Preview. Tables in your paper Mass Transit as alternative to auto California s problems in urban transportation

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3 Preview Tables in your paper Mass Transit as alternative to auto California s problems in urban transportation

4 Integrating tables in your writing

5 Commuting in Urban Areas Last time auto and congestion This time mass transit

6 Alternatives to the Automobile Bus system Cheap--uses same roadway as car Flexible route structure Subject to congestion, too Rail system Separate roadway not subject to congestion Expensive to build (cheap to operate) Inflexible route structure

7 Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) Walnut Creek to Embarcadero: 34 min, $4.25

8

9 San Francisco Municipal Railway (Muni)

10 Long Beach to LA: 55 minutes, $1.25

11 Southern Half of NY subway: $2.00

12 Washington Metro Rockville to Metro Center: 30 min, $3.75

13 The Issue with Rail Transit Large capacity Rapid Expensive High fixed cost Relatively low operating cost

14 The Economics of Mass Transit High fixed cost cost of construction annualized Relatively low variable cost cost per ride assume constant variable cost equal to marginal cost

15 $/year average total cost marginal cost riders/year

16 $/year Demand riders/year

17 Should we build the subway? $/year A Benefit Cost Benefit-Cost =A-B B riders/year

18 Higher Demand $/year A Benefit-Cost =A-B B riders/year

19 Even higher demand $/year Fares can cover costs, but should they? P P* riders/year

20 What to do? Charge fare equal to marginal cost and subsidize

21 Urban Transit Policy Cars versus mass transit Rail transit most likely to get people out of their cars How has this played out in California?

22 California is spending on mass transit Total Fare Revenue Net Expenditures from Public Subsidies to Expenditures on Public Transit Transit Private Transit California US-California Florida * Illinois New York Texas * *rounded to zero Table 8.3 Net Expenditures on Mass Transit per Capita, 2002 (dollars)

23 Figure 8.2 Capital Expenditures on Mass Transit per Capita, California US-California Expenditures per Capita (2002 $)

24 Figure 8.3 Current Expenditures on Mass Transit per Capita, California US-California Expenditures per Capita (2002 $)

25 California is not spending much on highways Table 8.12 Current and Capital Expenditures on Highways per Capita, 2002 (dollars) Total Current Capital Expenditures Expenditures Expenditures California US-California Florida Illinois New York Texas

26 Capital spending low for many years Figure 8.4 Capital Expenditures on Highways per Capita, California US-California Expenditures per Capita (2002 $)

27 Change happened in 1970s Table 8.13 Highway Capital Expenditures per Capita (2002 dollars) California US-California Florida Illinois New York Texas

28 Since 1980, highway capacity hasn t kept up with population Table 8.14 Growth in Lane Miles and Population, 1980 to 2002 Freeways and Other Principal Arterials Lane Miles per Million People Percentage Increase, 1980 to Population Lane Miles California 2,038 1, US-California 2,484 2, Florida 2,151 1, Illinois 1,287 1, New York 1,260 1, Texas 3,496 2,

29 Highway capacity hasn t keep up with population 3,000 Figure 8.5 Lane Miles per Capita, Freeways and Other Principal Arterials Lane Miles per Million People 2,500 2,000 California US-California 1,

30 Despite Mass Transit, Road Use High in California Annual Mass Transit Trips Table 8.22 Road Congestion and Delay, 85 Urban Areas, 2002 Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled Lane Miles of Freeways and Arterials per Daily Vehicle Miles per Annual Hours of Delay per Capita per Capita Per Capita Million Residents Lane Mile California ,388 11, US-California ,327 10, Florida ,584 9, Illinois ,033 11, New York , Texas ,576 10,582 30

31 Figure 8.6 Annual Hours of Delay in Largest Urban Areas, Annual Hours of Delay per Capita Dallas Riverside- San Bernadino Orlando Tampa San Antonio Buffalo Miami Jacksonville San Jose Los Angeles San Francisco Houston Chicago San Diego New York Sacramento 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 Daily Vehicle Miles Traveled per Lane Mile

32 A Summary CA emphasized mass transit over highways Lane miles per capita fell as state grew Mass transit use is relatively high But highway use is also high Capacity less, but use is not Congested freeways

33 Interpretations Failed policy or, haven t tried hard enough

34 Where now Massive infrastructure investment Highways, mass transit, or both Or, demand management Highway tolls Anti-sprawl policies Planning better in new areas Central Valley Inland Empire

35 Monday Racial segregation in housing Two readings from LA Times Family Stood Up to Restrictive Covenants What It Is. (And What It Was).

36 Friday Second Midterm One question from list added after the first midterm I bring bluebook

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