Bicycle Parking Analysis: California State University, Fullerton

Transcription

1 Bicycle Parking Analysis: California State University, Fullerton Fall 2006

2 Bicycle Parking Analysis: California State University, Fullerton Fall 2006 Report Author: John Carroll Department of Geography, CSUF Research Assistants: Students in Introduction to Geographic Information GEOG 283 Fall 2006

3 Bicycling represents a viable alternative mode of transportation for California State University, Fullerton students, faculty, and staff and is an important component of a sustainable campus. This bicycle rack study presents a comprehensive analysis of bicycle parking patterns and bicyclist s perceptions and attitudes concerning bicycle parking on the Main Campus of California State University, Fullerton. The study was conducted to provide baseline data to the larger discussion of facilitating bicycle use and campus bicycle safety. Data for this analysis was collected by the students in the Fall 2006 section of Introduction to Geographic Information (GEOG 283). Many of the maps were developed by a student in the Introduction to GIS (GEOG 481) course, who was simultaneously enrolled in GEOG 283, with campus map data provided by the CSUF Office of Design and Construction. This report is divided into three sections. The first section examines the use of bicycle parking racks installed across campus. CSUF Parking and Transportation Services identified 29 bicycle rack locations on the CSUF campus. Throughout this report, these bicycle parking racks are referred to as official bicycle parking racks. Bicycles parked at these official racks were counted once during each class session on Tuesday November 14, 2006 and again on Wednesday, November 15, Researchers were instructed to conduct their counts 10 to 15 minutes after the class period start-time in order to minimize the number of bicycles being moved during the count. These dates are believed to represent typical, mid-semester bicycle parking patterns. The second section of the study analyzes bicycles parked in unofficial locations. Unofficial locations include any bicycles parked on campus outside the official racks. Examples of unofficial locations include bicycles locked to light poles, railings, trees or other structures. Bicycles parked in unofficial locations were observed and recorded as part of the two-day count of official locations noted above. 1

4 The third section reports the results of a survey of bicyclists. Bicyclists were asked a brief series of questions about their bicycling habits, bicycle parking preferences, and their assessment of bicycle parking on campus. The total number of bicycles parked on campus (official and unofficial) varied throughout the day. It should be noted that because bicycles are parked at residence halls in addition to locations near classroom buildings, the campus is never entirely devoid of bicycles. The time period with the lowest number of bicycles parked on campus was Tuesday before 8:30 a.m. with a total of 107 bicycles counted. The time period with the highest number of bicycles counted was Tuesday from 1:00 to 2:15 p.m. with a total of 333 bicycles counted (Table 1). Official Bicycle s CSUF Parking and Transportation Services identified 29 official bicycle rack locations on campus (see Map 1). Racks are located near entrances to all major campus buildings as well as the Fullerton Arboretum and campus residence halls. Bicycle rack capacities were also provided by Parking and Transportation Services. However, this analysis found that stated rack capacities occasionally overestimated the actual number of bicycles that could be safely and conveniently parked at each location. Several of the racks that could permit parking on two sides were positioned in such a manner as to prohibit use of both sides of the rack (see Photo 1 and Photo 2 for examples). Bicycle parking rates varied throughout the day at the official rack locations. Detailed counts at each location by class period can be found in Appendix A. The number of bicycles observed at the official locations ranged from a low of 0 at many locations early in the morning hours to a high of 36 bicycles parked at the racks in the Quad on the north side of McCarthy Hall (Location G on Map 1) during the 10:00 a.m. to 11:15 a.m. class period on Tuesday, November 14, The highest number of bikes counted on Wednesday, November 15, 2006 was 34 bicycles parked in one of the bicycle sheds 2

5 serving the Jewel Plummer Cobb Residence Halls (Location Z on Map 1) during the 9:00 a.m. to 9:50 a.m. class period. Counts for each rack by time of day are available in Appendix A. Map 2 shows the bicycle parking pattern during the Tuesday peak time period for the campus. The Wednesday peak exhibited a similar pattern. The 1:00 p.m. to 2:15 p.m. class period had the highest total number of bicycles counted in official locations on Tuesday. A total of 293 bicycles were counted in official rack locations during this time period. On Wednesday, the 10:00 a.m. to 10:50 a.m. class period had the highest number of bicycles parked in official rack locations. A total of 274 bicycles were counted in official racks during this time period. It should be noted that the peak time period for bicycles parked in official locations differs slightly from the total campus peak reported in Table 1 due to bicycles parked in unofficial locations. Table 2 separates the number of official and unofficial bicycles counted during each class period. Researchers noted the types of locks used at each rack location. The most popular lock was some sort of cable or chain. Over 75 % of bicycles were locked with a cable or chain. Nearly 20 % used a U-type lock and several bicycles were not locked at all. Unofficial Bicycle Parking Locations The unofficial bicycle parking pattern on campus offers a useful gauge of demand for greater official parking capacity at certain locations. Since there is no way to predict where bicycles might be unofficially parked, researchers were instructed to look for bicycles in unofficial locations as they were counting the official locations. Acquiring an accurate picture of unofficial parking rates is somewhat problematic because an unofficially parked bicycle could be anywhere on campus and may be not be visible to researchers. Also, as researchers traversed campus between official locations they may have taken different routes than other researchers and observed different bicycles or may have recounted bicycles already counted by other researchers. Every effort was taken to eliminate double counted bicycles. Obviously, the problem of missed bicycles is 3

6 impossible to resolve. Despite these potential limitations, several clusters of unofficially parked bicycles were observed (see Map 3). The class periods with the highest number of unofficially parked bicycles were 11:30 a.m. to 12:45 p.m. on Tuesday and 2:30 p.m. to 3:45 p.m. on Wednesday. The counts were 48 bicycles during the Tuesday peak class period and 35 bicycles during the Wednesday peak class period (Table 2). More important than the total number of unofficially parked bicycles is the locational pattern of those bicycles. Six clusters of unofficially parked bicycles are consistent in the data (see Map 3). The largest and most persistent location for unofficial bicycles was along the railings outside the east entrance to the Pollak Library (Photo 3). This is particularly noteworthy because an official rack is also located at this entrance. In fact, the number of unofficially parked bicycles more than doubled the number of bicycles parked in the official rack throughout most of the day. This indicates need for significantly greater capacity at this location. A second cluster of unofficially parked bicycles was found near the official bicycle sheds that serve the Jewel Plummer Cobb Residence Halls. Similar to the unofficial parking near Pollak Library, the bicycles near the residence halls appear to be overflow from the official parking facilities in the area. Researchers noted the official racks and sheds serving the residence halls were overcrowded with bicycles. This suggests additional parking capacity is warranted at these locations, as well. The railings along the south side of the Kinesiology & Health Sciences building were a third popular location for unofficial bicycle parking. Quite different from the two locations noted previously, unofficial parking was often found at times when adjacent racks were not completely full. Based upon data from the survey of bicyclists described below, it is believed that bicyclists may choose to lock their bikes to railings instead of using the racks because of safety and convenience. Slipping a lock through a railing is 4

7 easier than bending down between other bikes in order to secure a bicycle to a rack. There is also less chance of soiling ones clothes on other bicycles. Though not as concentrated or consistent as the unofficial locations described above, bicycles were also found unofficially parked in three other areas of campus: 1.) various locations around the Visual Arts buildings; 2.) various locations around the Engineering and Computer Science buildings; and 3.) the courtyard between University Hall and Langsdorf Hall near the Student Financial Services window. The unofficial parking in all three of these areas could be reduced or eliminated with signage indicating the location of nearby official racks. It should be noted that the only official racks near the Visual Arts buildings are those located near Becker Amphitheater. These racks are not convenient to the majority bicyclist who use of the Visual Arts complex. Bicyclists Survey A survey of bicyclists was conducted during the official rack count. As researchers encountered bicyclists parking or removing their bicycles, they attempted to ask a brief series of questions about their bicycling habits, bicycle parking preferences, and their assessment of bicycle parking on campus. Also, some researchers surveyed students and/or faculty that the researcher knew to be a bicycle commuter. Researchers were able to successfully interview 35 bicyclists. Although the sample size represents approximately 10 % of the maximum number of bicycles counted on campus, our findings are not statistically significant. However, the data presented below does offer the only empirical evidence of bicycle attitudes and perceptions available for CSUF. The survey respondents were overwhelmingly students (97.1%). Sixty percent of respondents were male and 40 % female. Respondents ranged in age from 18 to 56 years with a median age of 21 years for the sample. Most of the respondents had been on campus between two and four years (46.9 %). Another 37.5 % had been on campus less than two years. The ethnicity of the respondents suggests a higher proportion of white students bicycle to campus (Table 3). 5

8 Survey respondents listed a variety of reasons why they bicycle to campus. While 54.8% of respondents said that living close to campus was a reason they rode a bicycle, other reasons mentioned included: gas prices (29.0 %); parking costs (28.1 %); and that bicycling to campus is quicker (25.0 %). Table 4 provides a complete list of reasons why respondents rode their bicycles to campus. Respondents were asked two questions designed to assess why they parked at a particular location and what factors are important when deciding where to park their bicycles. The vast majority of respondents (77.1 %) indicated that they selected the specific bicycle parking location because of proximity to classes (Table 5). More generally, when asked what are the most important factors when deciding where to park, respondents stated location/easy access to their destination was most important (84.8%). Respondents were asked three questions about bicycle racks and general bicycle parking conditions on campus (Table 5). Less than half (44.1%) of the respondents felt that there were enough bicycle racks on campus. Another 61.3 % indicated that there were not enough racks at certain locations. This finding is consistent with the unofficial bicycle parking adjacent to full racks described earlier. When asked about the bicycle parking options on campus, 48.6% of respondents said they would like to see improvements. Suggestions for improvement included: nicer racks, better maintenance of racks, and improved signage for bike routes and rack locations. Researchers observed signs listing campus bicycle rules at many rack locations (see Photo 4 and Photo 5), but there were few signs directing bicyclists to racks or directing them along safe routes across campus. When asked where new bicycle racks should be added, survey respondents listed numerous locations across campus. Several new locations were suggested such as MJ s coffee stand and the west entrance to Pollak Library. However, most respondents mentioned locations that already had racks. In all cases, they stated that there should be more rack spaces at the existing locations. Table 6 lists the locations for new bicycle racks suggested by the survey respondents. 6

9 Unlike many motorists, bicycle commuters will use their vehicles throughout the day to get around campus. Other than the location where they were interviewed, 80.0% of respondents stated that they regularly park at other locations around campus. Most of the locations mentioned were near classes (87.7%). Table 7 provides a list of bicycle parking locations utilized by survey respondents other than the location where the interview took place. In addition to recording interview locations, researchers asked respondents to identify where they had entered campus on that day. Map 4 shows the initial entrance point and the parking/interview location for the survey respondents that provided this information. While the precise path each bicyclist took is not known, based upon Map 4, it is likely that many traversed the most congested areas of campus as they made their way to a bicycle rack. Conclusions This analysis revealed several important findings. First, on any given day more than 300 bicycles are parked on campus. It is anticipated that this figure will increase as more campus housing becomes available in the future. The CSUF Master Development Plan 1 calls for adding space for over 1,500 students to residence halls and 250 units for faculty and staff housing. Given that living near campus was the main reason why survey respondents stated they rode a bicycle to campus, it is reasonable to conclude that bicycle parking demand will increase as greater numbers of students and faculty are able to live near campus. Second, the number of unofficially parked bicycles in close proximity to full official bicycle racks indicates that current demand for adequate bicycle parking is not being met in popular locations. Survey respondents indicated that the quantity and quality of 1 California State University Master Development Plan

10 bicycle parking options needs improvement. Specifically, more racks should be added in the central part of campus near classroom buildings. Finally, a primary motivation for bicycling to campus is convenience. Therefore bicyclists will seek out the most convenient places to park their bicycles and may utilize their bicycles to move about campus throughout the day. Toward this end, bicyclists will likely seek out the most direct path. Greater attention should be paid to bicycle awareness including appropriate routes, locations of safe and convenient parking facilities, and safe conduct. It is hoped that as the university continues to grow, increased emphasis will be placed on sustainability and reducing the environmental footprint of the campus. Encouraging alternative transportation among students, faculty and staff is an excellent means to achieving this goal. Secure, well-maintained, and convenient bicycle parking options offer an important step in that direction. 8

11 Tables 9

12 Table 1. bicycles counted by class period. Bicycles Tuesday, November 14 Before 8:30 a.m :30-9: :00-11: :30-12: :00-2: :30-3: :00-6: :00-9: Wednesday, November 15 Before 8:00 a.m :00-8: :00-9: :00-10: :00-11: :00-12: :00-2: :30-3: :00-6: :00-9:

13 Table 2. Official vs. Unofficial bicycles counted by class period. Official Locations Unofficial Locations Bicycles Tuesday, November 14 Before 8:30 a.m :30-9: :00-11: :30-12: :00-2: :30-3: :00-6: :00-9: Wednesday, November 15 Before 8:00 a.m :00-8: :00-9: :00-10: :00-11: :00-12: :00-2: :30-3: :00-6: :00-9:

14 Table 3. Characteristics of Survey Respondents Students Faculty 97.1 % 2.9 % Male Female 60 % 40 % Median age of respondents 21 years Years on campus Less than % 2 to % 5 or more 15.6 % Ethnicity Black 6.1 % Hispanic 18.2 % Asian 21.2 % White 45.5 % Other 9.1 % 12

15 Table 4. Bicyclist Survey Results Why respondents ride to campus. Why do you ride a bicycle to campus? No Car 12.5 % It is quicker 25.0 % Gas prices 29.0 % Live close to campus 54.8 % Exercise 6.3 % Parking costs 28.1 % Parking hassles 16.1 % Note: Because multiple responses were accepted, total exceeds 100 %. 13

16 Table 5. Bicyclist Survey Results Why did you park at this location? Close to class 77.1 % Near dorms 6.3 % Shaded area 6.3 % What is the most important consideration when choosing parking location? Convenient location / ease of access 84.8 % Away from congestion / pedestrians 9.4 % Covered parking 6.3 % Are there enough bicycle racks on campus? Yes 44.1 % No 55.9 % What problems are there with the current racks? Not enough racks at certain locations 61.3 % Abandoned bikes and locks 10.3 % Note: Because multiple responses were accepted for each question, totals may not add up to 100 %. 14

17 Table 6. Suggested Locations for New Bicycle Racks. Campus Location Responses Percent McCarthy Hall % Titan Student Union % Library (east and west entrances) % Performing Arts 3 9.4% College Park 3 9.4% University Hall 3 9.4% Residence Halls 2 6.3% MJ s Coffee Stand 1 3.1% Langsdorf Hall 1 3.1% Note: Respondents could suggest multiple locations. 15

18 Table 7. Additional campus parking locations other than interview location. Campus Location Responses Percent Pollak Library % Humanities Building % McCarthy Hall % Performing Arts % Titan Student Union % Visual Arts % Langsdorf Hall % Student Health Center % Kinesiology & Health Science % Note: Respondents could list multiple locations. 16

19 Maps 17

20 YORBA LINDA BLVD AA Arboretum Y Dorms Z W Athletic Fields X STATE COLLEGE BLVD U SCPS TSU VA NPS L TB M PA V KHS R S N O I G MH E DBH PL AC F D C J H LH SH T EC H UH P K B Q ECSC 57 FWY A NUTWOOD AVE AB CP Map 1: Official Bicycle s Rack locations provided by CSUF Parking and Transportation Services. Building outlines provided by CSUF Office of Design and Construction ,000 Feet

21 Bicycles per Rack YORBA LINDA BLVD Arboretum Dorms 1 Athletic Fields 15 STATE COLLEGE BLVD 2 SCPS TSU VA 19 TB 3 1 PA 10 KHS 5 18 PL SH 2 EC H ECSC 57 FWY NPS 8 DBH 30 MH LH UH 2 6 NUTWOOD AVE CP 2 Map 2: Peak Rack Usage Tuesday, November 14, 1:00-2:15 p.m. Bicycles in Official Locations = additional bicycles were counted in Unofficial locations during this class period ,000 Feet

22 hg Legend Cluster of Unofficially Parked Bicycles Official Bicycle Rack YORBA LINDA BLVD Arboretum hg Dorms Athletic Fields STATE COLLEGE BLVD SCPS TSU TB KHS hg PL hg SH EC hg ECSC 57 FWY VA hg PA H NPS DBH MH hg LH UH NUTWOOD AVE CP Map 3: Unofficial Bicycle Parking Locations ,000 Feet

23 YORBA LINDA BLVD Arboretum Dorms Athletic Fields STATE COLLEGE BLVD SCPS TSU TB KHS PL SH EC ECSC 57 FWY VA PA H NPS MH DBH LH UH NUTWOOD AVE CP Map 4: Campus Entry and Interview Location Campus Entry Interview Location ,000 Feet

24 Photographs 22

25 Photo 1: While this rack is designed for two-sided parking, its location next to the grass clearly discourages use of both sides. Photo 2: This rack is positioned so that two-sided parking is impossible. 23

26 The rack is located here. Photo 3: Bicycles locked to railings next to full rack near east entrance to Pollak Library. Photo 4: Some racks have signs listing campus bicycle rules. This rack is also positioned so that two-sided parking is awkward or impossible. 24

27 Photo 5: Detailed view of bicycle rules sign. 25

28 Appendix: Bicycle Counts by and Class Period 26

29 Appendix - Individual Rack s A Before 8:30 a.m. Before 8:00 a.m. 2 8:30-9:45 6 8:00-8: :00-11:15 5 9:00-9: :30-12: :00-10:50 5 1:00-2: :00-11:50 3 2:30-3: :00-12:50 3 4:00-6:45 5 1:00-2:15 4 7:00-9:45 0 2:30-3:45 4 4:00-6:45 4 7:00-9:45 3 B Before 8:30 a.m. Before 8:00 a.m. 0 8:30-9:45 0 8:00-8: :00-11:15 0 9:00-9: :30-12:45 10:00-10:50 0 1:00-2: :00-11:50 1 2:30-3: :00-12:50 0 4:00-6:45 1 1:00-2:15 0 7:00-9:45 1 2:30-3:45 0 4:00-6:45 0 7:00-9:45 0 C Before 8:30 a.m. 4 Before 8:00 a.m. 3 8:30-9: :00-8: :00-11: :00-9: :30-12: :00-10:50 1:00-2: :00-11:50 2:30-3: :00-12: :00-6:45 6 1:00-2: :00-9:45 5 2:30-3:45 4:00-6:45 6 7:00-9:45 3 Blank totals represent missing data 27

30 Appendix - Individual Rack s D Before 8:30 a.m. 0 Before 8:00 a.m. 2 8:30-9:45 5 8:00-8: :00-11: :00-9: :30-12: :00-10:50 1:00-2: :00-11:50 2:30-3: :00-12:50 9 4:00-6:45 4 1:00-2: :00-9:45 8 2:30-3:45 4:00-6:45 7 7:00-9:45 7 E Before 8:30 a.m. 1 Before 8:00 a.m. 2 8:30-9:45 3 8:00-8: :00-11:15 5 9:00-9: :30-12: :00-10:50 8 1:00-2: :00-11:50 8 2:30-3: :00-12:50 9 4:00-6:45 5 1:00-2:15 8 7:00-9:45 5 2:30-3:45 7 4:00-6:45 5 7:00-9:45 0 F Before 8:30 a.m. 1 Before 8:00 a.m. 5 8:30-9:45 8 8:00-8: :00-11: :00-9: :30-12: :00-10:50 1:00-2: :00-11:50 2:30-3: :00-12: :00-6:45 9 1:00-2: :00-9:45 6 2:30-3:45 4:00-6:45 9 7:00-9:45 6 Blank totals represent missing data 28

31 Appendix - Individual Rack s G Before 8:30 a.m. 2 Before 8:00 a.m. 9 8:30-9: :00-8: :00-11: :00-9: :30-12: :00-10: :00-2: :00-11: :30-3: :00-12: :00-6: :00-2: :00-9: :30-3: :00-6: :00-9:45 13 H Before 8:30 a.m. 9 Before 8:00 a.m. 9 8:30-9: :00-8: :00-11: :00-9: :30-12: :00-10: :00-2: :00-11: :30-3: :00-12: :00-6: :00-2: :00-9:45 9 2:30-3: :00-6: :00-9:45 6 I Before 8:30 a.m. 1 Before 8:00 a.m. 3 8:30-9: :00-8: :00-11: :00-9: :30-12: :00-10: :00-2: :00-11: :30-3: :00-12: :00-6: :00-2: :00-9: :30-3: :00-6: :00-9:45 4 Blank totals represent missing data 29

32 Appendix - Individual Rack s J Before 8:30 a.m. Before 8:00 a.m. 1 8:30-9: :00-8: :00-11: :00-9: :30-12: :00-10: :00-2: :00-11: :30-3: :00-12: :00-6: :00-2: :00-9: :30-3: :00-6:45 9 7:00-9:45 2 K Before 8:30 a.m. Before 8:00 a.m. 3 8:30-9:45 2 8:00-8: :00-11:15 7 9:00-9: :30-12: :00-10:50 9 1:00-2: :00-11:50 9 2:30-3: :00-12:50 8 4:00-6:45 7 1:00-2:15 7 7:00-9:45 6 2:30-3:45 7 4:00-6:45 6 7:00-9:45 2 L Before 8:30 a.m. 6 Before 8:00 a.m. 7 8:30-9:45 8 8:00-8: :00-11: :00-9: :30-12: :00-10: :00-2: :00-11: :30-3: :00-12: :00-6: :00-2: :00-9: :30-3: :00-6: :00-9:45 10 Blank totals represent missing data 30

33 Appendix - Individual Rack s M Before 8:30 a.m. 0 Before 8:00 a.m. 1 8:30-9:45 0 8:00-8: :00-11:15 3 9:00-9: :30-12: :00-10:50 5 1:00-2: :00-11:50 5 2:30-3: :00-12:50 9 4:00-6:45 3 1:00-2:15 6 7:00-9:45 1 2:30-3: :00-6:45 8 7:00-9:45 3 N Before 8:30 a.m. 0 Before 8:00 a.m. 0 8:30-9:45 1 8:00-8: :00-11:15 2 9:00-9: :30-12: :00-10:50 5 1:00-2: :00-11:50 5 2:30-3: :00-12:50 2 4:00-6:45 2 1:00-2:15 2 7:00-9:45 1 2:30-3: :00-6:45 3 7:00-9:45 4 O Before 8:30 a.m. 3 Before 8:00 a.m. 2 8:30-9:45 5 8:00-8: :00-11:15 7 9:00-9: :30-12: :00-10:50 6 1:00-2: :00-11:50 2 2:30-3: :00-12:50 6 4:00-6:45 5 1:00-2:15 6 7:00-9:45 5 2:30-3:45 6 4:00-6:45 5 7:00-9:45 4 Blank totals represent missing data 31

34 Appendix - Individual Rack s P Before 8:30 a.m. 6 Before 8:00 a.m. 6 8:30-9:45 9 8:00-8: :00-11: :00-9: :30-12: :00-10:50 7 1:00-2: :00-11:50 5 2:30-3: :00-12:50 6 4:00-6: :00-2:15 6 7:00-9:45 2 2:30-3:45 5 4:00-6:45 4 7:00-9:45 3 Q Before 8:30 a.m. 3 Before 8:00 a.m. 4 8:30-9:45 4 8:00-8: :00-11:15 8 9:00-9: :30-12: :00-10: :00-2: :00-11: :30-3: :00-12:50 9 4:00-6: :00-2: :00-9:45 8 2:30-3:45 6 4:00-6: :00-9:45 4 R Before 8:30 a.m. Before 8:00 a.m. 2 8:30-9:45 3 8:00-8: :00-11:15 3 9:00-9: :30-12: :00-10:50 3 1:00-2: :00-11:50 3 2:30-3: :00-12:50 2 4:00-6:45 4 1:00-2:15 4 7:00-9:45 4 2:30-3:45 3 4:00-6:45 3 7:00-9:45 2 Blank totals represent missing data 32

35 Appendix - Individual Rack s S Before 8:30 a.m. Before 8:00 a.m. 1 8:30-9:45 3 8:00-8: :00-11:15 3 9:00-9: :30-12: :00-10:50 2 1:00-2: :00-11:50 3 2:30-3: :00-12:50 3 4:00-6:45 0 1:00-2:15 2 7:00-9:45 3 2:30-3:45 2 4:00-6:45 2 7:00-9:45 2 T Before 8:30 a.m. 1 Before 8:00 a.m. 0 8:30-9:45 1 8:00-8: :00-11:15 1 9:00-9: :30-12: :00-10:50 2 1:00-2: :00-11:50 2 2:30-3: :00-12:50 0 4:00-6:45 1 1:00-2:15 0 7:00-9:45 0 2:30-3:45 0 4:00-6:45 0 7:00-9:45 0 U Before 8:30 a.m. 0 Before 8:00 a.m. 0 8:30-9:45 0 8:00-8: :00-11:15 1 9:00-9: :30-12: :00-10:50 0 1:00-2: :00-11:50 2 2:30-3: :00-12:50 0 4:00-6:45 1 1:00-2:15 0 7:00-9:45 1 2:30-3:45 0 4:00-6:45 1 7:00-9:45 0 Blank totals represent missing data 33

36 Appendix - Individual Rack s V Before 8:30 a.m. Before 8:00 a.m. 3 8:30-9:45 8 8:00-8: :00-11:15 9 9:00-9: :30-12: :00-10: :00-2: :00-11: :30-3: :00-12: :00-6: :00-2: :00-9: :30-3: :00-6: :00-9:45 7 W Before 8:30 a.m. 1 Before 8:00 a.m. 0 8:30-9:45 1 8:00-8: :00-11:15 1 9:00-9: :30-12: :00-10:50 0 1:00-2: :00-11:50 2 2:30-3: :00-12:50 0 4:00-6:45 1:00-2:15 1 7:00-9:45 0 2:30-3:45 1 4:00-6:45 7:00-9:45 0 X Before 8:30 a.m. 13 Before 8:00 a.m. 16 8:30-9:45 8:00-8: :00-11: :00-9: :30-12: :00-10: :00-2: :00-11: :30-3:45 12:00-12: :00-6: :00-2: :00-9: :30-3: :00-6: :00-9:45 21 Blank totals represent missing data 34

37 Appendix - Individual Rack s Y Before 8:30 a.m. 13 Before 8:00 a.m. 15 8:30-9:45 8:00-8: :00-11: :00-9: :30-12: :00-10: :00-2: :00-11: :30-3:45 12:00-12: :00-6: :00-2: :00-9: :30-3: :00-6: :00-9:45 19 Z Before 8:30 a.m. 32 Before 8:00 a.m. 28 8:30-9:45 8:00-8: :00-11: :00-9: :30-12: :00-10: :00-2: :00-11: :30-3:45 12:00-12: :00-6: :00-2: :00-9: :30-3: :00-6: :00-9:45 27 AA Before 8:30 a.m. 0 Before 8:00 a.m. 0 8:30-9:45 0 8:00-8: :00-11:15 0 9:00-9: :30-12: :00-10:50 0 1:00-2: :00-11:50 0 2:30-3: :00-12:50 0 4:00-6:45 0 1:00-2:15 0 7:00-9:45 0 2:30-3:45 0 4:00-6:45 0 7:00-9:45 Blank totals represent missing data 35

38 Appendix - Individual Rack s AB Before 8:30 a.m. Before 8:00 a.m. 1 8:30-9:45 3 8:00-8:50 10:00-11:15 7 9:00-9: :30-12: :00-10:50 5 1:00-2: :00-11:50 4 2:30-3: :00-12:50 4 4:00-6:45 2 1:00-2:15 1 7:00-9:45 2:30-3:45 1 4:00-6:45 2 7:00-9:45 4 AC Before 8:30 a.m. 8 Before 8:00 a.m. 1 8:30-9:45 6 8:00-8: :00-11:15 6 9:00-9: :30-12: :00-10: :00-2: :00-11:50 7 2:30-3: :00-12:50 6 4:00-6:45 7 1:00-2:15 6 7:00-9:45 7 2:30-3:45 4 4:00-6:45 5 7:00-9:45 4 Blank totals represent missing data 36