Advanced Materials Research Vol

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1 Advanced Materials Research Online: ISSN: , Vol. 790, pp doi: / Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Public bicycle System Station Deployment and Scale Prediction Jifeng Dai 1,a, Xianlan Zhao 1,b, Jianxin Lin 1,c 1 Civil and Architecture Engineering Institute of Beijing University, Beijing, China a daijifeng@bucea.edu.cn b xianlan.1988@163.com c linjianxin@bucea.edu.cn Keywords: Public bicycle, Rental station, Scale prediction. Abstract. The layout of rental station of bicycle and scaling prediction is the reason of hard to renting and returning the bicycle. Base on the experimental practice of public bicycle system planning, this paper presents the basic principles and thoughts about the planning of the system, and combining with the Dongcheng district discussed the models limitations in predicting the scaling. Finally, some recommendations are proposed to build an excellent system. Introduction As one of flexible, convenient, environment friendly, highly accessible transportation, bicycle gets attention of people gradually. "The master plan of Beijing ( )" clearly pointed out that "in the future, walking and bicycle are one of the main modes in urban transportation system. In order to promote the development of bicycle, the city is planning to arrange over 1000 rental station of bicycles, and including more than bicycles [1]. For Servicing in the travelling origin station and destination, solving "the last kilometer "problem, and reducing traffic jam. However, in the process of planning, the public bicycle system faces many problems. This article is mainly referred as the maximization of public bicycle system function, and making better service for the daily life from two aspects that the layout of station and the scaling prediction. Transportation Improved on-campus mobility Trip chaining opportunities with public transit Reduce vehicle trips Economic Advertising opportunity to increase revenue Social and Educational Improved opportunities for cross-disciplinary research Utilize technology to advance social change Health Create opportunities for daily physical activity Positive feedback more cyclists makes cycling safer Environmental Reduced smog forming pollutants Reduced carbon dioxide emissions Fig.1 Benefits of developing public bicycle system Types of public bicycle system For promoting green travelling, Paris, in 2007, established the Velib public bicycle system. According to the service area, and travelling demands, the system has established 817 points and 9000 public bicycles [2]. Lyon public bicycle system,approved by the entire citizen with high rate of bicycle using [3]. The rental station of bicycle are divided into stable rental points and distributed points: stable rental point mainly services for the urban public transportation, public center, business center, bicycle travelling demands point; distributed points mainly connecting the stable points. the distance of two sites is about 300 m. Hangzhou and Wuhan public bicycle system is the typical representative in China. On May 1, 2008, Hangzhou public bicycle system toke the lead in running, at the end of 2011, it totally contains 2670 points, and about bicycles [4]. The station is divided into stable and movable, stable point is set as the skeleton system, and mobile point is set as the main body. The serving distance of point is All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Trans Tech Publications, (ID: , Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA-12/05/16,03:44:17)

2 Advanced Materials Research Vol about 150~200 m. the layout of Wuhan as the "total amount controlling, classification with partition, balance scaling, flexible adjustment"[5], and the station is divided into five categories as public transiting point, public structured point etc. determined the resident scaling is the total of the bus, the public, the campus points size. This case successfully shows that large bicycle ownership and properly rental point layout is the key to success. In contrast, except the reason of operation business, mostly, due to insufficient number of bicycles and failure of unable to connect to the travelling terminal, leads to termination of project. Table.1 Typical public bicycle system System Velib Bicing Shanghai Hangzhou Wuhan City Paris Barcelona Shanghai Hangzhou Wuhan Start time Aug 2007 May 2007 Mar 2009 May 2008 Nov 2008 Bicycle Station Using times/day (Data source: Public bicycle system rental station planning and scaling prediction A.Rental station planning 1) Basic principle Combined with the residential travelling demand and its own characteristics, the layout of public bicycle station should follow the principles of systematic, scientific, integrity, flexibility etc. 2) Method a) Total control Typical urban public bicycle system, the rental station and scaling prediction model, there are two methods: one is according to the service area; the other is based on travelling demand. The public bicycle rental point size in each urban public bicycle planning schemes usually based on the service area model, and use it as a total control. Leasing density should fully reflect public bicycle convenience on this characteristic. Rental point spacing is largely based on walking speed (3.0~4.0km/h) and travelling time (usually 5 minutes), the leasing point distance is about 300 m. b) Regional study The research scope will be divided into several of bicycle transporting area, to strengthen the Areal function of bicycle travel, and travelling restrictions across the boundary. Based on the city's main functional areas, the distribution of bicycle OD traffic volume distribution, urban geography, railways, rivers, such as segmentation, considering the public bicycle travel time and space distance, the regions should also follow bicycle travel features and residents travel characteristics, determine the scope of the study area. c) Category deployment For better service in the short distance travel, in the public bicycle rental points should be arranged in where the walking and bicycle travel main generation. According to different position location, the public bicycle rental points can be divided into the following six types: (1) transiting station: set nearby a metro station or bus station, aim at solving bus travel start and end "last one kilometer" problems; (2) utility station: public service facilities, such as shopping malls, large supermarkets, banks, hospitals, will be set station, aim at solve the problem of residents travel short distance; (3) residential station: main community and residential area will be set, focus on the community to work or school, living nearby the shopping travel, leisure, entertainment and so on; (4) tourist station: set nearby a tourist attractions, parks, amusement parks, and convenient for residents to pleasure, or have a rest;

3 512 Material and Environmental Science, Building Engineering, Biomedical and Bioinformatics Technologies (5) campus station: colleges, secondary schools nearby will be set up, solving the problem of students community travel and short distance trip. (6) contact station: connection other kinds of station, making the system more flexible. d) Network building In various stations, transiting station, utility station layout belong to the category of rigid, there is no more room to be adjust, and the residential, campus station position belongs to the field of elastic, and its focus on leasing point encryption. Metro transportation and hub station around bicycle station should be the primary site in urban public bicycle rental point deployment, and the utility, the campus and large residential areas station can be for the secondary site, part of the settlement and the contact station should be the third stage, forming a distinct, function clear rental station system. 300m 300m Public transport lines Transit station Utility or campus station Figure.2 The relationship of rental stations e) Rolling plan Due to its own characteristic, the public bicycle the layout of rental station in planning is different from other kinds of transport planning. So, after setting the first lease station, following the station tracking usage, considering public bicycle travel features, and combining with the residents using views, taking the rolling planning, analysis summarizes the subsequent adjustment layout scheme. B.Scaling prediction Public bicycle practical experiences show that the reasonable bicycle size has a positive promoting effect on public bicycle functions. Public bicycle system scale which can be divided into the public bicycle size and rental stations size. The scaling is affected by many factors, the scaling prediction method based on service area and travel demands are the most common used in the practice. 1) Model The emphases of different models in public bicycle prediction are various, the basing on service area prediction method mainly consider the service area, lease point density and rental point configuration scaling; and the travel demand forecasting method is mainly focus on population and density, number of transportation, public bicycle ratio and other factors. Service area forecasting model is mainly based on the system service area, the bicycle size calculation, calculation formula is as follows: M S (1) Where: M is the need for planning area of public bicycle number(vehicle); S is the service area(square kilometers); is the rental point of public bicycle for planning area density(vehicle/ square kilometers), determined by the node spacing; is the average vehicle (vehicle). Travelling demand forecasting model base on the planning of the population as a benchmark, to calculate the scaling of public bicycle, calculation formula is as follows: M P / (2) Where: M is the need for planning area of public bicycle quantities(vehicle); P is the population for the planning area (people); is the daily travel per capita (per person); is the bicycle travel proportion(%); is the public bicycles in the bicycle travel proportion(%); is the average per bicycle rental(b/a). So the public bicycle rental points quantities. Others

4 Advanced Materials Research Vol N M / (3) Where: N is the demand of the public bicycle rental points for planning area quantities (a); M is the need for planning area of public bicycle quantities (vehicle); is each rental station average with bicycle using (times/day). 2) Application Two kinds of prediction model were applied in Dongcheng district for preliminary study. The basic information of Dongcheng district is shown in table 2. Assuming that the rental station bicycle average size of 21, the results of service area of forecasting models, travel demand forecasting models prediction as shown in table 3 and table 4. Table.2 The basic information in Dongcheng district Information Data Unit service area square population kilometers person age of person Total trips million bicycle travel proportion 19.50% - public bicycles in the bicycle travel proportion 20% - Table.4 Results of travel demand forecasting model average Rental Total Bicycle using vehicles station bicycle (times/day) (vehicle) (station) (vehicle) Table.3 Results of service area forecasting Station spacing (meters) average vehicles (vehicle) Rental station (station) Total bicycle (vehicle) Fig.3.Two kinds of prediction model change under the condition of fixed site There is a certain balance between service area and travel demand forecasting model when the average size of 21 per station, namely the turnover ratio is 6 times/day, site distance 300meters, the prediction results are the same. The public bicycle system size is about vehicles, rental stations number about 475, which is a reasonable predicting. The prospective of prediction certainly limitation, because of service area forecasting model about vehicle size prediction mainly depends on the node spacing, station network distance getting longer that the amount of bike distributions must be getting more. Due to walking travel strength limitation, the point spacing selection should not be long (average 300 m); Travel demand forecasting model forecasting scaling is closer to the actual demand, considering travel in the actual process of public bicycle used ratio and its using strength, but the lack of considering the site space. Combined the actual similarities and differences between two kinds of prediction models in the public bicycle system planning should be chosen service area model leasing control point, and select travel demand forecasting model to determine the public bicycle nearly, and future vehicle scaling.

5 514 Material and Environmental Science, Building Engineering, Biomedical and Bioinformatics Technologies Recommendations With the emerging of public bicycle development boomed, people pay more attention to how to build a highly efficient operation of the public bicycle system, in addition to the reasonable layout of rental station, bicycle scaling forecasting, also includes: a) Bicycle infrastructure construction Bicycle infrastructure construction, can effectively promote the public bicycle travel. By building or reforming non-motor vehicle lanes, realizing the vehicle separation; punishing disordering parking or appropriation in non-motor vehicle lanes; roads surrounding environment improving, traffic laws publicity and education should be strengthened in the course of creating good public bicycle running environment. b) Demand - response public bicycle system construction Settings should be comprehensively considered for public rental station of bicycles surrounding land use factors determine the attraction, according to demand of predicting scaling, the corresponding vehicle parking equipment. Rental station must be in depth trip occurring, solving time-space borrow-back demand, building demand-response public bicycle system. c) Application of advanced technology Taking related computer network technology, smart card technology, improving the efficiency of the public bicycle system; solar battery can reduce operating cost by the site's layout; GPS technology can effectively prevent the public bicycle lost. The application of advanced technology is the inevitable trend of public bicycle systems development. d) Reasonable construction and operation mode The commonweal features of public bicycle system, determines that the governmental involvement is the key to ensure continuity and system service level. Cooperation of government and market enterprise can effective use of public resources to create value, and reduce the government financial pressure; at the same time, the government and the market enterprise cooperation, to avoid low public welfare of totally mercerization, persistent some shortcomings. Conclusion and prospect This paper mainly introduces the layout of urban public bicycle system rental station points and determines the public rental station of bicycle deployment basic train of thought; with Dongcheng district as an example, two kinds of system prediction method has carried on the preliminary discussion, concluded that in the process of system planning for the two kinds of prediction method has certain limitations, which should be avoid in the process of planning practice. For public rental station of bicycle deployment and scaling predict in future research emphasis should be 1) how to get the applicability better layout model, avoid complex model of application; 2) how to solve the problem of network connection between the public rental station of bicycle, reflect its convenience, flexible, etc. References [1] Beijing Municipal Commission of Transport. Beijing transportation development and construction during 12th five-year plan.(2012) [2] Geng Xue, Tian Kai, Zhang Yu, LI Qing. Rental station of bicycle Planning and Design in Paris. Urban Transport of China,2009,7(4):pp [3] Han Hui-min, Zhang Yu, Qiao Wei. Bicycle Sharing in Lyon. Urban Transport of China,2009, 7(4):pp [4] Information on [5] Li LI-hui, Chen Hua, Sun Xiao-li. Rental station of bicycle Deployment Planning in Wuhan. Urban Transport of China,2009,7(4):pp [6] Susan A. Shaheen, Stacey Guzman, and Hua Zhang. Bicycle sharing in Europe, the Americas, and Asia Past, Present, and Futur e. Transportation Research Board(2012).pp [7] Alta Planning + Design: Cincinnati Bicycle Share Feasibility Study.(2012)

6 Material and Environmental Science, Building Engineering, Biomedical and Bioinformatics Technologies / Public Bicycle System Station Deployment and Scale Prediction /