverfront Stadium 50 Shea Stadium 54 Candlestick Park I 70 San Diego Stadium I 74 Joe Robbie Stadium I 80 Average 48

9 38 Seifried and Pastore The efficiency of spectator movement and emphasis on seating comfort also served as an important contrast between older stadiums and cookie-cutter facilities. Early permanent sport facilities typically possessed narrow aisles, narrow seats, and concourses within the structure. This frequently prevented efficient, comfortable, and safe movement throughout the facility. Cookie-cutter facilities supported larger seats and wider, more open concourses and aisles to assuage people s worries about missing the action. 56 The location for vertical circulation structures also differed significantly from facilities constructed earlier. Typically, permanent sport facilities developed between 1903 and 1952 provided for vertical circulation inside the facility. Cookie-cutter stadiums, however, were designed with vertical circulation structures beyond the volume of the building. Massive escalator systems and ramps emerged as the primary means of shifting people from one deck to another. 57 Interestingly, owners and architects, following the modernist movement, used a multi-deck, cantilever design to build larger-capacity facilities, eliminate obstructed viewpoints, and protect people from inclement weather. The tradeoff created opportunities for circulation play a more central role structurally. Because the cantilever design positioned the seats further away from the action in the circular facility, the vertical circulation structures frequently helped bear the weight of those multiple decks. 58 Although meant to be hidden, moveable seating was also an overt feature of cookie-cutter-era facilities because it often scarred natural and artificial grass surfaces and left unnatural ugly backgrounds when fully retracted. 59 Moveable seating was born in 1961 when the Osborne Company established D.C. Stadium (R.F.K. Stadium) as a true multi-purpose facility with its sliding ground-level retractable seats for football and baseball events. 60 Candlestick Park, Shea Stadium, Busch Stadium, Veterans Stadium, and others adopted this unique feature, which helped place seats around the entire playing surface. Interestingly, Shea Stadium (1964) introduced the first motorized tracks to help convert it from a baseball facility into a football gridiron. 61 Moveable seating also allowed facilities to become larger and more adaptable, meaning they could host more than just football or baseball (e.g. rock concerts, political rallies, and religious meetings). The Louisiana Superdome evolved into such a structure. For instance, designers of the Superdome produced a cable-driven, moveable seating system that allowed the structure to move out from or into an overhanging section of seats. Overall, the massive moveable steel stands weighed approximately 1,000 tons, stood 25 rows high, and stretched 550 feet high in order to seat 15,000 spectators in a variety of positions. 62 The roof on the Superdome is another distinctive feature of this era in facility construction. Dome technology became a reality in 1965 when the City of Houston, Texas, opened the engineering marvel called the Harris County Domed Stadium (i.e., Astrodome). Again, following the prescription of the modernist movement, the domed stadium promoted itself as a climate-controlled facility capable of eliminating rain, heat, cold, snow, ice, and wind, which could all quickly turn an event sour for sport spectators. Interestingly, discussions on domed stadiums surfaced well before the first shovel went into the ground. The New York Times reported on March 6, 1952, that architect Norman Bel Geddes possessed a plan for a new retractable-roof stadium in Brooklyn. The new Brooklyn Stadium also featured foam rubber seats, heated in cold weather; a 7,000 car garage from which fans can proceed directly into the ballpark; automatic hot dog vending machines everywhere, including mustard; a new lighting system minus the present steel towers and a synthetic substance to replace grass on the entire field and which can be painted any color. 63

10 Cookie-Cutter Sports Facilities 39 The idea for the retractable or domed roof primarily developed because baseball owners wanted to assure their fans a game would take place on its scheduled date and that they would be comfortable throughout the event. Obviously, poor weather conditions (e.g., heat/humidity, rain, or snow) canceled or delayed many games over the past century costing both sport entrepreneurs and spectators. Canceled games imposed financial losses on owners because they refunded money spent on tickets. Decreased attendance typically followed make-up games, and delays often encouraged many spectators to go home, costing revenue from parking, concessions, and merchandise sales. Delays also forced owners to pay overtime to stadium workers who also likely missed a day s paycheck if the weather outright canceled the game. Delays and cancelations were also a liability for television networks because they had to fill in the time the sporting event would have taken during a delay. Networks also worried about the possible ramifications of a delayed game running into regularly scheduled network programming. Despite the advantages of the doomed roof for sport organizations and spectators, there were some disadvantages as well. For instance, the dome also blocked the sun, clouds, moon, and shadows during good weather. Furthermore, the domed roof, which represented the sterile and antiseptic atmosphere of modernity, also provided spectators with an anodyne look. Domed roofs such as those in Seattle, Minneapolis, and Indianapolis also received criticism because they created unpleasant acoustics. For example, Joe Magrane of the St. Louis Cardinals eloquently described the troubles he faced when playing against Minnesota in the Metrodome during the 1987 World Series. Specifically, Magrane says, I wore earplugs the first game, and it was just unbelievably loud, but I didn t like the feeling with the earplugs because there was an echo, and it made me feel like I was in a phone booth down the street. 64 The invention of artificial or synthetic grass is a profound trademark of the cookie-cutter facility and a firect result of dome technology. Originally developed in 1966 for the Houston Astrodome, Astroturf was created because natural grass could not grow properly under the facility s painted glass ceiling. 65 The artificial grass surface was as a durable, cheap, and modern alternative to natural grass that allowed facility owners to maximize the use of the sport facility. Competition areas could better bear the burden of multiple sporting events, rock concerts, political rallies, and religious gatherings. In order to accommodate such events, natural grass surfaces required costly maintenance by facility owners. Synthetic turf gave outdoor professional sport facilities the ability to transform from weather-dependent structures into self-sufficient and highly adaptable buildings. Ultimately, these advantages prompted many new or existing cookie-cutter facilities to replace natural grass surfaces with artificial turf. 66 Municipalities likely welcomed artificial turf because it demonstrated or legitimized their financial commitment to the facility as a more responsible investment. The overwhelming use of synthetic turf across professional sport facilities changed the nature or shape of the sporting product for sport spectators. Generally, the early versions of synthetic turf acted to speed up all aspects of the baseball or football game. Fast yet predictable bounces for baseball emerged as a by product of the hard and flat surface. Natural grass fields provided unique and interesting bounces because they were more affected by weather and other events occurring in the facility. Footballs bouncing on artificial turf produced similar unpredictable bounces because of its oblong shape, but football players do not desire to see the

11 40 Seifried and Pastore ball hit the turf so these plays are minimized. Many baseball fans felt disenchanted with the predictability of artificial turf, but again, the synthetic grass lent itself to the modernist movement s use of technology and call for buildings to appear similar aesthetically and in their use of space. The Houston Astrodome also reintroduced the luxury box concept, appropriately on a larger scale, to also help distinguish cookie-cutter facilities from earlier structures. 67 The luxurious space, comfortable cushioned seats, and access to a variety of food items were just some of the unique features of the Astrodome s luxury suites. Other professional sport facilities followed the Astrodome s lead and installed or incorporated luxury seating into their structures, typically with a view of those areas in which most of the action occurs. In most cases, this meant behind homeplate and all along the first and third baselines. The outfield, in many locations, was barren because the orientation of the football field over the baseball diamond made the outfield an endzone and thus a less preferred location for any type of seating. This investigation found cookie-cutter facilities averaged roughly 48 luxury boxes and 1,448 club seats (see Table 4). The Astrodome, along with many other facilities, evolved to accommodate and promote businesses with their luxury boxes as more and more corporations became involved with the ownership or recognized the benefits of being connected to sport. Fittingly, professional sport embraced the maturing of this nontraditional stream of revenue and premium seating. 68 The luxury accommodations progressed during the multi-purpose era into more elaborate structures. For instance, the City of Pittsburgh elevated the status of luxury seating when it introduced the Allegheny Club to Three Rivers Stadium in The Allegheny Club was located between the right field decks of the stadium and was anticipated to generate over $100,000 in stadium revenues for the City of Pittsburgh. The Allegheny Club featured a restaurant capable of seating 400 and provided a spectacular view of the field. 69 Greater technological advances further allowed large electronic score and video boards to secure a place in the cookie-cutter structure to further help enclose the facility from the outside world. Typically, video and scoreboards occupied positions in the outfield anywhere from left-center to right-center field above or in between sections of seats. Smaller and simpler electronic scoreboards typically were located behind home and along the baselines as part of the deck structure. No large scoreboards occupied the space on this side of the facility because of the various preferred seating options in this location. The location of the large video screen and scoreboard also makes sense given that higher paying customers sat around the infield and football sidelines. Thus, they were rewarded with preferred views of the electronic entertainment and information vehicles. Initially, Chicago White Sox owner Bill Veeck showed the potential of the scoreboard as an entertainment device when he established the Monster Scoreboard in Veeck s scoreboard added strange noises, shot off fireworks, and supported pinwheels, which all erupted into action after a White Sox win or home run. The Houston Astrodome introduced its $2 million behemoth in 1965 that wrapped around the length of the outfield. Unlike previous generations of scoreboards, the colossal scoreboard entertained fans. Specifically, the scoreboard not only relayed important information but also, using flashing lights, booming sounds, and animation, implored the audience participate in appropriate ways, all which added to the overall experience and invited interaction between the spectators and the event on the field or products advertised. 70

12 Cookie-Cutter Sports Facilities 41 Table 4 On-Site Parking, Surface Area, Luxury Suites, Club Seats, and Length of Construction for Cookie-Cutter Sports Facilities Name On-site parking Surface area (acres) Luxury suites Club seats Length of construction (months) Milwaukee County Stadium 11,000 NA Municipal Stadium 4,500 NA 0 NA 6 Metropolitan Stadium Vast NA 0 NA 12 Alumni Stadium NA NA 9 Lambeau Field 5, Sun Devil Stadium 3,500 NA Candlestick Park 8, NA NA 37 D.C. Stadium 13,500 NA 0 NA 33 Frank Youell Stadium 2,100 NA NA NA 10 Colt Stadium NA NA NA NA 15 Dodger Stadium 16,000 NA NA NA 31 Shea Stadium 10,000 NA 46 3, Astrodome 24, Arlington Stadium 2,500 NA 0 NA 12 Anaheim Stadium 12,000 NA 0 NA 20 Busch Stadium 5, Atlanta Fulton County Stadium 10, Oakland Alameda County Coliseum 9,600 NA Tampa Stadium 10,000 NA 0 NA 23

13 42 Seifried and Pastore (table 4 continued) San Diego Stadium 18, NA 20 Riverfront Stadium 2, Three Rivers Stadium 5, Foxboro Stadium 13, Veterans Stadium 16, Texas Stadium 15,000 NA Arrowhead Stadium 26, Ralph Wilson Stadium 11,000 NA NA NA 16 Royals Stadium 22,000 NA Louisiana Superdome 5, NA NA 50 Pontiac Silverdome 12, , Giants Stadium 24, New Yankee Stadium 6, , Kingdome 4, H.H. Humphrey Metrodome Hoosier Dome 9, , Joe Robbie Stadium 15, , Tropicana Field 7, NA 39 U.S. Cellular Field 7, , Average 10, , Note. NA means not available.

14 Cookie-Cutter Sports Facilities 43 The 1980s supported a significant revolution in video scoreboard displays with the introduction of more advanced colored scoreboards. 71 Captured video allowed highlights and replays of sporting action to appear on video boards alongside commercials. Previously, the best visbility sponsors could obtain was signs attached to the sport facility. Video advertising allowed them more interactive opportunities with potential clients. These display systems provided sport franchises the opportunity to show every fan the events and players on the field in a closer and more detailed or intimate fashion. These video boards also evolved to entertain fans with clearer cartoons/images and more complex clips of statistics, trivia, announcements, and television-produced commercials. Finally, the cookie-cutter baseball and football facility embraced the size of these giant video and scoreboards within the structure. Australian sociologist John Goldlust proposed, The giant video screen is there to attract people to the stadium event and to ensure that by attending they will not be deprived of the television experience. 72 Ultimately, these things helped spectators experience the event differently than fans from the previous era; they also further isolated the professional sport facility from the outside world because the facility was conceived to exist as an attraction on par with the event. Changing the Scenery: Suburbia Shapes the Ballpark In the 1980s, the Chicago White Sox management became concerned that the neighborhood surrounding Comiskey Park was deteriorating. The demographics of the park s environment changed in favor if low-income and minority tenants. The White Sox management also made claims Comiskey Park began to show its age and was difficult or costly to maintain. 73 These factors led the White Sox to conclude that its middle- or upper-class patrons seriously tried to avoid games at Comiskey Park because the possibility of urban crime and an uncomfortable facility worried them. In time, this argument, along with the threat of departure to another city, wore the City of Chicago down, and funds were allocated to support the construction of U.S. Cellular Field in The argument and rationale used by the White Sox to gain a new ballpark was not uncommon among professional sport organizations. Cities with major league football and baseball franchises felt pressure that their teams might leave for places willing to build new stadiums; further, the cities believed the nation perceived them as declining or minor cities because of noticeable population changes around the ballpark, as well as the relocation of businesses to suburban locations. For example, in Philadelphia, the total population of Philadelphia fell roughly 13% from 1970 to 1980 because habitable housing ceased to exist as people and politicians abandoned or demolished residences, business establishments, and industries. 74 The neighborhood surrounding Shibe Park supported more crime than before, and by 1969 the ballpark, like the neighborhood, fell apart. Seating capacity and parking remained inadequate and impossible to expand. In the end, the Phillies deemd the neighborhood and the ballpark undesirable for their ball club. Furthermore, they wanted a new facility in a different location because they thought customers would not want to travel to Shibe Park and its surrounding community. 75 Similarly, in Pittsburgh, political and economic leaders felt a new facility would clean up the image of the Steel City as a decaying, dirty, and crime-ridden town. Specifically,

15 44 Seifried and Pastore through the leadership of Mayor David Lawrence and local businessman, Richard Mellon, the new Three Rivers Stadium opened in Trumpbour argued the rust-belt cities seemed to particularly enjoy the association with modernity, 77 the new sport facility provided them because it helped change their image into a more progressive and technologically advanced city. Regularly these cities and franchises sought to add the structures mentioned above to their new facilities to help project this image to their community and the rest of the country. Ultimately, the redistributed population forced sport organizations to abandon their old facilities and establish new ones because sport entrepreneurs also found it difficult to realize all the potential profits in the old venue. Inadequate seating and especially parking were also major factors to keep people away. Parking is a significant problem when we consider that 88% of spectators came to ballparks by car at this time. 78 The migration of residents from urban centers to the suburbs also left behind a neighborhood populated by a lower economic class, people who could not afford to attend sporting events or protect the property surrounding a professional sport facility. Fittingly, sport organizations moved into sport facilities built in the suburbs because the fans with the most disposable incomes were located there and the suburban locations were more auto friendly. The cookie-cutter facility emerged to accommodate the automobile. Thus, another characteristic of the cookie-cutter facility are the miles of parking surrounding them. A lack of streets to adequately move traffic around ballparks prevented individuals from moving quickly to and from a ballpark in downtown locations in the previous era. A very limited number of on-site parking opportunities also awaited customers coming to games in the city. For instance, Ebbets Field (Brooklyn) supported only 700 parking spots. 79 Shibe Park (Philadelphia) held only a few hundred spaces. Neither could accommodate the necessary number of spots within walking distance to the facilities. This fact combined with the increasing frequency of night games prompted mounting frustration for car-addicted, safety-conscious Americans. Many franchises attempted to find space for parking and a new ballpark inside city limits, but these plans folded because the sport entrepreneurs could not offer the high cost to acquire all the space they needed. The shift to suburban locations not only allowed for ample parking but also permitted the cookie cutter to grow to an immense size; the facilities were not limited by existing structures such as residences, businesses, and parks, which was typical of ballparks in the early permanent era. Architect Philip Bess identified the space these new facilities occupied as superblocks or a massive parcel of land undivided by through streets or into smaller blocks. 80 Bess argued these new facilities traditionally existed on a superblock because municipalities could not find a large enough urban street grid to host the facility s expanded seating and automobile needs. This investigation found support for the superblock description in several ways. First, the average cookie-cutter professional sport facility supported roughly 10,500 parking spots on site (see Table 4). The limited data on early modern facilities show that barely over 3,000 parking spaces were available adjacent to these facilities. Multi-purpose, cookie-cutter professional sport facilities could also be described as free standing objects significantly larger than their predecessors. 81 For example, these free standing objects occupied on average nearly 21 acres of land, whereas the early permanent sport facility controlled roughly 10 (see Table 4). 82 Cookie-cutter facilities also demonstrated their need size by averaging attendance of 55,350 for football and 44,859 for baseball (see Table 5).

16 Cookie-Cutter Sports Facilities 45 Table 5 Capacity and Field Dimensions of Cookie-Cutter Sport Facilities Name Capacity (football) Capacity (baseball) Left field Left center Center field Right center Milwaukee County Stadium 36, Municipal Stadium 40,104 30, Metropolitan Stadium 18,200 18, Alumni Stadium 32,500 Lambeau Field 32,150 Sun Devil Stadium 30,000 Candlestick Park 43, D.C. Stadium 56,454 45, Frank Youell Stadium 22,000 Colt Stadium 32, Dodger Stadium 56, Shea Stadium 45,919 55, Astrodome 42, Arlington Stadium 10, Anaheim Stadium 43, Busch Stadium 60,000 46, Atlanta Fulton County Stadium 60,700 52, Oakland Alameda County Coliseum 45,000 45, Right field

17 46 Seifried and Pastore (table 5 continued) Tampa Stadium 47,000 San Diego Stadium 50,000 50, Riverfront Stadium 60,389 52, Three Rivers Stadium 59,594 47, Foxboro Stadium 60,292 Veterans Stadium 65,352 62, Texas Stadium 65,000 Arrowhead Stadium 70,000 Ralph Wilson Stadium 75,339 Royals Stadium 40, Louisiana Superdome 69,082 Pontiac Silverdome 80,311 Giants Stadium 78,741 New Yankee Stadium 57, Kingdome 66,000 59, H.H. Humphrey Metrodome 64,035 55, Hoosier Dome 60,272 Joe Robbie Stadium 80,024 Tropicana Field 48, U.S. Cellular Field 44, Average 55,350 44,

18 Cookie-Cutter Sports Facilities 47 Figure 1 The Houston Astrodome demonstrates the free-standing monument concept well with its miles of parking around the facility. (Photograph courtesy of the Houston Astros Publicity Department) Unmistakably, the spacious parking area helped the circular design of the facility evolve because parking surrounded the entire building complex and the amenities in the structures above served to help enclose the field (for an example, see the photograph of the Houston Astrodome, Figure 1) However, we would like to point out that the circular design also emerged as a result of a compromise between football and baseball organizations wanting a new facility but not wishing to pay for construction. Municipal funding was available but not for separate facilities. 83 Municipalities wanted as many events as possible in return for their investment. Spectator viewing also influenced the circular shape. Ovals hurt baseball sightlines for the television camera and positioned spectators away from the action. Similarly, squares hurt football attendees because it introduced obscure viewpoints from the sharp corners. 84 Unfortunately, the compromise on the circular facility produced more field space and limited the number of the quality seats closest to the action. For example, Trumpbour pointed out Three Rivers Stadium s circular design... limited the number of top-quality baseball seats to less than 15, Conclusion The designs of cookie-cutter professional sport facilities were obviously impacted by a variety of influences. This inquiry found that the American population shifted toward the western and southern states, and suburban areas grew outside city limits, which encouraged the construction of professional sport facilities outside

19 48 Seifried and Pastore the cities. Professional sport facilities changed dramatically when population and public financial-support systems increased to force the expansion or relocation of professional baseball and football teams to these communities. City businesses and political organizations appropriately moved to these locales to take of advantage of cheaper space and to be closer to the redistributed population. The abandonment of urban locations by upper- and middle-class residents resulted in increased crime in downtown areas, as well as inadequate maintenance and neglect. Downtown or urban locations also provided few parking opportunities for the relocated and carloving Americans. The automobile gained popularity because it allowed Americans the ability to travel to places away from the crowded inner city at their own convenience. Fittingly, the improving American infrastructure provided better highways and roads so those who owned cars could move to suburban locations. As a more demanding and sophisticated consumer society emerged after World War II, sport organizations moved away from their economically inadequate ballparks and their urban locations. Sport franchise owners sought to build new sport facilities with public assistance that were closer to suburban neighborhoods and businesses, following the lead of some communities who built professional sport facilities to attract sport franchises. Communities willingly obliged because they felt hosting a professional sport team or building a new facility could change their national image or perception. Professional football grew tremendously during the early part of the cookie-cutter era to match the popularity of baseball and, thus, football franchises surfaced as a major factor in the construction and design of the new municipal stadiums. Television revenue also grew to become as important as gate attendance as a source of revenue for most sport organizations. Therefore, television technology was also considered in the design of the facility. Other sources of revenue also became important for the new buildings to embrace. For example, merchandising, concessions, advertisements, and luxury-box sales provided viable means to improve the economic position of franchises or return an investment made by a community. Ultimately, the professional sport facility of this era transforms from a place to simply play and showcase competition into a specialized place that seeks to encourage and maximize the spending of all individuals in attendance. External vertical circulation ramps, improvements in seat design, concessions, restroom size, and technological advancements in television, scoreboards, and advertising systems also converged to increase the footprints of these stadiums. All of these structures combined to totally enclose the building from the outside world as they sought to extract more money from spectators by giving them a better and more gratifying experience at the sporting structure. Appropriately, this circular enclosure is supported by the symmetrical dimensions offered by baseball set-ups. Specifically, outfield dimensions on new construction stood at 331 feet for right and left field, 378 feet in left-center and 377 feet for right-center field (see Table 5). 86 The cookie-cutter facilities percieved ability to provide more comfort and entertainment to live and remote spectators and to produce more revenue for sport organizations and municipalities prompted significant investment in construction. This investigation found municipal investments were likely heavy because the cost of the massive professional sport facilities with all the trimmings averaged $45,643,129 for new construction or $178,046,060 in 2008 dollars (see Table 6). To put this number in perspective, the previous era s simple professional sport facilities only averaged $895,690 or $10,919,268 in 2008 dollars. 87

Lesson 2 Pre-Visit Big Business of the Big Leagues

Lesson 2 Pre-Visit Big Business of the Big Leagues Lesson 2 Pre-Visit Big Business of the Big Leagues Objective: Students will be able to: Identify several sources of revenue for Major League Baseball teams. Use math skills to estimate team revenue from

More information

2014 MAJOR LEAGUE LEAGUE BASEBALL ATTENDANCE NOTES

2014 MAJOR LEAGUE LEAGUE BASEBALL ATTENDANCE NOTES 2014 MAJOR LEAGUE LEAGUE BASEBALL ATTENDANCE NOTES This is a brief summary of 2014 Major League Baseball attendance. It includes league and team attendance in the pages that follow the notes below. The

More information

American League Ballpark

American League Ballpark American League Ballpark Baltimore Orioles Oriole Park at Camden Yards open1992 Left Foul Line: 333feet/101.6m Left Power Alley: 364feet/111m Center Field: 400feet/122m Deep Center: 410feet/125m Right

More information

Lesson 5 Post-Visit Do Big League Salaries Equal Big Wins?

Lesson 5 Post-Visit Do Big League Salaries Equal Big Wins? Lesson 5 Post-Visit Do Big League Salaries Equal Big Wins? Objective: Students will be able to: Determine the average salary of a Major League Baseball player. Use charts to locate information. Compare

More information

1982 Atlanta Braves. Record: st Place National League West Manager: Joe Torre

1982 Atlanta Braves. Record: st Place National League West Manager: Joe Torre Atlanta Braves Record: 89-73 1st Place National League West Manager: Joe Torre Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium - 52,785 Day: 1-10 Good, 11-17 Average, 18-20 Bad Night: 1-6 Good, 7-17 Average, 18-20 Bad Day:

More information

2016 MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL ATTENDANCE HIGHLIGHTS

2016 MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL ATTENDANCE HIGHLIGHTS 2016 MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL ATTENDANCE HIGHLIGHTS This is a brief summary of 2016 Major League Baseball attendance. It includes league and team attendance totals in the pages that follow the notes below.

More information

THE BIRD ON S.T.E.M.

THE BIRD ON S.T.E.M. THE BIRD ON S.T.E.M. BASEBALL, METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE The Bird on STEM: Baseball is played only under certain weather conditions. If it starts to rain too hard a game will be called, cancelled, postponed

More information

2018 MAJOR LEAGUE AND MINOR LEAGUE BASEBALL ATTENDANCE HIGHLIGHTS

2018 MAJOR LEAGUE AND MINOR LEAGUE BASEBALL ATTENDANCE HIGHLIGHTS 2018 MAJOR LEAGUE AND MINOR LEAGUE BASEBALL ATTENDANCE HIGHLIGHTS This is a brief summary of 2018 Major League and Minor League Baseball attendance. It includes league and team attendance totals in the

More information

May 23, 2018 Proposed No.:

May 23, 2018 Proposed No.: 1 May 23, 2018 Proposed No.: 18-004 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 RESOLUTION NO. A RESOLUTION of the Board of Directors of the Washington State Major League Baseball

More information

2018 MAJOR LEAGUE AND MINOR LEAGUE BASEBALL ATTENDANCE HIGHLIGHTS

2018 MAJOR LEAGUE AND MINOR LEAGUE BASEBALL ATTENDANCE HIGHLIGHTS 2018 MAJOR LEAGUE AND MINOR LEAGUE BASEBALL ATTENDANCE HIGHLIGHTS This is a brief summary of 2018 Major League and Minor League Baseball attendance. It includes league and team attendance totals in the

More information

1973 Boston Red Sox. Record: nd Place American League East Manager: Eddie Kasko, Eddie Popowski (9/30/73)

1973 Boston Red Sox. Record: nd Place American League East Manager: Eddie Kasko, Eddie Popowski (9/30/73) Boston Red Sox Record: 89-73 2nd Place American League East Manager: Eddie Kasko, Eddie Popowski (9/30/73) Fenway Park - 33,379 Day: 1-7 Good, 8-14 Average, 15-20 Bad Night: 1-3 Good, 4-13 Average, 14-20

More information

GUIDE to BALLPARKS AND STADIUMS. National Baseball Hall of Fame Library Manuscript Archives

GUIDE to BALLPARKS AND STADIUMS. National Baseball Hall of Fame Library Manuscript Archives GUIDE to BALLPARKS AND STADIUMS National Baseball Hall of Fame Library Manuscript Archives National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum 25 Main Street Cooperstown, NY 13326 www.baseballhall.org Claudette

More information

1977 Boston Red Sox. Record: t-2nd Place American League East Manager: Don Zimmer

1977 Boston Red Sox. Record: t-2nd Place American League East Manager: Don Zimmer Boston Red Sox Record: 97-64 t-2nd Place American League East Manager: Don Zimmer Fenway Park - 33,513 Day: 1-7 Good, 8-14 Average, 15-20 Bad Night: 1-3 Good, 4-13 Average, 14-20 Bad Day: 1-11 Good, 12-17

More information

August 2010 MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE ECONOMICS DISCUSSION PAPER NO DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE MIDDLEBURY, VERMONT 05753

August 2010 MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE ECONOMICS DISCUSSION PAPER NO DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE MIDDLEBURY, VERMONT 05753 When is the Honeymoon Over for Baseball s New Stadiums? by Mark B. Whelan Paul M. Sommers August 2010 MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE ECONOMICS DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 10-32 DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE

More information

1991 Boston Red Sox. Record: t-2nd Place American League East Manager: Joe Morgan

1991 Boston Red Sox. Record: t-2nd Place American League East Manager: Joe Morgan Boston Red Sox Record: 84-78 t-2nd Place American League East Manager: Joe Morgan Fenway Park - 34,171 Day: 1-8 Good, 9-15 Average, 16-20 Bad Night: 1-4 Good, 5-13 Average, 14-20 Bad Day: 1-12 Good, 13-17

More information

Walkable Retail: When Old Becomes New Again Part 1

Walkable Retail: When Old Becomes New Again Part 1 Walkable Retail: When Old Becomes New Again Part 1 By Erin Talkington, Vice President, and Jacob Ross, Associate You have probably read the following headline thousands of times, perhaps this year alone:

More information

Phoenix Cardinals. Record: 7-9 t-3rd Place - NFC East Head Coach: Gene Stallings Defense: 4-3 Against Runs: Average to Poor; Against Passes: Poor

Phoenix Cardinals. Record: 7-9 t-3rd Place - NFC East Head Coach: Gene Stallings Defense: 4-3 Against Runs: Average to Poor; Against Passes: Poor Phoenix Cardinals Record: 7-9 t-3rd Place - NFC East Head Coach: Gene Stallings Defense: 4-3 Against Runs: Average to Poor; Against Passes: Poor Sun Devil Stadium - 70,491 Atlanta Falcons Record: 5-11

More information

Phoenix Cardinals. Record: th Place - NFC East Head Coach: Joe Bugel Defense: 3-4 Against Runs and Passes: Poor. Sun Devil Stadium - 74,865

Phoenix Cardinals. Record: th Place - NFC East Head Coach: Joe Bugel Defense: 3-4 Against Runs and Passes: Poor. Sun Devil Stadium - 74,865 Phoenix Cardinals Record: 4-12 5th Place - NFC East Head Coach: Joe Bugel Against Runs and Passes: Poor Sun Devil Stadium - 74,865 Atlanta Falcons Record: 10-6 2nd Place - NFC West (Wild Card) Lost - NFC

More information

A Competitive Edge? The Impact of State Income Taxes on the Acquisition of Free Agents by Major League Baseball Franchises

A Competitive Edge? The Impact of State Income Taxes on the Acquisition of Free Agents by Major League Baseball Franchises University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Senior Theses Honors College 5-5-2017 A Competitive Edge? The Impact of State Income Taxes on the Acquisition of Free Agents by Major League Baseball Franchises

More information

MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL 2009 ATTENDANCE ANALYSIS. Written by David P. Kronheim

MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL 2009 ATTENDANCE ANALYSIS. Written by David P. Kronheim MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL 2009 ATTENDANCE ANALYSIS Written by David P. Kronheim 2010 MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL 2009 ATTENDANCE ANALYSIS TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES Attendance Reporting Guidelines and Information Sources..

More information

1969 Boston Red Sox. Record: rd Place American League East Manager: Dick Williams, Eddie Popowski (9/23/69)

1969 Boston Red Sox. Record: rd Place American League East Manager: Dick Williams, Eddie Popowski (9/23/69) Boston Red Sox Record: 87-75 3rd Place American League East Manager: Dick Williams, Eddie Popowski (9/23/69) Fenway Park - 33,375 Day: 1-7 Good, 8-14 Average, 15-20 Bad Night: 1-3 Good, 4-13 Average, 14-20

More information

2017 MAJOR LEAGUE AND MINOR LEAGUE BASEBALL ATTENDANCE HIGHLIGHTS

2017 MAJOR LEAGUE AND MINOR LEAGUE BASEBALL ATTENDANCE HIGHLIGHTS 2017 MAJOR LEAGUE AND MINOR LEAGUE BASEBALL ATTENDANCE HIGHLIGHTS This is a brief summary of 2017 Major League and Minor League Baseball attendance. It includes league and team attendance totals in the

More information

Double Play System 1.0

Double Play System 1.0 Double Play System 1.0 A step-by-step system for the MLB 2011 Season By James Jones The DPS 1.0 System is a very simple and effective system. There are two steps you must follow. 1) How to detect when

More information

MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL 2014 ATTENDANCE ANALYSIS. Compiled and Written by David P. Kronheim.

MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL 2014 ATTENDANCE ANALYSIS. Compiled and Written by David P. Kronheim. MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL 2014 ATTENDANCE ANALYSIS Compiled and Written by David P. Kronheim d.kronheim@verizon.net 2015 MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL 2014 ATTENDANCE ANALYSIS TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES Attendance Reporting

More information

Paul M. Sommers. March 2010 MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE ECONOMICS DISCUSSION PAPER NO

Paul M. Sommers. March 2010 MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE ECONOMICS DISCUSSION PAPER NO IS THERE HOME-FIELD ADVANTAGE IN INTERLEAGUE PLAY? by Paul M. Sommers March 2010 MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE ECONOMICS DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 10-12 DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE MIDDLEBURY, VERMONT 05753

More information

PLANNING FOR PUBLIC STADIUMS A THESIS. Presented to. the Faculty of the Graduate Division. William JT James. In Partial Fulfillment

PLANNING FOR PUBLIC STADIUMS A THESIS. Presented to. the Faculty of the Graduate Division. William JT James. In Partial Fulfillment In presenting the dissertation as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree from the Georgia Institute of Technology, I agree that the Library of the Institute shall make it available

More information

Carolina Panthers: Changing Gas Station Strategies in Charlotte

Carolina Panthers: Changing Gas Station Strategies in Charlotte Economics 051 Economics of North Carolina Carolina Panthers: Changing Gas Station Strategies in Charlotte Sarah MacDonald November 28, 2006 Football is not just a game. It is a lucrative component of the

More information

D O W N T O W N B A S E B A L L

D O W N T O W N B A S E B A L L D O W N T O W N B A S E B A L L 1 Urban THREE GENERATIONS 2 Multipurpose 3 Revitalized Urban Bring out the best of San Jose 4 4 th GENERATION BUILDING A CITY PETCO Park San Diego, California THE BEST URBAN

More information

GEOGRAPHY LESSON 1: PRE-VISIT - SAFE AT HOME LOCATION, PLACE AND BASEBALL BASEBALL COAST TO COAST HOUSTON ASTROS IN PARTNER WITH THE NBHOF

GEOGRAPHY LESSON 1: PRE-VISIT - SAFE AT HOME LOCATION, PLACE AND BASEBALL BASEBALL COAST TO COAST HOUSTON ASTROS IN PARTNER WITH THE NBHOF PRE-VISIT - SAFE AT HOME LOCATION, PLACE AND BASEBALL OBJECTIVE: Students will be able to: Define location and place, two of the five themes of geography. Give reasons for the use of latitude and longitude.

More information

National Football League

National Football League 1 Albo d Oro 1920 Akron PROS - 1921 Chicago STALEYS - 1922 Canton BULLDOGS - 1923 Canton BULLDOGS - 1924 Cleveland BULLDOGS - 1925 Chicago CARDINALS - 1926 Frankford YELLOW JACKETS - 1927 New York GIANTS

More information

MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL 2013 ATTENDANCE ANALYSIS. Compiled and Written by David P. Kronheim.

MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL 2013 ATTENDANCE ANALYSIS. Compiled and Written by David P. Kronheim. MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL 2013 ATTENDANCE ANALYSIS Compiled and Written by David P. Kronheim d.kronheim@verizon.net 2014 MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL 2013 ATTENDANCE ANALYSIS TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES Attendance Reporting

More information

Arizona Diamondbacks Turner Field Atlanta Braves Chase Field Turner Field - Advanced Ballpark Factors

Arizona Diamondbacks Turner Field Atlanta Braves Chase Field Turner Field - Advanced Ballpark Factors Chase Field Arizona Diamondbacks Manager: A. J. Hinch Record: - Std Type: Retractable Dome/Grass Capacity:, Doubles: / Triples: Turner Field Atlanta Braves Manager: Bobby Cox Record: - Stadium Type: Open

More information

Baseball Stadium Renovations at US Cellular Field

Baseball Stadium Renovations at US Cellular Field Baseball Stadium Renovations at US Cellular Field Authors: Terry R. McDonnell, P.E., S.E., Senior Project Engineer, Thornton Tomasetti, Inc., 14 E. Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL 60604, tmcdonnell@thorntontomasetti.com

More information

BASEBALL AND THE AMERICAN CITY: An examination of public financing and stadium construction in American professional sports.

BASEBALL AND THE AMERICAN CITY: An examination of public financing and stadium construction in American professional sports. BASEBALL AND THE AMERICAN CITY: An examination of public financing and stadium construction in American professional sports. By Brian Reich April 30, 2001 http://www.stadiummouse.com/ APPENDICIES 1A 1B

More information

Stats in Algebra, Oh My!

Stats in Algebra, Oh My! Stats in Algebra, Oh My! The Curtis Center s Mathematics and Teaching Conference March 7, 2015 Kyle Atkin Kern High School District kyle_atkin@kernhigh.org Standards for Mathematical Practice 1. Make sense

More information

MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL 2010 ATTENDANCE ANALYSIS. Compiled and Written by David P. Kronheim

MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL 2010 ATTENDANCE ANALYSIS. Compiled and Written by David P. Kronheim MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL 2010 ATTENDANCE ANALYSIS Compiled and Written by David P. Kronheim 2011 MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL 2010 ATTENDANCE ANALYSIS TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES Attendance Reporting Guidelines and

More information

2013 Baltimore Orioles

2013 Baltimore Orioles Baltimore Orioles Record: 85-77 t-3rd Place American League East Manager: Buck Showalter Oriole Park at Camden Yards - 48,187 Day: 1-8 Good, 9-15 Average, 16-20 Bad Night: 1-4 Good, 5-15 Average, 16-20

More information

2004 Baltimore Orioles

2004 Baltimore Orioles Baltimore Orioles Record: 78-84 3rd Place American League East Manager: Lee Mazzilli Oriole Park at Camden Yards - 48,876 Day: 1-8 Good, 9-15 Average, 16-20 Bad Night: 1-4 Good, 5-15 Average, 16-20 Bad

More information

CASE STUDY City of Monrovia: Leveraging emerging ridesharing services to expand mobility options

CASE STUDY City of Monrovia: Leveraging emerging ridesharing services to expand mobility options Advancing Mobility Management CASE STUDY City of Monrovia: Leveraging emerging ridesharing services to expand mobility options Agency: Location: Service Area: Modes: Community Context: Key Contacts: City

More information

Baseball Basics for Brits

Baseball Basics for Brits Baseball Basics for Brits Volume 1. The Major League Baseball Season In this volume of Baseball Basics for Brits, we will be looking at how a Major League Baseball (MLB) season is structured. This includes:

More information

Part A: Changes in Distance between Major League Baseball Franchises and their Triple-A Affiliates

Part A: Changes in Distance between Major League Baseball Franchises and their Triple-A Affiliates Five Themes of Geography: Movement Major and Minor League Baseball Team Affiliations, 1998 & 2011 Ezra Zeitler University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Department of Geography & Anthropology Purpose: This exercise

More information

2014 Baltimore Orioles

2014 Baltimore Orioles Baltimore Orioles Record: 96-66 1st Place American League East Manager: Buck Showalter Oriole Park at Camden Yards - 48,187 Day: 1-8 Good, 9-15 Average, 16-20 Bad Night: 1-4 Good, 5-15 Average, 16-20 Bad

More information

NORTH CAROLINA FURNITURE DIRECT FARM CLUB BUSINESS PLAN

NORTH CAROLINA FURNITURE DIRECT FARM CLUB BUSINESS PLAN NORTH CAROLINA FURNITURE DIRECT FARM CLUB BUSINESS PLAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The North Carolina Furniture Direct Farm Club was established in 2012 and open for business in 2014. The purpose of the NCFD Farm

More information

2012 Baltimore Orioles

2012 Baltimore Orioles Baltimore Orioles Record: 93-69 (Wild Card) 2nd Place American League East Lost - ALDS Manager: Buck Showalter Oriole Park at Camden Yards - 48,187 Day: 1-8 Good, 9-15 Average, 16-20 Bad Night: 1-4 Good,

More information

(56.3%) AL (60%) (62%) (69%) (+4149) 7* 9-5 (64%) +450 (400% ROI

(56.3%) AL (60%) (62%) (69%) (+4149) 7* 9-5 (64%) +450 (400% ROI Season: 107-83 (56.3%) for +3924 AL System: 27-18 (60%) June: 18-11 (62%) and +1005 May: 22-10 (69%) (+4149) 7* and Higher: 9-5 (64%) Playoffs: +450 (400% ROI for Playoff purchasers) By Game Season To

More information

Sustainable Transportation Planning in the Portland Region

Sustainable Transportation Planning in the Portland Region Sustainable Transportation Planning in the Portland Region Jennifer Dill, Ph.D. Associate Professor School of Urban Studies & Planning jdill@pdx.edu http://web.pdx.edu/~jdill/ Outline Elements of a sustainable

More information

STATE OF THE INDUSTRY: WHERE WE VE BEEN, WHERE WE ARE, WHERE WE RE GOING

STATE OF THE INDUSTRY: WHERE WE VE BEEN, WHERE WE ARE, WHERE WE RE GOING STATE OF THE INDUSTRY: WHERE WE VE BEEN, WHERE WE ARE, WHERE WE RE GOING Welcome to Design and Build An Exciting Time for the Sports Facility Industry $8.05 Billion in Major League Sports Projects Currently

More information

CHAPTER 7.0 IMPLEMENTATION

CHAPTER 7.0 IMPLEMENTATION CHAPTER 7.0 IMPLEMENTATION Achieving the vision of the Better Streets Plan will rely on the ability to effectively fund, build and maintain improvements, and to sustain improvements over time. CHAPTER

More information

This document is authorized for use only by P. Richard Hahn at University of Chicago Booth School of Business. THE OAKLAND A s (A)

This document is authorized for use only by P. Richard Hahn at University of Chicago Booth School of Business. THE OAKLAND A s (A) UVA-QA-0282 Rev. Jan. 22, 2013 Steward Roddey, general manager of the Oakland A s baseball team, stared at the attendance figures he had put together for the recently completed 1980 season (Exhibit 1).

More information

Ranking Walkable Urbanism in America s Largest Metros

Ranking Walkable Urbanism in America s Largest Metros Ranking Walkable Urbanism in America s Largest Metros The Largest 30 Metros in the United States SHARE OF U.S. POPULATION SHARE OF U.S. GDP 54% 46% 42% 58% LARGEST 30 METROS REST OF U.S. The Old Dichotomy

More information

Teaching Math Through Sports

Teaching Math Through Sports Teaching Math Through Sports Grades 5-8 Written by Anastasia Knechtel Silver and Frank Rozman Illustrated by S&S Learning Materials About the authors: Anastasia Knechtel Silver was born and raised in,

More information

2015 Baltimore Orioles

2015 Baltimore Orioles Baltimore Orioles Record: 81-81 3rd Place American League East Manager: Buck Showalter Oriole Park at Camden Yards - 45,971 Day: 1-8 Good, 9-15 Average, 16-20 Bad Night: 1-4 Good, 5-15 Average, 16-20 Bad

More information

WELCOME. City of Greater Sudbury. Transportation Demand Management Plan

WELCOME. City of Greater Sudbury. Transportation Demand Management Plan WELCOME City of Greater Sudbury Transportation Demand Management Plan Public Consultation Session St. Andrew s Place, Activity Hall 111 Larch Street Wednesday September 13, 2017 6:00 to 8:00 pm Welcome

More information

These draft test specifications and sample items and other materials are just that drafts. As such, they will systematically evolve over time.

These draft test specifications and sample items and other materials are just that drafts. As such, they will systematically evolve over time. t h e redesigned sat These draft test specifications and sample items and other materials are just that drafts. As such, they will systematically evolve over time. These sample items are meant to illustrate

More information

BOISE SPORTS PARK MARKET FEASIBILITY STUDY

BOISE SPORTS PARK MARKET FEASIBILITY STUDY BOISE SPORTS PARK MARKET FEASIBILITY STUDY October 3, 2017 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In 2014, Agon Sports & Entertainment ( Agon ) purchased the Boise Hawks ( Hawks or Team ), with the vision of establishing the

More information

Markets for Sports. Robert M. Coen. Professor Emeritus of Economics. Northwestern Alumnae Continuing Education. January 26, 2017

Markets for Sports. Robert M. Coen. Professor Emeritus of Economics. Northwestern Alumnae Continuing Education. January 26, 2017 Markets for Sports Robert M. Coen Professor Emeritus of Economics Northwestern Alumnae Continuing Education January 26, 2017 William Hurlburt, 1832-1882 Founded National Baseball League, 1876 Ban Johnson,

More information

Cascade Bicycle Club Strategic Plan

Cascade Bicycle Club Strategic Plan The Greater Context Bicycling has become fundamentally important as large-scale currents of change threaten the health, economy and livability of communities throughout the United States and the world

More information

Plainfield Gateway. Plainfield Context

Plainfield Gateway. Plainfield Context Plainfield Gateway The western arm of The Campus, much like the Thomas Street Placita eastern arm, must connect residents and workers from the western side of the neighborhood to The Campus and the activity

More information

the golf industry is feeling pretty good about itself.

the golf industry is feeling pretty good about itself. At this writing in 2018, the golf industry is feeling pretty good about itself. After absorbing discouraging data for years course closings, decreasing numbers of players and rounds and revenue, major

More information

4 THE CORDISH COMPANIES + ST. LOUIS CARDINALS BALLPARK VILLAGE 5

4 THE CORDISH COMPANIES + ST. LOUIS CARDINALS BALLPARK VILLAGE 5 BALLPARK VILLAGE 1 4 THE CORDISH COMPANIES + ST. LOUIS CARDINALS BALLPARK VILLAGE 5 WELCOME TO BALLPARK VILLAGE THE NATION S PREMIER SPORTS-ANCHORED DESTINATION WELCOMING OVER 6 MILLION VISITORS PER YEAR

More information

EC 250 Second lecture Outline: 1. Complete team sign-up 2. Team assignment 3. Logistics of FFL 4. League constitution

EC 250 Second lecture Outline: 1. Complete team sign-up 2. Team assignment 3. Logistics of FFL 4. League constitution EC 250 Second lecture Outline: 1. Complete team sign-up 2. Team assignment 3. Logistics of FFL 4. League constitution 1 EC 250 FFL Team Allocations Eastern Conference Western Conference 1. Atlanta 1. Cincinnati

More information

110 Edgar Martinez Drive South P.O. Box Seattle, WA (206) August 15, 2018

110 Edgar Martinez Drive South P.O. Box Seattle, WA (206) August 15, 2018 WASHINGTON STATE MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL STADIUM PUBLIC FACILITIES DISTRICT 110 Edgar Martinez Drive South P.O. Box 94445 Seattle, WA 98124 (206) 664-3076 www.ballpark.org Metropolitan King County Council

More information

Lesson 5 Post-Visit Factors of Sports Production

Lesson 5 Post-Visit Factors of Sports Production Lesson 5 Post-Visit Factors of Sports Production Objective: Students will be able to: Identify the factors of production and give examples of factors of production in major league baseball. Define human

More information

NEW BALLPARK PLANNING STUDY

NEW BALLPARK PLANNING STUDY CITY OF COLUMBIA, SC NEW BALLPARK PLANNING STUDY CITY COUNCIL PRESENTATION JANUARY 7, 2014 BRAILSFORD & DUNLAVEY Rich Neumann, Vice President Major Accounts 26 Years of Experience in Professional Sports

More information

BUD GRANT, UPON ARRIVING IN MINNESOTA IN 1967

BUD GRANT, UPON ARRIVING IN MINNESOTA IN 1967 BUD GRANT, UPON ARRIVING IN MINNESOTA IN 1967 W ith the ground now broken on the new Vikings stadium, in 2014 the team is poised to start building on and off the field. Much like the Vikings of 1967, the

More information

National Football League Economic Overview

National Football League Economic Overview National Football League Economic Overview GSU Forecast Conference Greg Beadles CFO, Atlanta Falcons February 23, 2011 2 AGENDA Introduction NFL overview NFL stadium development Atlanta successor stadium

More information

The Technology of Speed Meets the Speed of Technology

The Technology of Speed Meets the Speed of Technology The Technology of Speed Meets the Speed of Technology Info.wy2m@gmail.com 408.916.7620 209.628.5654 Speed of Technology - Motor & Technology Center of Excellence From the Beauty and Sophistication of the

More information

BOISE SPORTS PARK MARKET FEASIBILITY STUDY

BOISE SPORTS PARK MARKET FEASIBILITY STUDY BOISE SPORTS PARK MARKET FEASIBILITY STUDY September 20, 2017 1 September 20, 2017 Mayor David Bieter City of Boise 150 N Capitol Blvd. Boise, ID 83702 Dear Mayor Bieter: Conventions, Sports & Leisure

More information

THE ONCE AND FUTURE K.

THE ONCE AND FUTURE K. THE ONCE AND FUTURE K. THE K. LIKE ALL GREAT LEGENDS, IT GROWS BETTER WITH TIME. Legend has it that The K began in a Kansas City steakhouse late at night in a back booth. A matchbook propped against a

More information

Circulation: N/A Page Count: 1 Date: February 21, 2007 Media Type: Online

Circulation: N/A Page Count: 1 Date: February 21, 2007 Media Type: Online www.kusi.com Circulation: N/A Page Count: 1 Date: February 21, 2007 Media Type: Online KUSI TV Ch. 9/51 Circulation: N/A Page Count: 1 Date: February 21, 2007 Media Type: Television Time: 5 A.M. 8 A.M.

More information

The Economic Impact of Colonial Downs in Virginia

The Economic Impact of Colonial Downs in Virginia The Economic Impact of Colonial Downs in Virginia Prepared for Revolutionary Racing January 31, 2018 1309 E Cary Street, Richmond, VA 23219 1025 Huron Road East, Cleveland, OH 44115 chmuraecon.com Table

More information

2018 MLB SPRING TRAINING ECONOMIC IMPACT STUDY

2018 MLB SPRING TRAINING ECONOMIC IMPACT STUDY 2018 MLB SPRING TRAINING ECONOMIC IMPACT STUDY FloridaGrapefruitLeague.com Executive Summary ECOnomic impact The 2018 Florida Grapefruit League generated an economic impact of $687.1 million for the State

More information

Learning from experience: How hosting the Olympics can leave a positive legacy

Learning from experience: How hosting the Olympics can leave a positive legacy F E B R U A R Y 2 0 17 Learning from experience: How hosting the Olympics can leave a positive legacy Bill Hanway Careful planning and an eye on the future can help the cities that host them. Deciding

More information

Overview. Existing Conditions. Corridor Description. Assessment

Overview. Existing Conditions. Corridor Description. Assessment Overview A study of the 23 rd Street corridor was undertaken to document the existing conditions, analyze traffic operations, and recommend remedies for deficient situations Although 23 rd Street is frequently

More information

Windy City ThunderBolts Corporate Media Kit

Windy City ThunderBolts Corporate Media Kit 2019 Windy City ThunderBolts Corporate Media Kit Thank you for your interest in Windy City ThunderBolts baseball. The Summer of 2019 will be a special year for our franchise as we celebrate our 20th anniversary

More information

U.S. Bank Stadium Media Overview

U.S. Bank Stadium Media Overview U.S. Bank Stadium Media Overview U.S. Bank Stadium is owned by the Minnesota Sports Facilities Authority (MSFA), a local governmental unit of the State of Minnesota. While the major tenant in the stadium

More information

2014 AFL Franchise Map

2014 AFL Franchise Map 1 2 3 The Arena Football League The Arena Football League features all the elements of outdoor football, but it is played indoors on a smaller field (50 yards x 85 feet). This results in a faster paced,

More information

Indoor Multi-Sport Facility Analysis Loudoun 10/31/2014

Indoor Multi-Sport Facility Analysis Loudoun 10/31/2014 Indoor Multi-Sport Facility Analysis Loudoun 10/31/2014 Background Earlier study of sports facilities was conducted by SportImpacts of St. Louis, MO. Previous study concluded that an indoor sports complex

More information

Centre City Development Corporation NFL Stadium Financing Background

Centre City Development Corporation NFL Stadium Financing Background Presentation To: Centre City Development Corporation NFL Stadium Financing Background January 2010 Overview Stadium Development Background Review of Recent NFL Stadiums Appendix A Summary Tables Appendix

More information

TRAVEL PLAN: CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY CAMPUS REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT TRAVEL PLAN. Central European University Campus Redevelopment Project.

TRAVEL PLAN: CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY CAMPUS REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT TRAVEL PLAN. Central European University Campus Redevelopment Project. TRAVEL PLAN Central European University Campus Redevelopment Project Page 1 Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Background... 7 Building Users... 7 Transportation in Community Consultation... 7 Summary

More information

APPENDIX A: BENEFITS Introduction Quantitative Benefits of Street Furniture

APPENDIX A: BENEFITS Introduction Quantitative Benefits of Street Furniture Introduction Great Streets are a careful combination of architecture, land use, transportation, urban design, landscape, and culture- all in the right quantities and at the right scale. Great streets are

More information

Traveling Salesperson Problem and. its Applications for the Optimum Scheduling

Traveling Salesperson Problem and. its Applications for the Optimum Scheduling Traveling Salesperson Problem and its Applications for the Optimum Scheduling Introduction When you think of the sports, what word do you imagine first? Competition? Winner? Soccer? Those words pretty

More information

We Finally Won Something! How Special Events and the 1996 Olympics Contributed to Georgia s Economic Growth

We Finally Won Something! How Special Events and the 1996 Olympics Contributed to Georgia s Economic Growth Georgia Economic History SOCIETAL & TECHNOLOGICAL GROWTH IN MODERN GEORGIA We Finally Won Something! How Special Events and the 1996 Olympics Contributed to Georgia s Economic Growth Enduring Understanding

More information

PEDALING FORWARD. A Glance at the SFMTA s Bike Program for SFMTA.COM

PEDALING FORWARD. A Glance at the SFMTA s Bike Program for SFMTA.COM PEDALING FORWARD A Glance at the SFMTA s Bike Program for 2017-2021 SFMTA.COM INTRODUCTION About This Booklet More people from all walks of life see their bicycle as a more convenient way to get where

More information

INNER LOOP EAST. AIA Rochester Annual Meeting November 13, 2013 TRANSFORMATION PROJECT. Bret Garwood, NBD Erik Frisch, DES

INNER LOOP EAST. AIA Rochester Annual Meeting November 13, 2013 TRANSFORMATION PROJECT. Bret Garwood, NBD Erik Frisch, DES INNER LOOP EAST TRANSFORMATION PROJECT AIA Rochester Annual Meeting November 13, 2013 Bret Garwood, NBD Erik Frisch, DES Why? We are building a city that encourages walking, biking and enjoying the outdoor

More information

THE IMPACT OF DOING NOTHING Stewart Darling Non-Executive Director

THE IMPACT OF DOING NOTHING Stewart Darling Non-Executive Director THE IMPACT OF DOING NOTHING Stewart Darling Non-Executive Director The golfing landscape is a challenging one The golfing landscape is a challenging one Membership Decline Full Golf Members - Actual Members

More information

FACTS AND FIGURES: MAKING THE CASE FOR COMPLETE STREETS IN LEE COUNTY

FACTS AND FIGURES: MAKING THE CASE FOR COMPLETE STREETS IN LEE COUNTY FACTS AND FIGURES: MAKING THE CASE FOR COMPLETE STREETS IN LEE COUNTY Safety: Close to 5,000 pedestrians and bicyclists die each year on U.S. roads, and more than 70,000 are injured. [Mean Streets, Surface

More information

PARTNERSHIP OPPORTUNITIES. (828) hickorycrawdads.com

PARTNERSHIP OPPORTUNITIES. (828) hickorycrawdads.com 2016 PARTNERSHIP OPPORTUNITIES (828) 322-3000 hickorycrawdads.com ABOUT THE CRAWDADS The Hickory Crawdads are the single A affiliate of the Texas Rangers, and a member of the South Atlantic League. 2016

More information

Golfers in Colorado: The Role of Golf in Recreational and Tourism Lifestyles and Expenditures

Golfers in Colorado: The Role of Golf in Recreational and Tourism Lifestyles and Expenditures Golfers in Colorado: The Role of Golf in Recreational and Tourism Lifestyles and Expenditures by Josh Wilson, Phil Watson, Dawn Thilmany and Steve Davies Graduate Research Assistants, Associate Professor

More information

Public Transport and Development: Making It Work

Public Transport and Development: Making It Work Public Transport and Development: Making It Work Robert T. Dunphy Urban Land Institute World Bank Transport Forum 2006 March 28, 2006 Transportation Development Disconnect Now Few Then places w/o car Many

More information

Purpose and Need. Chapter Introduction. 2.2 Project Purpose and Need Project Purpose Project Need

Purpose and Need. Chapter Introduction. 2.2 Project Purpose and Need Project Purpose Project Need Chapter 2 Purpose and Need 2.1 Introduction The El Camino Real Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Project (Project) would make transit and other transportation improvements along a 17.6-mile segment of the El Camino

More information

1957 Boston Red Sox. Record: rd Place American League Manager: Pinky Higgins

1957 Boston Red Sox. Record: rd Place American League Manager: Pinky Higgins Boston Red Sox Record: 82-72 3rd Place American League Manager: Pinky Higgins Fenway Park - 34,824 Day: 1-7 Good, 8-14 Average, 15-20 Bad Night: 1-3 Good, 4-13 Average, 14-20 Bad Day: 1-11 Good, 12-17

More information

2018 Corporate Media Kit

2018 Corporate Media Kit 2018 Corporate Media Kit Our 20th Season as the Southside s Minor League Baseball Team Thank you for your interest in Windy City ThunderBolts baseball. Since opening in 1999, our facility has hosted over

More information

Fiscal Impact of SunTrust Park and The Battery Atlanta on Cobb County Executive Summary Sept. 18, 2018

Fiscal Impact of SunTrust Park and The Battery Atlanta on Cobb County Executive Summary Sept. 18, 2018 Fiscal Impact of SunTrust Park and The Battery Atlanta on Cobb County Executive Summary Sept. 18, 2018 Overview Historically, professional sports stadiums were privately owned by the sports teams that

More information

Smart Growth: Residents Social and Psychological Benefits, Costs and Design Barbara Brown

Smart Growth: Residents Social and Psychological Benefits, Costs and Design Barbara Brown Smart Growth: Residents Social and Psychological Benefits, Costs and Design Barbara Brown By Scott Siedor 11 At the invitation of the Goodwin-Niering Center for the Environment, Barbara Brown came to Connecticut

More information

DANGEROUS BY DESIGN WISCONSIN. Solving the Epidemic of Preventable Pedestrian Deaths (And Making Great Neighborhoods)

DANGEROUS BY DESIGN WISCONSIN. Solving the Epidemic of Preventable Pedestrian Deaths (And Making Great Neighborhoods) DANGEROUS BY DESIGN 2011 WISCONSIN Solving the Epidemic of Preventable Pedestrian Deaths (And Making Great Neighborhoods) DANGEROUS BY DESIGN 2011 Wisconsin T4AMERICA.ORG Dangerous by Design 2011: Wisconsin

More information

Business and Marketing Plan Overview

Business and Marketing Plan Overview Business and Marketing Plan Overview GL Sports Entertainment 813.484.2842 curt@glsportsentertainment.com OVERVIEW: The Pasco County full-service multisport complex will be Florida's premier year-round

More information

South Jersey certainly has many of quality of life issues related to transportation. In spite of being a small state, the Garden State has the 3 rd

South Jersey certainly has many of quality of life issues related to transportation. In spite of being a small state, the Garden State has the 3 rd This presentation summarizes an on-going study of commuter rail potential in Southern New Jersey. This study examines the 3 rail alignments that have been proposed by the Delaware River Port Authority

More information

PARTNERSHIP OPPORTUNITIES

PARTNERSHIP OPPORTUNITIES PARTNERSHIP OPPORTUNITIES MORE THAN $12 MILLION WILL BE INVESTED TO ENHANCE THE FAN EXPERIENCE AT UPMC PARK. ABOUT THE ERIE SEAWOLVES The Erie SeaWolves are the Double-A affiliate of Major League Baseball

More information

Thesis Presentation. Moorhead City Walk: A Master Plan to Reimage Moorhead, Minnesota s Urban Core. Brad Garcia Advisors: Jason Kost & Dominic Fischer

Thesis Presentation. Moorhead City Walk: A Master Plan to Reimage Moorhead, Minnesota s Urban Core. Brad Garcia Advisors: Jason Kost & Dominic Fischer Thesis Presentation Moorhead City Walk: A Master Plan to Reimage Moorhead, Minnesota s Urban Core Brad Garcia Advisors: Jason Kost & Dominic Fischer MOORHEAD, MN Red River Center Ave 8 TH St N FARGO, ND

More information