Chugach Prehistory THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND, ALASKA SEATTLE AND LONDON ~IS

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1 L\ ~ Chugach Prehistory THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND, ALASKA J LQ. ~ ' By frederica de Laguna Library. r.:;~!, r~ US Wik.irie Serv1ce. l...,.i -'" 1011 E. Tudor Road Anchorage, Alaska University of Washington Press SEATTLE AND LONDON ~IS Alaska Resources Lil'lrary & Information Services Librarv Builuinu. Suite f Providence Drive Anchorage, AK

2 This document is copyrighted material. Alaska Resources Library and Information Services (ARLIS) is providing this excerpt in an attempt to identify and post all documents from the Susitna Hydroelectric Project. This book is identified as APA no in the Susitna Hydroelectric Project Document Index (1988), compiled by the Alaska Power Authority. It is unable to be posted online in its entirety. Selected pages are displayed here to identify the published work. The book is available at call number F906.D in the ARLIS Susitna collection.

3 Contents Transliteration of Native Words xix I. Prince William Sound 1 II. Archaeological Sites on Prince William Sound 9 Ill. Disposal of the Dead 66 VI. Rock Paintings 102 V. Archaeological Specimens from Prince William Sound 110, VI. Conclusion 255 Bibliography 276 Index 281 xiii

4 Illustrations MAPS I. Prince William Sound Frontispiece 2. Western end of Hinchinbrook Island (Sites I to 7) Southeastern part of Prince William Sound (Sites 8 to 32) Northeastern part of Prince William Sound (Sites 33 to 42) Northwestern part of Prince William Sound (Sites 43 to 50) Southwestern part of Prince William Sound (Sites 53 to 62) Northern end of Montague Island (Sites 63 to 66) FIGURES I. Sketch map of Palugvik, Hawkins Island Cross section of Palugvik midden as exposed along eastern beach before excavation Cross section of Palugvik midden as exposed after excavation Plan of Palugvik midden after excavation, at 17 -foot level above mean lower low water Plan of Palugvik midden at 19-foot level above mean lower low water Plan of Palugvik midden at 20J;2-foot level above mean lower low water Plan of Palugvik midden at 22J;2-foot level above mean lower low water Sketch map of Palutat Cave, Long Bay Skeletons I and II, Palugvik Skeleton III, Palugvik Skeleton V, Palugvik Skeletons I, II, and III, Palugvik East Point burial ledge , Skeleton Bl, Palutat Cave Skeleton B2, Palutat Cave Skeleton B3, Palutat Cave Skeleton Cl, Palutat Cave Skeleton D, Palutat Cave Skeleton I, Site 43, Glacier Island Skeleton II, Site 43, Glacier Island Mummy from burial cave at Site 26, island near Mummy Island Paintings on cliff near Site 9, Hinchinbrook Island Painting~ in burial cave, Site 12, Hawkins Island Paintings on cliff, Site 13, Hawkins Island Paintings at burial cave; Site 59, Mummy Island, Drier Bay, Knight Island 105 XV

5 xvi ILLUSTRATIONS 25. Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik 2... : Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik!..... : Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik I Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik, layer (?) Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik, layer (?) Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik East Point midden Chinese coin, Site 7, Hawkins Cut Off Wooden bats, Grave B2, Palutat Cave Wooden hooks, Grave B2, PaJutat Cave Wooden canoe, Palutat Cave Bidarka gunwale, Palutat Cave PLATES I. Sites of the Nuchek and Shallow Water Peoples Sites of the Shallow Water People Sites of the Port Gravina, Tatitlek, and Chenega Peoples Sites of the Montague Island People; Columbia Glacier Palugvik Palugvik Rock paintings at Knight Island; Pa1utat Cave Palutat Cave Burials; hunting dog Splitting adzes...: II. Splitting adzes Planing adzes, axes, and picks Hunting pick and planing adzes Men's knives, chipped blades, slate chisels Chisels and wedges Stone saws, whetstones, scrapers Stone saws and whetstones '8. Stone scrapers Stone I?,laques Groovea stones, hammerstones, mauls Grooved stones, hammerstones, pestles Mortars, pestles, grinding blocks Lainps Lamps and stone vessels Lamps Ulos Ulos and men's knives Double-edged slate blades and copper arrowhead Double-edged slate blades Slate "awls" Slate "awls" Detachable barbed heads Detachable barbed heads Harpoon head, lance foreshaft; socket pieces -~ - ' Harpoon head, foreshafts, socket pieces...:. : Arrowheads, fishhooks, fish spears:.. :..., Arrowheads, fishhooks, fish spears Needles, awls, drills Needles, awls, drills...,

6 XVI ILLUSTRATIONS 25. Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik!..... : Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik! Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik! Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik, layer (?) Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik, layer (?) Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik East Point midden Chinese coin, Site 7, Hawkins Cut Off Wooden bars, Grave B2, Pah.Jtat Cave Wooden hooks, Grave B2, PaJutat Cave Wooden canoe, Palutat Cave Bidarka gunwale, Palutat Cave PLATES I. Sites of the Nuchek and Shallow Water Peoples Sites of the Shallow Water People Sites of the Port Gravina, Tatitlek, and Chenega Peoples Sites of the Montague Island People; Columbia Glacier Palugvik Palugvik Rock paintings at Knight Island; Palutat Cave...: Palutat Cave Burials; hunting dog Splitting adzes...: II. Splitting adzes...:... ll4 12. Planing adzes, axes, and picks...." Hunting pick and planing adzes... ll9 14. Men's knives, chipped blades, slate chisels Chisels and wedges Stone saws, whetstones, scrapers Stone saws and whetstones "8. Stone scrapers Stone I?,laques...: Grooved stones, hammerstones, mauls Grooved stones, hammerstones, pestles Mortars, pestles, grinding blocks La:inps Lamps and stone vessels Lamps Ulos Ulos and men's knives Double-edged slate blades and copper arrowhead Double-edged slate blades Slate "awls" Slate "awls" Detachable barbed heads Detachable barbed heads...: Harpoon head, lance foreshaft; socket pieces... : Harpoon head, foreshafts, socket pieces...:. : Arrowheads, fishhooks, fish spears:..:...,...: Arrowheads, fishhooks, fish spears Needles, awls, drills...: Needles, awls, driiis

7 ILLUSTRATIONS 40. Bone knives, picks, drill rest... : Bone knives, chisels, drill rest : Ornaments Ornaments Beads from apron and wooden box, with Skeleton III, Palugvik Shell pendants and glass beads found with Skeleton II, Glacier Island, Site Objects with Skeleton III, Palugvik East Point Objects with Skeleton III, Palugvik East Point Objects with Skeleton III, Palugvik East Point Wooden objects Wooden objects... ' Wooden objects... : Matting, Palutat Cave Cord and matting, Palutat Cave Sewn skins Sealskin boot, Palutat Cave, surface... :... :... : Dugout canoes, Palutat Cave Lance, paddles, bidarka frame Wooden shovel, stake,.and house post, bottom of Palugvik niidden ~; House posts and stakes, bottom of Palugvik midden xvn

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