INDEX. Geometric Design Guide for Canadian Roads INDEX

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1 Acceleration lane, see Lanes, Acceleration Access, 8.1 Access Management and Functional Classification 8.2 Access Management by Design Classification 8.3 Access Configuration 8.4 Building Set-Back Guidelines Culs-De-Sac 8.10 Continuous Right-Turn Auxiliary Lanes on Divided Arterials 8.5 Corner Clearances at Major Intersections 8.8 Driveways 8.9 Service (Frontage) Roads 8.7 Signalized Access Spacing Two-Way Left-Turn Lanes 8.6 Pedestrian and Cyclist Considerations Active Transportation, Bicycle Accommodation 5.3 Accommodating All Users at Intersections Pedestrian Accommodation See Bicycles and Pedestrians Aesthetics Environmental Impacts and Aesthetics, Lane Aesthetics 3.4 Alignment Consistency, Horizontal Alignment 3.2 Circular Curves Spiral Curves Superelevation Lane Widening on Curves Vertical Alignment 3.3 Grades Vertical Curves Sight Distance at Underpasses see Sight Distance Lane Continuity Route Continuity Weaving Approach Taper, see Taper Arterial roads, June

2 Auxiliary lanes, , 8.5 Barriers, Traffic Basis for Design Roadside Barriers Zone of Intrusion Median Barriers Bridge Railings/Transitions End Treatment/Crash Cushions Bay Taper, see Taper Benefit Cost Analysis, 1.2 Policy Considerations Design Decisions Benefits of Roads, 1.3 Mobility All Modes Motorized Traffic Active Transportation Bicycles, Design for, 5.1 Alignment and Related Elements 5.5 Bikeway Facility Types 5.3 Bikeway Facility Selection 5.4 Design Integration Design Needs 5.2 Intersection Elements 5.6 Pedestrians Safety and Security Borders, see Sidewalks, Boulevards, and Border Areas Boulevards, see Sidewalks, Boulevards, and Border Areas Brake Reaction Distance, see Sight Distance, stopping Braking distance, Breakaway Supports, Bridges, 4.10 Roads under Bridges Roads on Bridges Multi-Modal Configurations Pedestrian Accommodation Vertical Clearances Building Setback, see Access Bus Bays, , Car, see Vehicle Characteristics Centreline Rumble Strips, June 2017

3 Channelization, see Intersections Classification, see Design Classification, Road Clear Runout Area, see Trucks, Escape Ramps Clear Zone, 7.3 Clearance, At Bridges, see Bridges At Corners, see Intersections For Bicycle Lanes see Bicycles, Alignment and Related Elements Climbing Lanes, see Lanes, Truck Climbing Lanes Collisions, see Safety Collision Modification Factors, see Safety Collector Roads, Corner Radius, Costs of Roads, 1.3 Benefit Cost Analysis 1.2 Collision Costs Design Choices Road Safety Audits Capital Costs Maintenance Costs Vehicle Operating Costs Critical Length of Grade, see Vertical Alignment, Grade Critical Slope, see Slopes Cross Section Elements, 4.1 Cross-Slopes, 3.5, 4.8.4, Shoulder Cross Slopes Cross-Slope: Major/Minor Roadway Intersection, Crosswalks, Crown Cross-Slope: Major/Minor Roadway Intersection, Culs de sac, 2.6.4, 8.10 Culverts, see Drainage Curbs and Gutters, 4.7, Curb Extensions, Curves, see Alignment, Horizontal Deceleration Lane, see Lanes, Deceleration Decision Sight Distance, see Sight Distance Departure taper, see Taper Design Classification, Road, 2.6 Design Classification System June

4 Classification Factors Land Use Service Function Traffic Volume Flow Characteristics Operating Speed Vehicle Type Connections Characteristics of Classifications Design Consistency, 2.7 Cross Section Operating Speed Driver Workload Safety and Consistency Design Controls, 2.1 Design Domain, 1.4 Description Application Extending the Design Domain Design Exceptions, 1.5 Key Criteria Design Exception Process Design, Human Factors and, Design User Capabilities and Limitations Visual Characteristics Cognitive Abilities Perception-Reaction Time 2.2.3, Design Speed, see Speed Design Vehicles, 2.4 Bicycles Classification Characteristics Length, Width, and Turning Radius Vehicle Height Driver Eye Height Turning Paths Selecting a Design Vehicle Desired Speed, see Speed, Terminology Divided Roadway See Typical Cross Sections June 2017

5 Drainage, 4.8 see also Cross-Slope Grades Rural Drainage Channels Urban Storm Drainage 4.8.3, Cross Slope Drainage Features Driver Workload, see also Human Factors Driver Workload and Speed Driver Workload Consistency Driveways, see Access Emergency vehicle crossings, Encroachment, Energy attenuation devices, see Barriers, Traffic Entrance terminal, Exit terminal, Express-Collector system, Expressways, Environmental Impacts and Aesthetics, Explicit Evaluation of Safety, 3.2.7, 4.1.8, 7.2 Bridge width Freeway Medians Horizontal Curves Median Barrier and Width Shoulder Rounding Truck Climbing and Passing Lanes Truck Escape Ramps 3.10 Two-way Left-Turn Lanes Utility Pole Placement Vertical Curves False Grading, Fencing, 4.6.3, 6.5.5, Flared intersections, see Intersections Forgiving roadside, Freeways, Friction Coefficient of Lateral Frontage road, see Service Roads June

6 Geometric Design, 1.1 Alignment 3.1 Collision Types and Geometric Design Design Domain 1.4 Design Exceptions 1.5 Standards and Guidelines Use of, Goal of Design Concept of Safety Managing Design Risk Evolution of Design Rehabilitation Design Value Engineering and Geometric Design Gradient Access Bicycles Intersections , Separated for Bikeways Grading, see Drainage Guardrail, see Barriers, Traffic Guidance, Positive, , Guiderail, see Barriers, Traffic Gutters, see Curbs and Gutters Human Factors, 2.2 Driver Expectancy Motivations and Deterrents to Walking Perception Reaction Time 2.2.3, Design, Human Factors and Bicycling Cognitive Abilities Curves Driver Workload , Design User Intersections User Capabilities and Limitations Visual Characteristics Perception-Reaction Time Weaving Inlets, see Drainage Interchanges, June 2017

7 Co-ordination of Interchanges 10.4 Design Features Bus Interface Loop Ramps Over Versus Under Return Movement Single Exit Uniformity of Patterns and Design Consistency Pedestrian Accommodation Interchange Warrants 10.2 Interchange Location and Spacing 10.3 Other Interchange Design Features 10.7 Ramps 10.6 Typical Interchange Design Features 10.8 Intersections, 9.1 AASHTO Intersection Sight Distance Model 9.9 Accommodating All Users Alignment 9.7 At-Grade Highway/Railway Crossings 9.5 Bike Lanes Circular Channelized , 9.15 Design Process 9.4 Flared Human Factors Innovative Intersections 9.22 Left-Turn Lanes 9.17 Median Openings 9.19 On Curves Open-Throat Safe System Approach Sight Distance 9.8 Spacing Types of Intersections 9.2 Road Design Considerations 9.3 Tapers and Auxiliary Lanes 9.14 Transition between Four-Lane and Two-Lane Roadways at Intersections 9.18 Turning Roadways 9.16 Roundabout Design 9.20 Roundabout Types and Characteristics 9.21 Islands, Traffic, 8.9, June

8 K value, Landscaping, 6.5.7, 7.5.9, Lane Drop, see Lane Balance Lanes Basic Lanes , , , Design, Lane Aesthetics 3.4 Lane Balance Lane Coordination 3.4 Lane and Route Continuity 3.7 Lane Width 4.2 Special Purpose Lanes 4.3 Auxiliary lanes , 8.5 Acceleration and Deceleration Lanes Bike Lanes Continuous Right-Turn or Left-Turn Lane for Access , 8.5 Express Collector Systems Left-Turn Lanes Left-Turn Slip-Around Lane Other Special Purpose Lanes Parking Lanes Passing and Climbing Lanes 3.9, Ramps Right-Turn Lanes Slot Left-Turn Lanes Speed Change Lanes , Transit Lanes Turning Roadways Two-Way Left-Turn Lanes 8.6 Service or Frontage Road Lanes , 8.7 Weaving Lanes Truck Climbing Lanes 3.8 Lateral Friction, see Friction, Lateral Left-turn lane, see Lanes, Left-Turn Level of Service, Lighting Alignment Bicycle facilities 5.7.2, Interchanges Intersections Pedestrian Facilities June 2017

9 Roadside 7.5 Local roads, Luminaire supports, Median Openings, Medians and Outer Separations, 4.5 Mobility, Normal Crown, see Crown Non-Recoverable Slope, see Slopes Object Height, see Sight Distance Operating Speed, Consistency Prediction Outer Separations, Overpasses, see Bridges Passenger Car, see Vehicle Characteristics Passing Lanes, see Lanes Pavement Edge Drop, Pavement Widening, see Alignment, Lane Widening on Curves Pedestrian Design 6.1 Design Needs 6.2 Integration with Related Geometric Design Elements 6.6 Pedestrian Crossings 6.4 Pedestrian Elements and Details 6.5 Pedestrians with Disabilities , Refuge Islands Roadside Zones Framework 6.3 Persons with Disabilities, Posted Speed, 2.3.2, Public Lanes (alleys), 2.6.2, 4.13 Railway Grade Crossings, 9.5 Ramps Alignment, see Interchange, Ramps Bicycle , Metering Sidewalk Terminals, see Entrance Ramps and Exit Terminals June

10 Truck Escape, see Trucks, Escape Ramps Width Recoverable Slope, see Slopes Rehabilitation Design, Retrofit Bicycle Accommodation 5.3 Complete Streets Driveway Spacing 8.9.8, Horizontal Alignment 3.2 Intersections 9.2.3, 9.4.5, Pedestrian Accommodation 6.4 Roadway and Lane Widening 3.2.5, 3.9 Speed Reduction Traffic Calming Vertical Alignment 3.3, Right Turn Lanes, see Lanes, Right turn Right Turn Taper, see Taper Rights of Way Designing for Future Widening 4.12 Road classification, see Design Classification, Road Road Costs, see Costs of Roads Road Network, 2.6 Road Safety Audits, see Safety, Road Safety Audits Roadside Safety, 7.1 Clear Zone Concept 7.3 Applying the Clear Zone 7.4 Sign, Luminaire, and Other Support 7.5 Traffic Barriers 7.6 Urban Environments 7.7 Low Volume Rural Roads 7.8 See also Explicit Evaluation of Safety Roadside Slopes, Roadside Vegetation, see Landscaping Rotary intersection, see Roundabouts Roundabouts Bikeway Facilities at Design Principles 9.20 Pedestrian Integration Types and Characteristics 9.21 Rumble Strips, see Centreline Rumble Strips Running Speed, see Speed, Terminology 10 June 2017

11 Safety, Bicycle Safety Safety Performance Function Safety Performance Measures Collision Modification Factors Collision Types and Geometric Design Safety in Road Design Pedestrians 6.6 Road Safety Audits See also Explicit Evaluation of Safety Service (frontage) Roads, Shoulders, 4.4 Shy-line offset, Side slopes, see Roadside Slopes Sidewalks, Boulevards, and Border Areas, 4.6 See also Pedestrian Design Sight Distance 2.5 At intersections, see Intersections Calculating Criteria Object Height Deceleration Rate Sight Distance at Underpasses Stopping Sight Distance Passing Sight Distance Decision Sight Distance Sight Triangle, Signals, see Traffic Signals Signs Human Factors Streetscaping Supports 7.5 Slopes Critical Cross, see Cross-Slopes Non-Recoverable Recoverable Roadside, see Roadside Slopes Slot left turn lanes, see Lanes, Left-Turn Snow, 4.9, Standards and Guidelines, About, June

12 Speed, 2.3 Terminology Speed, Safety and Design Speed Cues Used to Select Speed Peripheral Vision Information Noise Level Speed Adaptation Road Message Speed Limit Driver Workload and Speed Limitations of Design Speed Approach see Capabilities and Limitations Design Domain: Design Speed Selection General Application Heuristics Rural Highways Urban Roadways Design Speed Choices for Rehabilitation Projects Design Domain: Target Speed Selection Speed-Change lane, see Lanes, Speed-Change Speed Profile model, Speed-Radius Relationship, Spiral Parameter, Staged Construction, 4.1.1, Stopping Sight Distance, see Sight Distance Storage Length, Street Hardware and Furniture, see Utilities Superelevation Bicycles Intersections 9.7.5, Roadways , Tapers Tapers and Auxiliary Lanes 9.14 Approach and Departure Tapers See also Intersections, Basic Types Target Speed, see Speed Transit Bus Bays , Bus Interface at Interchanges Pedestrian Integration with Transit Lanes June 2017

13 Traffic Circle, see Roundabouts Traffic Signals Bicycles , Controls 9.8 Spacing and Progression Supports Trees, see Landscaping Trucks Escape Ramps 3.10 Climbing Lanes, see Lanes See also Vehicle Characteristics Turning Paths, see Vehicle Turning Paths Turning roadway, 9.16, see also Lanes and Ramps Typical Cross Sections, 4.13 Underpasses, see Bridges Undivided Roadways, See also Typical Cross Sections Utilities and Placement, 4.11, 6.5.3, Value Engineering, Vegetation, see Landscaping Vehicle Characteristics, Vehicle Turning Paths, Vertical Alignment, see Alignment Vertical Curves, see Alignment, Vertical Curves Weaving, Weaving Lane, see Lanes, Weaving June