Engineering Countermeasures for Transportation Safety. Adam Larsen Safety Engineer Federal Highway Administration

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1 Engineering Countermeasures for Transportation Safety Adam Larsen Safety Engineer Federal Highway Administration

2 Countermeasure Selection Resources Manual for Selecting Safety Improvements on High Risk Rural Roads NCHRP 500 Series AASHTO Roadside Design Guide Highway Safety Manual State Strategic Highway Safety Plans IRR Safety Management System Implementation Plan Strategic Highway Safety Plan for Indian Country

3 TribalSafety.org Categorized resources for selecting countermeasures

4 Manual for Selecting Safety Improvements on High Risk Rural Roads (HRRR Manual) Assists State, local, and Tribal agencies in finding and comparing cost-effective treatments on high risk rural roads Developed by conducting a survey and study of State, local, and Tribal agencies current practices 4

5 HRRR Manual Features Organized in colorcoded categories by roadway feature Describes where treatments may be most effectively used Allows a user to quickly narrow potential treatments 5

6 Proven Countermeasures Safety.FHWA.DOT.GOV

7 2017 Revision Proven Countermeasures Transportation Safety Plans Data Driven Safety Analysis Road Safety Audits

8 Strategic Transportation Safety Plan Toolkit for Tribal Governments Plan Template State Contacts Draft RFP Webinar Other Resources

9 Data Driven Safety Analysis Problem ID before countermeasure selection Network Screening Using data to determine high crash sites Systemic Safety Using data to determine high-risk features

10 Road Safety Audits

11 Proven Countermeasures Safety.FHWA.DOT.GOV

12 53% Lane Departure Fatal Crash Types 20% Intersections 73% 13% Pedestrians 12% 17% % of Total Fatal Crashes

13 Roadway Departure Enforcement/Education Enforcement/Education actions to keep vehicles on roadway: Change driver behavior (DUI, speeding, fatigue, distractions) Spot enforcement Targeted education efforts 1-14

14 Roadway Departure Engineering Countermeasures Keep on Road Lessen Severity After Departure

15 Roadway Departure Countermeasures Safety.FHWA.DOT.GOV

16 Enhanced Delineation and Friction for Horizontal Curves

17 Percent Curve Crashes DC DC= Average

18 2009 MUTCD on Curves Install Advanced Warning 30% crash reduction Install Chevrons 4% to 25% crash reduction Install post mounted delineators 15% crash reduction

19 2009 MUTCD on Curves MUTCD.FHWA.DOT.GOV 2009 MUTCD Table 2C-5 Not required for roads with <400 ADT Adding Chevrons CRF: December 2019 Compliance Date

20 Fluorescent Sign Colors Option for fluorescent colors Florescent Yellow Chevrons on high risk curves 34% crash reduction Standard yellow Fluorescent yellow

21

22 Roadway Departure Friction Treatments 25-60% Crash Reduction

23 Roadway Departure Rumble Strips Injury crash reduction 18% on rural two-lane highways. 17% on rural multi-lane divided highways. Reduction in run-off-road crashes of 38% on freeways.

24 Edge Rumble Stripes Roadway Departure Rumble Strips Night + Rain Conditions

25 Roadway Departure Safety Edge

26 Edge Drop-Off

27

28 Roadway Departure Safety Edge Improves Compaction Reduces Maintenance Expense Saves Lives (8 15% crash reduction) Adds Less than 1% to Pavement Resurfacing

29 Safety Edge FHWA Loaner Shoe

30 After Departure Strategy to minimize severity: Effectiveness 1. Remove / Redesign 2. Relocate Hazards 3. Protect / Reduce Severity 4. Delineate Hazards

31 Clear Zone 10 to 35 feet minimum depending on speed and slope. (See AASHTO Roadside Design Guide) BEFORE AFTER

32 Remove Hazards Fixed Objects o Trees / Vegetation o (>4 diam.) o Non-breakaway posts o Fences, especially with top rail o Non-crashworthy barrier o Drainage structures o Boulders o Monument Mailboxes 40% reduction in Fatal/Inj crashes

33 Protect / Shield Protect objects Grading to lessen severity Crashworthy

34 Dangerous Guardrail Ends Blunt Ends Turn Down Terminals

35 Delineate Last Resort Objects Adverse / unexpected alignment Non-traversable slopes

36 Intersection Countermeasures Safety.FHWA.DOT.GOV

37 Keys to Intersection Safety Manage conflict points Adequate sight distance Provide advance warning & navigation Increase intersection conspicuity Minimize road user delay

38 Install Traffic Signal Magic Bullet? Increase Rear end crashes by 50% Decrease Angle crashes by 65%

39 Intersection Conflict Points Eliminate conflict points Separate conflicts in space or time Control the type/severity of conflict

40 Roundabout Conflict Points

41 Lummi Nation

42 Roundabouts & Peds

43 Alternative Intersection Design

44 Intersection Conspicuity

45 Enhance Traffic Signal Visibility Retroreflectorized Border: CRF 24% (All Crashes) CRF 16% (Injury/Fatal Crashes) Benefits color blind individuals at night Improved safety during power outages 4D.12

46 Jan 2018 overhead guide signs street name signs Compliance Dates Changes June 2014 Implement a sign maintenance program Jan 2015 regulatory signs warning signs ground-mounted guide signs (except street name signs)

47 Access Control Consolidate Conflict Points with Access Control. Improve safety, operations of road.

48 Road Diets 5-29% crash reduction Improved traffic flow Traffic Volume: 15k-20k or less

49 On-street parking Median Bike Lanes Center Turn-Lane Road diets: reclaim street space for other uses

50 3 crash types can be reduced by going from 4 to 3 lanes: which ones? Designing for Pedestrian Safety Road Diets

51 3 crash types can be reduced by going from 4 to 3 lanes: 1 rear enders X Designing for Pedestrian Safety Road Diets

52 3 crash types can be reduced by going from 4 to 3 lanes: 2 side swipes X

53 3 crash types can be reduced by going from 4 to 3 lanes: 3 left turn/broadside X

54 Reality: Before Designing for Pedestrian Safety Road Diets

55 Reality: After Designing for Pedestrian Safety Road Diets

56

57 Pedestrian Countermeasures Safety.FHWA.DOT.GOV

58 Where do pedestrians get hit most often? 62

59 Before Reclaiming road space creates room for ped islands

60 Concept Reclaiming road space creates room for ped islands 9-64

61 Before After 9-65

62 Ped Activated Beacons HAWK

63 Ped Activated Beacons RRFB

64 Crosswalk Improvements

65 Avoid Pedestrian Obstacles Las Vegas NV 2-70

66 Avoid Choke points or gaps

67 Avoid Choke points or gaps

68 Pedestrian Facilities Crash Reduction Factor (CRF): 6 ft Paved shoulders reduce pedestrian crashes 70% Sidewalks reduce pedestrian crashes 88%

69 Where will pedestrians cross? Provide Positive Guidance

70 Questions? Adam Larsen TTP Safety Engineer (360)

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