6 th -8 th GRADE SCIENCE WORKBOOK. chevron.com/about/inthecommunity

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1 th -8 th GRADE SCIENCE WORKBOOK chevron.com/about/inthecommunity

2 Hi! My name is Stomper! I am not only an adorable pachyderm, but I happen to be the mascot of the best baseball team in the world The Oakland A s! I love watching all of the games and rooting for my team. I also like meeting all of the fans that come and cheer at the games! Here s some information about me! STOMPER S BIO Name: Stomper Height: 6 6 Weight: A ton of fun! Debut: April 2, 1997 (Opening Night!) Position: Official A s Mascot Dances: Yes! Parents: Stella & Stanley Hometown: Oakland STOMPER S FAVORITES Team: Oakland A s Player: All of them! Vehicle: The Smiling Chevron Car Colors: Green & Gold Food: Peanuts Vacation Spot: Phoenix, Arizona Hangout: Stomper Fun Zone Let s find more out about America s favorite pastime! 1 chevron.com/about/inthecommunity

3 BATS: 1st called Louisville Slugger in 1894 Today s bats are made from timber or wood from the white ash Trees must be at least 50 years old Not more than 42 inches long No more than 2 ¾ inches diameter Only the best 10% of the wood is used Use the information above to fill in the blanks using TRUE (T) or FALSE (F). 1. Most baseball bats are made from hickory. 2. The bat can be 2 inches in diameter % of the wood is NOT used to make bats. 4. The A s players may use a bat that is 44 inches long. 5. Louisville Slugger was first used in A bat is sometimes called the Big Stick. Do you know where the best place to hit a homerun is? 2

4 The moon is the best place to hit a homerun! Why? AIR DENSITY Because the moon has very little gravity and no air (atmosphere) almost any hit would be a homerun! Here on earth although you cannot see air, it is there. As a baseball flies, it must push through the air. The air pushing against the ball causes friction and slows the ball down, decreasing the distance it will travel. Even on Earth, the density (thickness) of the air varies. The density decreases as the altitude increases. The Coliseum, home of the A s, is almost at sea level while other parks are at higher altitudes where the air is less dense and the ball travels farther. HIGH DENSITY The ball has to push through more molecules making it travel a shorter distance. LOW DENSITY The ball has to push through fewer molecules allowing it to travel farther. Let s take a look at how altitude would affect the distance of different hits by our own Jemile Weeks. Distance traveled at sea level +1000ft of altitude =10ft of distance +2000ft of altitude =20ft of distance +3000ft of altitude =30ft of distance +4000ft of altitude =40ft of distance 400 feet 410 feet 420 feet 430 feet 440 feet 350 feet 425 feet Next, how batters choose their bats: The science of the swing. 3 chevron.com/about/inthecommunity

5 momentum = the power of movement BAT! We have all watched batters grab a bat from the dugout. They choose a specific bat from a specific section. What s the difference? MASS X VELOCITY The higher the MOMENTUM, the more power there will be at contact. So, the heavier the bat (more mass) the greater the momentum right? Wrong. Unfortunately, as the bat gets heavier, a batter s swing speed decreases. If the bat is too heavy, the momentum could decrease. Recommended Player Bat Weight (oz) Major League Baseball Height/3 + 7 Amateur Baseball Height/3 + 6 Softball Height/ Junior League Baseball (13-17 yrs) Height/3 + 1 Little League Baseball (11-12 yrs) Weight/ Little League Baseball (9-10 yrs) Height/3 + 4 Little League Baseball (7-8 yrs) Age x Alright, a batter needs a bat that is not too heavy, but not too light. Luckily, science has produced a formula to help batters choose a bat that is in their ballpark. Based on the chart, what bats would the following players try? A MLB player 6 tall (72in / = 31) a 31 oz bat A softball player who is 5 10 tall An 11 yr old weighing 72 lbs You I never realized how difficult hitting was! 4

6 Where it goes, nobody knows Did you ever wonder why some hits go sky high while others shoot directly down into the dirt? It has to do with how and where the bat makes contact with the ball. IDEAL ALIGNMENT When our catcher, Kurt Suzuki, swings at a pitch, he wants the point of contact to be directly in the center of the ball. While this will cause a line drive and most likely not a homerun, it will also have less of a chance of getting caught by a fielder. Since a bat is cylindrical and a baseball is a sphere the point of contact between a bat and a ball is very small. This makes it very difficult to hit a line drive. Draw an arrow showing the path these hits would take. Write what type of hit it would be. grounder What else do you need to play baseball? 5 chevron.com/about/inthecommunity

7 There is no BaseBALL Without a BALL Did you ever wonder what was inside a baseball? Well, take a look at the cross section of the one below to find out. You will notice that there are two rubber layers. This adds elasticity to the ball. It gives it a little more bounce. Cover stitching & seams cotton string windings wool yarn windings Red Rubber Black rubber Cork center There are 108 stitches on every baseball. If you unwound the yarn, it would be longer than 3 football fields! Complete the sentences below using information from this page. The center of each ball is made of. The average time a ball spends in a game is 6 pitches! The is the name given to the center of a baseball. A baseball s life is usually around pitches. The rubber layers give the ball. The center is known as the pill. Is there any science involved in pitching? 6

8 Strike 1... Strike 2... Strike 3..Ỵou re OUT! This is music to the ears of any pitcher. Unfortunately, it is not easy to strike out hitters. So, pitchers like our own Dallas Braden learn many pitches to try to fool hitters. Dallas favorite strikeout pitch is the curveball. But what makes it curve? The Magnus Effect. A combination of the spinning ball and the raised red threads make it move. As the ball moves through the air, the air flows all around it. But, the raised seams act as paddles catching the air. On the top, the threads moving into the air create friction in the airflow while the threads at the bottom move through the air with less friction. This creates higher pressure on top and less beneath. The air with the higher pressure pushes down on the ball making it curve. Air fllowing into the spin pushes against the seams.high PRESSURE BALL ROTATION curve Air fllowing with the spin pushes WITH the seams. LOW PRESSURE Which way will the curveballs curve? Circle A or B Cool stuff! Now how does a pitcher make the ball dance? 7 chevron.com/about/inthecommunity

9 WHIP IT GOOD So, we now know what the ball is made of and what makes it move. I wonder how the pitchers are able to hurl it at over 100 mph? It is all in the whip. When you watch a pitcher, he usually starts with a high leg kick which is pushed forward planting his foot into the ground. His leg muscles are the first ones involved in the pitch. This starts contractions of all muscles from the legs up the body leading to the arm and to the fingers. Pitchers like Dallas Braden know that they need their entire body to stay healthy because so many muscles are used when pitching. Put the words in order from those first used to last used during a pitch. HINT: from feet to fingers thigh abdomen bicep shoulder finger forearm wrist Boy, baseball is really scientific! 8

10 Boy did we learn a lot about how science impacts baseball. Let s search for some science and baseball words. F S S P E E D N L E M D A M R C I Y S W A G R O U N D E R I L P U E L C O N T A C T I E C E B E L U T S N R B A O C D T S K A C U I E E I A U L S Y R S S S S K M O L I S S U A H S L M A U O L L A B E V R U C T E I Z M N B L S T B P Y I A O U U S N O T E T N A R T M P M S L O U I S V I L L E I B A P G N I T T A B C C L S S G H E H N U N C P D I H R S N S B R Z D G N I H C T I P U E S I A E E E H R P A Y S S R D I T A L Y W I F S U E C N E I C S I ALTITUDE STOMPER DENSITY MOMENTUM PRESSURE CONTACT ELASTICITY MUSCLES ATHLETICS SUZUKI FRICTION PACHYDERM SCIENCE CURVEBALL GROUNDER PITCHING BASEBALL WEEKS LOUISVILLE SPEED DALLAS MAGNUS BATTING WHIP MASS I hope to see you soon! Go A s!

11 answer key PAGE 2: Bats: The Big Stick F -Most baseball bats are made from hickory. T -The bat can be 2 inches in diameter. T -90% of the wood is NOT used to make bats. F -The A s players may use a bat that is 44 inches long. T - Louisville Slugger was first used in T -A bat is sometimes called the Big Stick. PAGE 7: STRIKE 1... STRIKE 2...Strike 3... You re OUT! PAGE 3: THE MOON IS THE BEST PLACE TO HIT A HOMERUN Distance traveled at sea level +1000ft of altitude =10ft of distance +2000ft of altitude =20ft of distance +3000ft of altitude =30ft of distance +4000ft of altitude =40ft of distance 400 feet 410 feet 420 feet 430 feet 440 feet 350 feet 360 FEET 370 FEET 380 FEET 390 FEET 425 feet 435 FEET 445 FEET 455 FEET 465 FEET PAGE 4: THE SCIENCE OF CHOOSING YOUR BAT A softball player who is 5 10 tall 30 oz An 11 yr old weighing 72 lbs 20 oz You varied PAGE 5: WHERE IT GOES, NOBODY KNOWS... PAGE 8: WHIP IT GOOD! 1. Thigh 2. Abdomen 3. Shoulder PAGE 9: THE A S ARE THE BEST! 4. Bicep 5. Forearm 6. Wrist 7. Finger grounder line drive pop-up\fly BALL grounder PAGE 6: There is no BaseBALL Without a BALL! The center of each ball is made of CORK. The PILL is the name given to the center of a baseball. A baseballs life is usually around SIX pitches. The rubber layers give the ball ELASTICITY. F S S P E E D N L E M D A M R C I Y S W A G R O U N D E R I L P U E L C O N T A C T I E C E B E L U T S N R B A O C D T S K A C U I E E I A U L S Y R S S S S K M O L I S S U A H S L M A U O L L A B E V R U C T E I Z M N B L S T B P Y I A O U U S N O T E T N A R T M P M S L O U I S V I L L E I B A P G N I T T A B C C L S S G H E H N U N C P D I H R S N S B R Z D G N I H C T I P U E S I A E E E H R P A Y S S R D I T A L Y W I F S U E C N E I C S I This workbook was developed by Paton Publishing Wolfedale Rd., Mississauga, ON, L5C 3A9. Written by Eric Burchard. Designed by Jenna Wood. For inquiries, contact scoleman@patonpublishing.com. Printed in Canada All rights reserved.

12 2 complimentary Plaza LEVEL outfield FREE = free! Plaza level outfield $14 each = one time handling fee $4* = TOtal: Enclosed is my check or money order made payable to Oakland A s for Order must be redeemed By mail Mail to: Oakland A s, 7000 Coliseum Way, Oakland, CA Credit Card INFORMATION (Please Circle one) VISA MC AMEX DISC CID# # NAME EXP. DATE chevron.com/about/inthecommunity Forms must be postmarked by Friday, June 29, Vouchers will be mailed to the address provided on the form. Vouchers subject to availability. Please see back of the vouchers for more details.

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