Can ITS Improve PTW Safety? Findings Based on German Insurers Accident Analyses

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1 Can ITS Improve PTW Safety? Findings Based on German Insurers Accident Analyses Dr. Matthias Kühn German Insurers Accident Research, Head of Vehicle Safety European Motorcyclists Forum 05 th 06 th March 2014, European Parliament, Brussels

2 2 The German Insurers Accident Research (UDV) What do we do? 21 staff members, research budget: 1.5 million euro Interdisciplinary research on road accidents 3 fields: Traffic behaviour/traffic psychology Traffic infrastructure Vehicle safety carrying out relevant research projects permanently keeping up contacts with the Ministry, with political decision-makers, traffic engineers as well as with the German Road Safety Council (DVR) and the German Road Safety Organization (DVW) public relations activities to communicate the efforts made by insurers

3 3 Number Of Fatalities In Germany fatalities by modes of transport 1992 and 2012 in % pedestrians bicyclists motorcyclists others cars Fatalities (2012 to 1992): - reduction by 72 % for cars - reduction by 35 % for PTWs Reasons for the differences: - number of PTWs has more than doubled in the last 20 years - safety equipment of the PTWs hasn t changed significantly - cars have become safer due to airbag and ADAS source: German national statistics 2013

4 fatalities Gesamtverband der Deutschen Versicherungswirtschaft e.v. 4 Number Of Fatalities In Germany 5000 Krad PTW Pkw cars % % year source of data: German national statistics 2013

5 5 Focus On PTW* Accidents Accident causer and involved parties - German national statistics 2012 accidents with more than 2 parties 6%, n=2.540 n= PTW=01 (causer) 33%, n=9.931 single vehicle accidents 26%, n= accidents with 2 parties 68%, n= PTW=02 (involved) 67%, n= % of all PTW accidents were caused by the PTW rider 60% of all PTW fatalities were caused by the PTW rider source: German national statistics 2012 * PTW: motorcycles and mopeds

6 6 Focus On PTW Accidents Single vehicle accidents - most frequent scenarios based on UDB* n=61 Falling while riding straight ahead 56%, n=28 Leaving the road to the right 26%, n=20 Leaving the road to the left 12%, n=9 Falling while changing the lane to the left 2%, n=2 Falling while changing the lane to the right 6%, n=2 Source: Research paper FS03 Fahrerassistenzsysteme, accident database of the German Insurers Accident Research, 2011 * UDB: Accident database of the German Insurers Accident Research

7 7 Focus On PTW Accidents Accidents caused by the PTW rider - most frequent scenarios based on UDB n=181 Collision with a parking or a stationary vehicle 8%, n=15 Collision with a vehicle moving in the same direction 24%, n=43 Collision with an oncoming vehicle 41%, n=74 Collision with a vehicle that is coming from the right 16%, n=30 Collision with a vehicle that is coming from the left 8%, n=14 Source: Research paper FS03 Fahrerassistenzsysteme, accident database of the German Insurers Accident Research, 2011

8 8 Focus On PTW Accidents Accidents not caused by the PTW rider - most frequent scenarios based on UDB n=378 Collision with an oncoming PTW 29%, n=111 Collision with a PTW moving in the same direction 20%, n=75 Collision with a PTW that is coming from the right 17%, n=66 Collision with a PTW that is coming from the left 32%, n=120 Collision with a parking or a stationary PTW 2%, n=6 Source: Research paper FS03 Fahrerassistenzsysteme, accident database of the German Insurers Accident Research, 2011

9 9 Holistic View On Current PTW Safety Applications vehicle active safety chassis, brakes, lights, new chassis concepts (e.g. tricycle Piaggio MP3) dynamic traction control with sloping position recognition ABS with sloping position recognition improved light systems (Xenonlight, DRL) passive safety restraint systems safety cell and belt (see BMW C1) airbag rider road training learning about typical accident scenarios GermanSafetyTour (in real traffic) new insights from naturalistic riding studies solution for accident blackspots by road routing german leaflet for the improvement of traffic safety at motorcycle routes (MVMot) protection clothes active protection clothes and helmets roadside solution by motorcycle-friendly protective devices guard rails with underride protection (MVMot)

10 10 Holistic View On Future PTW Safety Applications vehicle rider road active safety chassis, brake, lights, ADAS, ITS collision warner, HMI new chassis concepts (e.g. tricycle Piaggio MP3) dynamic traction control with sloping position recognition ABS with full curve braking function improved light systems (Xenonlight, DRL) speed limit information assistance systems for longitudinal traffic (overtake assist, collision- and curve warning, left turning assist, oncoming traffic warning, U-turn assist) assistance systems for cross traffic (junction assist, crossing assist) vehicle-to-vehicle communication (simtd) attention to the interface to the rider (HMI) training e-learning GermanSafetyTour (in real traffic) new insights from naturalistic riding studies solution of accident blackspots by road routing and ITS german leaflet for the improvement of traffic safety at motorcycle routes (MVMot) vehicle-to-infrastructure communication (simtd) passive safety restraint systems, ITS safety cell and belt (see BMW C1) airbag automatic falling recognition and ecall protection clothes active protection clothes and helmet roadside solution by motorcycle-fríendly protective devices guarding rails with underride guard (MVMot) earth walls as an alternative

11 11 Approach For Assessment Definition of generic ITS-safety applications regarding function Case-by-case analysis of 620 accidents in order to determine the relevance of the generic systems Assumption: focus only on one system (system that was found most likely to intervene first prior to the accident) Ranking of the most promising ITS-safety applications Benefit of some ITS has been already analysed e.g.: SAFERIDER has shown the benefit of ITS by ADAS for PTW for the active as well as the passive safety (e.g. curve warning and ecall) simtd attested the practicability of the car-to-x communication by a large-scale field trial involving various vehicles and infrastructure (e.g. junction- and crossing assist) MOSAFIM also sees considerable benefit in the falling recognition with ecall

12 12 Approach For Assessment Definition of generic ITS - safety applications regarding function: Advanced ABS and Dynamic Traction Control (DTC) contains stability control programmes which enable accelerating or braking the PTW in an inclined position (driving through curves) Curve warning and speed limit information warns the PTW rider before approaching a curve when the speed is too high and indicates the recommended speed Overtake assist warns of an intentional lane change while being overtaken by another vehicle Rear-end collision warning warns of a read-end collision with the front vehicle when approaching it from behind with a high speed difference Junction- and crossing-assist warns of a collision with crossing traffic at an intersection/junction/property entrance, even if the other traffic participant is probably not visible Left turning assist warns of an imminent collision with the oncoming traffic when performing a left turn

13 13 Assessment Of The ITS Safety Applications Relevance of ADAS und ITS for single PTW accidents n=61 Advanced ABS and DTC 16%, n=10 Curve warning with speed limit information 66%, n=40 no relevant system 18%, n=11 15 % of all single vehicle accidents can be addressed by ecall* in terms of shortening the time between accident and emergency call * source: data-analysis of PTW accident in Saarland, unpublished 2014

14 14 Assessment Of The ITS Safety Applications Relevance of ADAS und ITS for accidents caused by a PTW rider n=181 Overtake assist 14%, n=26 Curve warning with speed limit information 21%, n=38 Rear-end collision warning 13%, n=23 Junction- and crossing assist 15%, n=28 Left turning assist 6%, n=11 Oncoming traffic warning 13%, n=23 U-turn-assist 2%, n=4 no relevant system 8%, n=14 Advanced ABS and DTC 8%, n=14

15 15 Assessment Of The ITS Safety Applications Relevance of ADAS und ITS for accidents not caused by a PTW rider n=378 U-turn-assist 6%, n=22 Oncoming traffic warning 2%, n=8 Left turning assist 23%, n=87 no relevant system 10%, n=38 Overtake assist 12%, n=44 Advanced ABS and DTC 2%, n=6 Curve warning 1%, n=5 Junction- and crossing assist 39%, n=147 Rear-end Collision warning 5%, n=21 Source: Research paper FS03 Fahrerassistenzsysteme, accident database of the German Insurers Accident Research, 2011

16 16 Assessment Of The ITS Safety Applications Ranking of most promising systems 1. Junction- and crossing assist 25% addressable (175 of 620 cases) 2. Left turning assist 16% addressable ( 98 of 620 cases) 3. Curve warning with speed limit information 13% addressable ( 83 of 620 cases) 4. Overtake assist 11% addressable ( 70 of 620 cases) 5. Rear-end collision warning 7% addressable ( 44 of 620 cases) 6. Oncoming traffic warning 5% addressable ( 31 of 620 cases) 7. Advanced ABS and DTC 5% addressable ( 30 of 620 cases) 8. U-turn assist 4% addressable ( 26 of 620 cases) [e Call 3% addressable ( 6 of 194 cases ) ] Advanced ABS and DTC might have a positive effect on most of the scenarios. Because of the assessment approach the benefit can not be determined entirely.

17 17 Summary There are promising ITS applications for PTW which are able to positively influence safety. Further research is needed regarding the expected benefit. develop a PTW specific impact assessment methodology. HMI-interface is crucial (e.g. haptical throttle twistgrip) when adopting ITS-systems. Always put the rider in the focus when designing safety applications, because riding driving.