Advanced Imaging Techniques for Structural Health Monitoring
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1 NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL, CONSTRUCTION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Advanced Imaging Techniques for Structural Health Monitoring Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering Campus Box 7908, 431 C Mann Hall Raleigh, NC (phone) (fax) mpourghaz@ncsu.edu ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 1 of 105
2 MOTIVATION AND QUESTIONS Cracking in RC structures is a major issue serviceability, performance, safety, durability. Critical infrastructure power plants, nuclear reactors, defense applications. How to detect and quantify cracking in structures? ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 2 of 105
3 OUTLINE 1D Conductive Surface Sensors Application to RC pipeline Electrical Impedance Tomography Sensing Skin Material Monitoring ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 3 of 105
4 OUTLINE 1D Conductive Surface Sensors Application to RC pipeline Electrical Impedance Tomography Sensing Skin Material Monitoring ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 4 of 105
5 SIMPLE IDEAS Let me start with a simple idea and then we will make it more complex! ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 5 of 105
6 DAMAGE DETECTION USING CONDUCTIVE Very simple approach SURFACE MATERIALS Electrically conductive material is applied to the surface of materials such as concrete Silver paint, copper tape, CNT film V / I =R After Pour-Ghaz 2011 ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 6 of 105
7 DAMAGE DETECTION USING CONDUCTIVE When the substrate material is stretched the electrical resistance of the conductive materials increases slightly V / I =R SURFACE MATERIALS After Pour-Ghaz 2011 ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 7 of 105
8 DAMAGE DETECTION USING CONDUCTIVE SURFACE MATERIALS When cracking occurs the conductive materials ruptures and its electrical resistance increases orders of magnitude V / I =R After Pour-Ghaz 2011 ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 8 of 105
9 OUTLINE 1D Conductive Surface Sensors Application to RC pipeline Electrical Impedance Tomography Sensing Skin Material Monitoring ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 9 of 105
10 NEES AT CORNELL Concrete pipe segments Instrumented pipe segments before assembling the pipeline ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 10 of 105
11 NEES AT CORNELL ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 11 of 105
12 PIPE SEGMENTS ASTM pipes: Commercially available ASTM C79 reinforced concrete culvert Fiber reinforced concrete pipe: made at Purdue University Lab, 5.6% steel fiber by volume ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 12 of 105
13 INSTRUMENTATION CONDUCTIVE SURFACE SENSORS (a) First Experiment 24 channels (b) Second and third Experiment 40 channels Locations were modified to obtained better results ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 13 of 105
14 CONDUCTIVE SURFACE SENSORS PHOTOGRAPHS BEFORE AND AFTER Generally we look for large cracks when using copper based sensors. Smaller cracks need more sensitive sensors. ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 14 of 105
15 INSTRUMENTATION LOAD CELLS ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 15 of 105
16 COMPLETE INSTRUMENTATION Experiment No.1: ASTM Experiment No.2: Fiber reinforced Experiment No.3: ASTM and fiber reinforced ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 16 of 105
17 OUTLINE 1D Conductive Surface Sensors Application to RC pipeline Experiment No.1 ASTM reinforced concrete pipeline Experiment No.2 Fiber reinforced concrete pipeline Experiment No.3 ASTM and fiber reinforced concrete pipeline Summary Electrical Impedance Tomography Sensing Skin Material Monitoring ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 17 of 105
18 EXPERIMENT NO.1 ASTM REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPELINE ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 18 of 105
19 ASTM REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPELINE 2 ND ACTUATION ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 19 of 105
20 ASTM REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPELINE 4 TH ACTUATION ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 20 of 105
21 ASTM REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPELINE 5 TH ACTUATION ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 21 of 105
22 ASTM REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPELINE 7 TH ACTUATION ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 22 of 105
23 ASTM REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPELINE 10 TH ACTUATION ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 23 of 105
24 ASTM REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPELINE 11 TH ACTUATION ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 24 of 105
25 ASTM REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPELINE ACOUSTIC EMISSION ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 25 of 105
26 ASTM REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPELINE DAMAGE PROPAGATION Stage 1: damage is concentrated at the joints in the immediate vicinity of the fault line Stage 2: damage is distributed along a longer section of the pipeline, accompanied by telescoping Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 26 of 105
27 ASTM REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPELINE DAMAGE PROPAGATION Stage 3: occurs at large displacements, was accompanied by propagation of damage away from the joint and rupture of the body of the pipe segments in the immediate vicinity of the fault line Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 27 of 105
28 OUTLINE 1D Conductive Surface Sensors Application to RC pipeline Experiment No.1 ASTM reinforced concrete pipeline Experiment No.2 Fiber reinforced concrete pipeline Experiment No.3 ASTM and fiber reinforced concrete pipeline Summary Electrical Impedance Tomography Sensing Skin Material Monitoring ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 28 of 105
29 FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPELINE DAMAGE PROPAGATION Generally the same type of behavior is observed. Damage follows the same three stages ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 29 of 105
30 VISUAL OBSERVATIONS ASTM pipe segments ASTM and fiber reinforced ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 30 of 105
31 OUTLINE 1D Conductive Surface Sensors Application to RC pipeline Experiment No.1 ASTM reinforced concrete pipeline Experiment No.2 Fiber reinforced concrete pipeline Experiment No.3 ASTM and fiber reinforced concrete pipeline Summary Electrical Impedance Tomography Sensing Skin Material Monitoring ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 31 of 105
32 ASTM AND FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPELINE Generally the same type of behavior is observed. Damage follows the same three stages ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 32 of 105
33 ASTM AND FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPELINE However, damage is not symmetric with respect to fault line ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 33 of 105
34 ASTM AND FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPELINE VISUAL OBSERVATION ASTM pipe segments ASTM and fiber reinforced ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 34 of 105
35 OUTLINE 1D Conductive Surface Sensors Application to RC pipeline Experiment No.1 ASTM reinforced concrete pipeline Experiment No.2 Fiber reinforced concrete pipeline Experiment No.3 ASTM and fiber reinforced concrete pipeline Summary Electrical Impedance Tomography Sensing Skin Material Monitoring ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 35 of 105
36 SUMMARY 1 The damage detection methods used in this study successfully captured the damage. The majority of the damage in segmental concrete pipelines was concentrated at the joints of the pipe segments with the bell sections of the joints being the most vulnerable part of the joint. At large displacements along the fault line damage propagated away from the bell section of the pipeline and resulted in rupture of the body of the pipe segment. Generally, fiber reinforced pipe segments showed a significantly better performance compared to standard reinforced concrete pipe segments. ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 36 of 105
37 SUMMARY 2 Three stages of damage were observed In the first stage damage was concentrated at the joints in the immediate vicinity of the fault line. This stage began with as little as 5.08 cm displacement along the fault line. In the second stage, damage was distributed along a longer section of the pipeline. The second stage is accompanied by telescoping of the pipeline and decrease in axial load acting on the fault line. The third stage, which occurred at large displacements along the fault line, was accompanied by propagation of damage away from the joint and rupture of the body of the pipe segments in the immediate vicinity of the fault line. ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 37 of 105
38 OUTLINE 1D Conductive Surface Sensors Application to RC pipeline Electrical Impedance Tomography Sensing Skin Material Monitoring ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 38 of 105
39 CONDUCTIVE SURFACE SENSORS WORKING PRINCIPLE When cracking occurs the conductive materials ruptures and its electrical resistance increases orders of magnitude Copper/silver paint, CNT film V / I =R After Pour-Ghaz 2011 ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 39 of 105
40 DAMAGE DETECTION USING CONDUCTIVE SENSING SKIN 1-D applications are straightforward 2-D application becomes rather challenging and more interesting! Current travelling parallel to a crack ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 40 of 105
41 DAMAGE DETECTION USING CONDUCTIVE SENSING SKIN Current traveling perpendicular to the crack In this arrangement the measurement carries more information about the crack ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 41 of 105
42 DAMAGE DETECTION USING CONDUCTIVE SENSING SKIN Multiple measurements can provide significant about of information regarding the orientation and location of the damage ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 42 of 105
43 ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE TOMOGRAPHY (EIT) Reconstruction of conductivity (resistivity) distribution from potential distribution at the boundaries under the influence of an applied current. ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 43 of 105
44 1D EIT EXPERIMENT R T = 10 1 A R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 R 5 10 V ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 44 of 105
45 1D EIT EXPERIMENT V 1 = 1 1 A R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 R 5 10 V ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 45 of 105
46 1D EIT EXPERIMENT V 1 + V 2 = 3 1 A R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 R 5 10 V ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 46 of 105
47 1D EIT EXPERIMENT V 1 + V 2 + V 3 = 5 1 A R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 R 5 10 V ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 47 of 105
48 1D EIT EXPERIMENT V 1 + V 2 + V 3 + V 4 = 6 1 A R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 R 5 10 V ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 48 of 105
49 1D EIT EXPERIMENT V 1 + V 2 + V 3 + V 4 + V 5 = 10 1 A R 1 =1 R 2 =2 R 3 =2 R 4 =1 R 5 =4 10 V ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 49 of 105
50 1D EIT EXPERIMENT In 1D, the problem is simple Current is constant through all resistors Forward problem: Given current and resistances calculate potentials (V=IR) Inverse problem: Given current and potentials, calculate resistances Simple matrix analysis Image from wordpress.com ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 50 of 105
51 ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE TOMOGRAPHY (EIT) Potential distribution at the boundaries under the influence of applied current Forward Model Ill-posed nonlinear inverse problem After Karhunen et al ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 51 of 105
52 FORWARD MODEL Pour-Ghaz 2013 ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 52 of 105
53 INVERSE PROBLEM Existence Uniqueness Stable Pour-Ghaz 2013 ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 53 of 105
54 PRIOR INFORMATION Originally from Bohren and Huffman 1983 From Kyle Daun s website (Uni. of Waterloo) ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 54 of 105
55 ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE TOMOGRAPHY (ERT) An applied electric current, I Measured resulting electrode potential, V Estimated spatially distributed conductivity σ(r ) Image after Karhunen et al ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 55 of 105
56 FORWARD MODEL COMPLETE ELECTRODE MODEL σ u = 0 Cheng et al. 1989, Somersalo et al ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 56 of 105
57 FINITE ELEMENT APPROXIMATION OF CEM An finite element (FE) approximation of the Complete Electrode Model (CEM) V = U(σ) ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 57 of 105
58 OUTLINE 1D Conductive Surface Sensors Application to RC pipeline Electrical Impedance Tomography Sensing Skin Material Monitoring ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 58 of 105
59 SENSING SKIN ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 59 of 105
60 DIFFERENCE IMAGING δσ? What is the qualitative change in the conductivity distribution? ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 60 of 105
61 STANDARD DIFFERENCE IMAGING Qualitative but fast a reasonable approach for this application ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 61 of 105
62 EXPERIMENT 1: DIFFERENCE IMAGING ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 62 of 105
63 EXPERIMENT 1: DIFFERENCE IMAGING ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 63 of 105
64 EXPERIMENT 1: DIFFERENCE IMAGING ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 64 of 105
65 EXPERIMENT 1: DIFFERENCE IMAGING ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 65 of 105
66 EXPERIMENT 1: DIFFERENCE IMAGING ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 66 of 105
67 CAN WE IMPROVE THIS? ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 67 of 105
68 ABSOLUTE IMAGING σ? What is the actual (absolute) value of conductivity distribution? ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 68 of 105
69 MORE INFORMATION Cracks result in sharp variation in conductivity The conductivity should only decrease in the presence of cracks The initial conductivity of the skin is not uniform ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 69 of 105
70 EXPERIMENT 2: ABSOLUTE IMAGING ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 70 of 105
71 EXPERIMENT 2: ABSOLUTE IMAGING ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 71 of 105
72 EXPERIMENT 2: ABSOLUTE IMAGING ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 72 of 105
73 EXPERIMENT 2: ABSOLUTE IMAGING ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 73 of 105
74 EXPERIMENT 3: ABSOLUTE IMAGING ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 74 of 105
75 EXPERIMENT 3: ABSOLUTE IMAGING ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 75 of 105
76 EXPERIMENT 3: ABSOLUTE IMAGING ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 76 of 105
77 EXPERIMENT 3: ABSOLUTE IMAGING ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 77 of 105
78 EXPERIMENT 3: ABSOLUTE IMAGING ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 78 of 105
79 EXPERIMENT 3: ABSOLUTE IMAGING ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 79 of 105
80 EXPERIMENT 3: ABSOLUTE IMAGING ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 80 of 105
81 EXPERIMENT 3: ABSOLUTE IMAGING ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 81 of 105
82 EXPERIMENT 4: ABSOLUTE IMAGING ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 82 of 105
83 EXPERIMENT 4: ABSOLUTE IMAGING ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 83 of 105
84 EXPERIMENT 4: ABSOLUTE IMAGING ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 84 of 105
85 EXPERIMENT 4: ABSOLUTE IMAGING ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 85 of 105
86 EXPERIMENT 4: ABSOLUTE IMAGING ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 86 of 105
87 EXPERIMENT 4: ABSOLUTE IMAGING ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 87 of 105
88 EXPERIMENT 4: ABSOLUTE IMAGING ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 88 of 105
89 EXPERIMENT 4: ABSOLUTE IMAGING ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 89 of 105
90 EXPERIMENT 4: DIFFERENCE VS. ABSOLUTE ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 90 of 105
91 EXPERIMENT 4: DIFFERENCE VS. ABSOLUTE ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 91 of 105
92 OUTLINE 1D Conductive Surface Sensors Application to RC pipeline Electrical Impedance Tomography Sensing Skin Material Monitoring ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 92 of 105
93 MONITORING UNSATURATED FLOW Imaging the moisture flow Simultaneous ERT and neutron radiography Standard difference imaging Very porous material Cement paste Two water source shapes Measurements ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 93 of 105
94 MONITORING UNSATURATED FLOW Simultaneous EIT and neutron radiography Water triangle Aluminum/Teflon frame Steel mesh Hallaji, Seppänen and Pour-Ghaz CCR Accepted ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 94 of 105
95 2D WATER SOURCE 60 min Hallaji, Seppänen and Pour-Ghaz CCR Accepted ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 95 of 105
96 1D WATER SOURCE 60 min Hallaji, Seppänen and Pour-Ghaz CCR Accepted ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 96 of 105
97 NEUTRON RADIOGRAPHS ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 97 of 105
98 MONITORING UNSATURATED FLOW 1D FLOW Neutron (19 min) ERT (23 min) Hallaji, Seppänen and Pour-Ghaz CCR Accepted ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 98 of 105
99 MONITORING UNSATURATED FLOW 1D FLOW Neutron (35 min) ERT (32 min) Hallaji, Seppänen and Pour-Ghaz CCR Accepted ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 99 of 105
100 MONITORING UNSATURATED FLOW 1D FLOW Neutron (16 hr) ERT (15 hr 50 min) Hallaji, Seppänen and Pour-Ghaz CCR Accepted ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 100 of 105
101 MONITORING UNSATURATED FLOW 2D FLOW Neutron (19 min) ERT (17 min) Hallaji, Seppänen and Pour-Ghaz CCR Accepted ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 101 of 105
102 MONITORING UNSATURATED FLOW 2D FLOW Neutron (35 min) ERT (28 min) Hallaji, Seppänen and Pour-Ghaz CCR Accepted ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 102 of 105
103 MONITORING UNSATURATED FLOW 2D FLOW Neutron (16 hr) ERT (16 hr 30 min) Hallaji, Seppänen and Pour-Ghaz CCR Accepted ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 103 of 105
104 SUMMARY Cracking can be detected and estimated using large area sensors Low cost large area sensors Using EIT-based sensing skin can provide qualitative and quantitative information about cracking in structures EIT can be a powerful tool for unsaturated flow monitoring ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 104 of 105
105 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Large-scale experiments on pipelines were performed in collaboration with University of Michigan, Virginia Tech, and Purdue University. Sensing skin technology is developed in collaboration with Dr. Aku Seppänen from University of Eastern Finland and Dr. Milad Hallaji from WSP USA, NY. ASCE NC Eastern Branch August, 20 th, 2015, Mohammad Pour-Ghaz, PhD Slide 105 of 105
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