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1 Physiological and Physical Effects of Different Milk Protein Supplements in Elite Soccer Players Lollo, P. C. B., Amaya-Farfan, J., Carvalho-Silva, L. C. (2011). Purpose: To compare whey protein, hydrolyzed whey protein and casein as a supplement after to determine if any improve athletic performance Materials: 24 soccer players on the São Paulo State soccer team were divided into three groups and given 1 of the 3 protein supplements (1 g/kg of body weight) during the competitive season. Method: Athletes were their own control, using their individual before and after measurements for comparison. A supplement of either whey protein, hydrolyzed whey protein or casein were given to each athlete at 1 g/kg body weight. Conducted during competition season, with 1-2 games and 6-8 training sessions/week

2 Physiological and Physical Effects of Different Milk Protein Supplements in Elite Soccer Players (Cont.) Lollo, P. C. B., Amaya-Farfan, J., Carvalho-Silva, L. C. (2011). Results: No significant difference in athletic performance Slight increase in muscle mass for casein group. Conclusion: Not enough of a reason to choose one protein supplement over another. Analysis: Small number of participants. Did not consider vegan options (soy protein). No separate control group (all athletes used a supplement).

3 Hall, et al (2013) Coingestion of carbohydrate and protein during training reduces training stress and enhances subsequent exercise performance Subjects: 10 male cyclists of ages and body mass kg. Experimental design: randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial that composed of two trials, one with CHO+PRO beverage and one with CHO only. Each trial consisted of a 2.5 hour morning training bout, followed by a 4 hour recovery period and a subsequent performance time trial. The second trial was performed about a week later under the same conditions. Diet: During the training bout, the cyclists were given either CHO+PRO drink or CHO only beverage.during the 4h recovery period the cyclists were given a recovery drink, a meal after one hour and snacks at the 2nd and 3rd hours. During the time trial, the cyclists were given a standardized 30mL of an 80% CHO beverage every 5 minutes of the performance. There were no limitation on water consumption throughout the experiment.

4 Coingestion of carbohydrate and protein during training reduces training stress and enhances subsequent exercise performance Experimental protocol: The training bout consisted of a 2.5 h varied-intensity interval exercise bout on a cycle ergometer, and the time trial performance was a 20km distance which was performed during a set amount of time and as quickly as possible. Results: Time trial performance was higher by 1.8% for the cyclists who ingested CHO+PRO beverage. Myoglobin (muscle damage markers) were higher in those who ingested CHO beverage only. Neutrophil counts (infection fighting WBC) were greater in those who ingested CHO +PRO beverage. Perceived exertion (PRE) during the training bout was higher in those who ingested CHO only, heart rate was higher in those who ingested CHO only and VO2 was lower who ingested CHO.

5 Perceived protein needs and measured protein intake in collegiate male athletes: an observational study by Fox E.A., McDaniel J.L., Breitbach A.P., and Weiss E.P. Purpose: evaluate actual & perceived PRO intakes of collegiate male athletes compared to recommended intake (0.8 g/kg) & maximum beneficial level for strength-trained athletes (2.0 g/kg) Methods: Results: 42 males aged in basketball & baseball Survey of perceived PRO needs (g/kg/day) & choosing a men with varying PRO Actual intake via 3-day food records, analyzed using Food Processor 67% I don t know when asked about protein needs, 33% gave values >2.0 g/kg Menu selection protein needs ~2.4 g/kg Measured intake ~2.0 g/kg

6 Perceived protein needs and measured protein intake in collegiate male athletes: an observational study by Fox E.A., McDaniel J.L., Breitbach A.P., and Weiss E.P. Conclusion/Discussion: Male collegiate athletes know they require greater intake of PRO but consume greater than RDI & are uninformed about recommendations Analysis: Small sample size, limited to 2 sports & 1 school. Recent references and valuable data. Implications: Necessary to educate regarding necessary requirements

7 Resistance training and protein intake: Muscular mass and volume variations in amateur bodybuilders By Masedu, F., Zinuolo, S., Valenti, M., & Di Giulio, A Purpose: to investigate if a high-protein diet affects muscle mass and volume gain compared to consuming a normal protein diet during a six month resistance training programme Methods: 49 amatuer body builders: 13 in high protein group (2.03 ± 0.62), 36 in normal protein group (1.04 ± 0.05)g/kg BW. Subjects followed an exercise program 3 times/week, using 3 sets of Max Reps. Interviewed of usual diet to determine study group. Anthropometric were measured Results: Results show that statistical evidence does not support muscle increases from the diet. Thee training effect impart the change.

8 Resistance training and protein intake: Muscular mass and volume variations in amateur bodybuilders By Masedu, F., Zinuolo, S., Valenti, M., & Di Giulio, A Conclusion/Discussion: No justification for a high-protein intake at increasing muscle hypertrophy and volume in amateur body builders. Analysis: What do you think?

9 The effects of consuming a high protein diet (4.4 g/kg/d) on body composition in resistance-trained individuals. by Antonio, J., Peacock, C. A., Ellerbroek, A., Fromhoff, B., & Silver, T. Purpose: To determine the effects of a high protein diet on body composition in resistance-trained men and women in the absence of changes in training volume. Methods: Thirty healthy resistance-trained individuals: 24.1 ± 5.6 years old ± 8.8 cm 73.3 ± 11.5 kg Randomized to a control (n=10) or high protein diet (n=20) Body composition changes analyzed for body weight fat mass fat free mass percent body fat

10 The effects of consuming a high protein diet (4.4 g/kg/d) on body composition in resistance-trained individuals. by Antonio, J., Peacock, C. A., Ellerbroek, A., Fromhoff, B., & Silver, T. Results: No changes in training volume for either group No differences between groups for any of the baseline measures No significant changes over time for body composition No significant changes between groups body composition Significant increase in total energy and protein intake in the high protein group Discussion/Conclusion: Consuming a hypercaloric high protein diet has no effect on body composition in resistance-trained individuals The lack of body composition changes in this group may be attributable to the fact that it is very difficult for trained subjects to gain lean body mass and body weight in general without significant changes in their training program.

11 Put your thinking caps on! What we thought before all this research Protein form did not make a difference, that it was important to consume protein after a workout for muscle growth, and that higher amounts of protein intake were necessary for improved muscle building What we think based off all this research A strong need of athlete education regarding proper protein intakes in order to maximize its ergogenic effects and gain a competitive edge Human ecological model & the athlete What do you guys think about all of this?

12 References Antonio, J., Peacock, C. A., Ellerbroek, A., Fromhoff, B., & Silver, T. (2014). The effects of consuming a high protein diet (4.4 g/kg/d) on body composition in resistance-trained individuals. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 11(1), 19.doi: / Bell-Wilson, J. (2005). Enhance performance, promote recovery and improve muscle integrity by ingesting ideal nutrient combinations at optimal times. IDEA Fitness Journal, 2(2).Retrieved from Clark, N. (2008). Sports Nutrition Guidebook. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Economos, C., Bortz, S., & Nelson, M. (1993). Nutritional practices of elite athletes: Practicalrecommendations. Sports Medicine, 16(6), doi / Fox, E. A., Mcdaniel, J. L., Breitbach, A. P., & Weiss, E. P. (2011). Perceived protein needs and measured protein intake in collegiate male athletes: an observational study. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 8(9), 1-6. doi: / Fuhrman, J., & Ferreri, D. M. (2010). Fueling the vegetarian (vegan) athlete. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), doi: /jsr.0b013e3181e93a6f Fulgoni, 3rd, V. (2008). Current protein intake in America: Analysis of the national health and nutrition examination survey, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87(S5), 1554S-1557S. Retrieved from Gropper, S. A., & Smith, J. L. (2013). Protein. Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism (6 th ed., pp ). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Hall, A. H., Leveritt, M. D., Ahuja, K. k., & Shing, C. M. (2013). Coingestion of carbohydrate and protein during training reduces training stress and enhances subsequent exercise performance. Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism, 38(6), doi: /apnm IOC consensus statement on sports nutrition (2011). Journal of Sports Science, 29(S1),S3-S4. doi: / Krieder, R. B. (2011). Protein. In B. I. Campbell & M. A. Spano (Eds.), NSCA s guide to sport and exercise nutrition (pp ). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Retrieved from

13 References Lollo, P.C.B., Amaya-Farfan, J., & de Carvalho-Silva, L.B. (2011). Physiological and physical effects of different milk protein supplements in elite soccer players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 30, doi: /v Masedu, F., Ziruolo, S., Valenti, M., & Di Giulio, A. (2012). Resistance training and protein intake: Muscular mass and volume variations in amateur bodybuilders. International Sportmed Journal, 13(2), Maughan, R., & Shirreffs, S. (2012). Nutrition for sports performance: Issues and opportunities.the Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 71(1), doi: /s Ohr, L. M. (2010). Powering sports performance. Food Technology, 7, Ohr, L. M. (2012). The power of protein. Food Technology, 1, Phillips, S. M., Moore, & Tang, J. E. (2007). A critical examination of dietary protein requirements, benefits, and excesses in athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutritionand Exercise Metabolism, 17(S1), S58-S76. Retrieved from Position of the American dietetic association, dietitians of Canada, and the American college of sports medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance. (2009). Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(3), Retrieved from Rosenbloom, C.A. (2012). Sports Nutrition. Chicago, IL: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Slater, G., & Phillips, S. (2011). Nutrition guidelines for strength sports: Sprinting, weightlifting, throwing events, and bodybuilding. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29, S67-S77.doi: / Tipton, K. D., Rosmmussen, B. B., Miller, S. L., Wolf, S. E., Owens-Stovall, S. K., Wolfe, R. R. (2001). Timing of amino acid-carbohydrate ingestion alters anabolic response of muscle to resistance exercise. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism, 281 (2), E197-E26. Retrieved from Tipton, K. D. (2011). Efficacy and consequences of very-high-protein diets for athletes and exercisers. Proceedings Of The Nutrition Society, 70(2), doi: /S Wilson, J., Wilson, G. (2006). Contemporary issues in protein requirements and consumption for resistance athletes. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 3 (1): doi: /