Photomultiplier Tubes

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1 hotomultiplir Tubs

2 Opning Th Futur ith hotonics Hamamatsu has bn ngagd in photonics tchnology for yars and has dvlopd a varity of photonic dvics such as photodtctors, imaging dvics, and scintific light sourcs. Our stat-of-th-art photonic dvics hav applications in a id rang of filds, including scintific rsarch, industrial instrumntation, and physical photomtry as ll as gnral lctronics. Th continually xpanding frontirs of scinc dmand ually constant xploration of n tchnology. Hamamatsu's rsarch and dvlopmnt of photonic dvics not only kp pac ith scintific nds, but stay on stp ahad, pionring n trails into th futur of light and optics. This catalog provids information on our photomultiplir tubs, thir accssoris, lctron multiplirs and microchannl plats. ut this catalog is just th starting point of our lin bcaus ill modify our production spcs or dsign compltly n typs to match your prformanc spcs. Variants of th listd typs ar usually availabl ith:. Diffrnt photocathod matrials. Diffrnt indo matrials. Diffrnt configurations and pin connctions. Othr spcial ruirmnts for your applications For furthr information, plas contact your narst Hamamatsu sals offics.

3 TLE OF CONTENTS ag Indx by... bout hotomultiplir Tubs Construction and Oprating Charactristics... Slction Guid by pplications... Sid-On Typ hotomultiplir Tubs mm (/ ) Dia. Typs... mm (-/ ) Dia. Typs ith V to Visibl Snsitivity... mm (-/ ) Dia. Typs ith V to Nar IR Snsitivity... mm (/ ) Dia. Typs, mm (-/ ) Dia. Typs ith Solar lind Rspons... 0 mm (-/ ) Dia. Dormr Windo Typs... 0 Had-On Typ hotomultiplir Tubs mm (/ ) Dia. Typs... mm (/ ) Dia. Typs... mm (/ ) Dia. Typs... mm ( ) Dia. Typs... mm (-/ ) Dia. Typs... mm (-/ ) Dia. Typs... mm ( ) Dia. Typs ith lastic as... mm ( ) Dia. Typs ith Glass as..., mm ( ) Dia. Typs... mm ( ) Dia. Typs... Spcial urpos hotomultiplir Tubs Hmisphrical Envlop Typs... 0 Spcial Envlop Typs..., Tubs for High Magntic Environmnts... osition Snsitiv Typs... Microchannl lat- hotomultiplir Tubs (MC-MTs)... Mtal ackag hotomultiplir Tubs... hotosnsor Modul... Gain Charactristics... 0 Voltag Distribution Ratio... Rplacmnt Information... hotomultiplir Tub ssmblis... ccssoris for hotomultiplir Tubs E Sris s... ssmblis... Rgulatd High-Voltag or Supplis... Thrmolctric Coolrs... Magntic Shild Cass... hoton Countrs and Rlatd roducts... Elctron Multiplirs Elctron Multiplirs... Cautions... Warranty... Typical hotocathod Spctral Rspons...

4 INDEX Y TYE NO. roduct ag R... Sid-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... R-0... Had-on MT... R-0... Had-on MT... R-0... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Elctron Multiplir... R... Elctron Multiplir... R0... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Elctron Multiplir... R... Elctron Multiplir... R-0... Had-on MT... R-... Sid-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... C Sris... Thrmolctric Coolr... R... Had-on MT... E Sris E Sris... ssmbly... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... E Sris... ssmbly... E Sris... ssmbly... R... Had-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... E Sris... ssmbly... R-0... Had-on MT... C Sris... ssmbly... H Sris... MT ssmbly... R... Had-on MT... E Sris... ssmbly... R... Had-on MT... E Sris... Magntic Shild Cas... E0 Sris... ssmbly... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... E Sris... ssmbly... R0... Sid-on MT... 0 R0... Had-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... 0 R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R0... Had-on MT... R0... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... E Sris... ssmbly... R... Had-on MT... E Sris... ssmbly... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R-0... Sid-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... R... Rctangular Dual MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R0... Had-on MT... E Sris... ssmbly... R... Had-on MT... R-0... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... 0 R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... H-... MT ssmbly... R0... Had-on MT... R0... Had-on MT... roduct ag roduct ag R0... Had-on MT... R... Rctangular MT... R-0... Had-on MT... E Sris... ssmbly... R... Had-on MT... R... Rctangular MT... E Sris... ssmbly... R... Had-on MT... R... Elctron Multiplir... R... Sid-on MT... H-0... MT ssmbly... R-0... osition-snsitiv MT... R-0... osition-snsitiv MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Rctangular MT... R... Had-on MT... E Sris... ssmbly... R... Sid-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... R... Had-on MT... E Sris... ssmbly... R... Sid-on MT... E Sris... ssmbly... H-... MT ssmbly... H-... MT ssmbly... H-... MT ssmbly... H-... MT ssmbly... R-0... Had-on MT... R-0... osition-snsitiv MT... R-0... Had-on MT... C0... or Supply... C... or Supply... H-0... MT ssmbly... R... Had-on MT... R0... Had-on MT... R Hmisphrical MT... 0 R MT ssmbly... H-... MT ssmbly... R... Sid-on MT... R Sris... MC-MT... R... Sid-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... C... or Supply... C... hoton Counting nit... R... Had-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R-0... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R-0... Had-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... E Sris... ssmbly... E Sris... ssmbly... R-0... Had-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... C Sris... or Supply... C0... or Supply... C... Thrmolctric Coolr... C... Thrmolctric Coolr... C00 Sris... or Supply... R... Had-on MT... R00... Had-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... R0-... Elctron Multiplir... C... hoton Countr... R... Had-on MT... R0... Had-on MT for Highly Magntic Fild... R... Had-on MT for Highly Magntic Fild... R-0... Had-on MT... E... ssmbly... H Sris... hotosnsor Modul... R0... Had-on MT... E Sris... ssmbly... R00... Mtal ackag MT... R00-M... Mtal ackag MT... R00-L... Mtal ackag MT... R00-C... Mtal ackag MT... R... Hmisphrical MT... 0 R Sris... MC-MT... R... Had-on MT for Highly Magntic Fild... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT for Highly Magntic Fild... E... ssmbly... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... E Sris... ssmbly... E Sris... ssmbly... H-0... MT ssmbly... H-0... MT ssmbly... H-0... MT ssmbly... H Sris... hoton Counting Had... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Hxagonal MT... R... Hxagonal MT... R... Rctangular MT... R... Rctangular MT... H... hoton Counting Had... C0 Sris... ssmbly... R... Sid-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... 0 R... Sid-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... H... MT ssmbly... R... Had-on MT... C... hoton Counting nit... R... Had-on MT for Highly Magntic Fild... H... MT ssmbly... H... MT ssmbly... H... MT ssmbly... H... MT ssmbly... H... MT ssmbly... H... MT ssmbly... H... MT ssmbly... H... MT ssmbly... H... MT ssmbly... H-0... MT ssmbly... E-0... ssmbly... E... ssmbly... H... hotosnsor Modul... H... hotosnsor Modul... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... E0... ssmbly... R... Sid-on MT... 0 C Sris... ssmbly... C Sris... ssmbly... R... Sid-on MT... 0 H... MT ssmbly... R0 Sris... Mtal ackag MT... H... MT ssmbly... H... MT ssmbly... H... MT ssmbly... R... Sid-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... 0 M... hoton Counting oard Sid-on MT Sid-on MT Sid-on MT Sid-on MT... Typ numbrs shon in "Nots". RH... Sid-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R0... Had-on MT... R-... Sid-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R-0... Had-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R-0... Had-on MT... R-0... Had-on MT... R Had-on MT... R Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R0... Had-on MT... R0... Had-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... R-0... Rctangular Dual MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R0... Had-on MT... R0... Sid-on MT... R0... Had-on MT... R0... Had-on MT... R0... Had-on MT... R-0... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... R-0... Had-on MT... R-0... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... R-0... Had-on MT... R0... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... R... Had-on MT... H-0... MT ssmbly... H-0... MT ssmbly... H-0... MT ssmbly... R-0... Had-on MT... R-0... Had-on MT... R-0... Hxagonal MT... R-0... Hxagonal MT... R-0... Rctangular MT... R-0... Rctangular MT... R... Sid-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... H-0... MT ssmbly... R0... Had-on MT... R0... Had-on MT... R... Sid-on MT... R... Sid-on MT...

5 M M HOTOMLTILIER TES Construction and Oprating Charactristics INTRODCTION mong th photosnsitiv dvics in us today, th photomultiplir tub (or MT) is a vrsatil dvic that provids xtrmly high snsitivity and ultra-fast rspons. typical photomultiplir tub consists of a photomissiv cathod (photocathod) follod by focusing lctrods, an lctron multiplir and an lctron collctor (anod) in a vacuum tub, as shon in Figur. Whn light ntrs th photocathod, th photocathod mits photolctrons into th vacuum. Ths photolctrons ar thn dirctd by th focusing lctrod voltags toards th lctron multiplir hr lctrons ar multiplid by th procss of scondary mission. Th multiplid lctrons ar collctd by th anod as an output signal. caus of scondary-mission multiplication, photomultiplir tubs provid xtrmly high snsitivity and xcptionally lo nois among th photosnsitiv dvics currntly usd to dtct radiant nrgy in th ultraviolt, visibl, and nar infrard rgions. Th photomultiplir tub also faturs fast tim rspons, lo nois and a choic of larg photosnsitiv aras. This sction dscribs th prim faturs of photomultiplir tub construction and basic oprating charactristics. Figurs : Cross-Sction of Had-On Typ MT DIRECTION OF LIGHT FCELTE - FOCSING ELECTRODE SECONDRY ELECTRON ELECTORON MLTILIER (DYNODES) HOTOCTHODE LST DYNODE VCM - ( a) NODE STEM IN STEM TMHC000E Variants of th had-on typ having a larg-diamtr hmisphrical indo hav bn dvlopd for high nrgy physics xprimnts hr good angular light accptability is important. Figur : Extrnal pparanc a) Sid-On Typ b) Had-On Typ CONSTRCTION ELECTRON MLTILIER Th photomultiplir tub gnrally has a photocathod in ithr a sid-on or a had-on configuration. Th sid-on typ r- Th suprior snsitivity (high gain and high S/N ratio) of photomultiplir tubs is du to th us of a lo-nois lctron multi- Th photocathod of a photomultiplir tub convrts nrgy SECTRL RESONSE civs incidnt light through th sid of th glass bulb, hil in plir hich amplifis lctrons by a cascad scondary lctron of incidnt light into photolctrons. Th convrsion fficincy mission procss. Th lctron multiplir consists of from, up (photocathod snsitivity) varis ith th avlngth of th incidnt light. This rlationship btn photocathod snsitivity th had-on typ, it is rcivd through th nd of th glass bulb. to stags of lctrods calld dynods. In gnral, th sid-on typ photomultiplir tub is rlativly lo pricd and idly usd for spctrophotomtrs and gnral photomtric systms. Most of th sid-on typs mploy an opau ) Circular-cag typ Figur shos th typical spctral rspons of a bialkali photo- Thr ar svral principal typs in us today. and avlngth is calld th spctral rspons charactristic. photocathod (rflction-mod photocathod) and a circularcag structur lctron multiplir hich has good snsitivity and photomultiplir tub. Th prim faturs of th circular-cag Th circular-cag is gnrally usd for th sid-on typ of multiplir tub. Th spctral rspons charactristics ar dtrmind on th long avlngth sid by th photocathod matrial and on th short avlngth sid by th indo matrial. Typical spctral rspons charactristics for various typs of photo- high gain at a rlativly lo supply voltag. ar compactnss and fast tim rspons. Th had-on typ (or th nd-on typ) has a smitransparnt ELECTRON ELECTRON ELECTRON multiplir tubs ar shon on pags and. In this catalog, photocathod (transmission-mod photocathod) dpositd th longavlngth cut-off of spctral rspons charactristics upon th innr surfac of th ntranc indo. Th had-on is dfind as th avlngth at hich th cathod radiant snsitivity typ provids bttr spatial uniformity (s pag ) than th bcoms % of th maximum snsitivity for bialkali and sid-on typ having a rflction-mod photocathod. Othr faturs g-o-cs photocathods, and % of th maximum snsitivity of had-on typs includ a choic of photosnsitiv aras for multialkali photocathods. from tns of suar millimtrs to hundrds of suar cntimtrs. CORSE MESH TYE FINE-MESH TYE Spctral rspons charactristics shon at th nd of this TMOC00E catalog ar typical curvs for rprsntativ tub typs. ctual TMOC00E data may b diffrnt from typ to typ. HOTO- SENSITIVE RE H M M T S M DE IN J N R Figur : Typs of hotocathod a) Rflction Mod REFLECTION MODE HOTOCTHODE DIRECTION OF LIGHT HOTOELECTRON b) Transmission Mod DIRECTION OF LIGHT TMSC00E H M T S DE IN J N R SEMITRNSRENT HOTOCTHODE HOTOELECTRON HOTO- SENSITIVE RE TMOC00E TMSC00E TMHC00E ) ox-and-grid typ This typ consists of a train of uartr cylindrical dynods and is idly usd in had-on typ photomultiplir tubs bcaus of its rlativly simpl dynod dsign and improvd uniformity, although tim rspons may b too slo in som applications. ) Linar-focusd typ Th linar-focusd typ faturs xtrmly fast rspons tim and is idly usd in had-on typ photomultiplir tubs hr tim rsolution and puls linarity ar important. ) Vntian blind typ Th vntian blind typ has a larg dynod ara and is primarily usd for tubs ith larg photocathod aras. It offrs bttr uniformity and a largr puls output currnt. This structur is usually usd hn tim rspons is not a prim considration. ) Msh typ Th msh typ has a structur of fin msh lctrods stackd in clos proximity. This typ provids high immunity to magntic filds, as ll as good uniformity and high puls linarity. In addition, it has position-snsitiv capability hn usd ith cross-ir anods or multipl anods. (S pags and.) ) Microchannl plat (MC) Th MC is a thin disk consisting of millions of micro glass tubs (channls) fusd in paralll ith ach othr. Each channl acts as an indpndnt lctron multiplir. Th MC offrs much fastr tim rspons than th othr discrt dynods. It also faturs good immunity from magntic filds and to-dimnsional dtction ability hn multipl anods ar usd. (S pags and for MC-MTs.) ) Mtal channl typ Th Mtal channl dynod has a compact dynod costruction manufacturd by our uniu fin machining tchniu. It achivs high spd rspons du to its narror spac btn ach stag of dynods than th othr typ of convntional dynod construction. It is also aduat for position snsitiv masurmnt. TMOC00E TMOC00E TMOC00E ELECTRON TMOC00E TMOC00E In addition, hybrid dynods combining to of th abov dynods ar availabl. Ths hybrid dynods ar dsignd to provid th mrits of ach dynod.

6 Figur : CTHODE RDINT SENSITIVITY (m/w) QNTM EFFIENCY (%) Typical Spctral Rspons of Had-On, ialkali hotocathod CTHODE RDINT SENSITIVITY QNTM EFFIENCY WVELENGTH TMO000E HOTOCTHODE MTERILS Th photocathod is a photomissiv surfac usually consisting of alkali mtals ith vry lo ork functions. Th photocathod matrials most commonly usd in photomultiplir tubs ar as follos: ) g-o-cs Th transmission-mod photocathod using this matrial is dsignatd S- and snsitiv from th visibl to infrard rang (00 nm to nm). Sinc g-o-cs has comparativly high thrmionic dark mission (rfr to "NODE DR CRRENT" on pag ), tubs of this photocathod ar mainly usd for dtction in th nar infrard rgion ith th photocathod coold. ) Gas(Cs) Gas activatd in csium is also usd as a photocathod. Th spctral rspons of this photocathod usually covrs a idr spctral rspons rang than multialkali, from ultraviolt to 0 nm, hich is comparativly flat ovr 00 nm to nm. ) InGas(Cs) This photocathod has gratr xtndd snsitivity in th infrard rang than Gas. Morovr, in th rang btn 00 nm and 00 nm, InGas has much highr S/N ratio than g-o-cs. ) Sb-Cs This is a idly usd photocathod and has a spctral rspons in th ultraviolt to visibl rang. This is not suitd for transmission-mod photocathods and mainly usd for rflction-mod photocathods. ) ialkali (Sb-Rb-Cs, Sb--Cs) Ths hav a spctral rspons rang similar to th Sb- Cs photocathod, but hav highr snsitivity and lor nois than Sb-Cs. Th transmission mod bialkali photocathods also hav a favorabl blu snsitivity for scintillator flashs from NaI (Tl) scintillators, thus ar fruntly usd for radiation masurmnt using scintillation counting. ) High tmpratur bialkali or lo nois bialkali (Na--Sb) This is particularly usful at highr oprating tmpraturs sinc it can ithstand up to C. major application is in th oil ll logging industry. t room tmpraturs, this photocathod oprats ith vry lo dark currnt, making it idal for us in photon counting applications. ) Multialkali (Na--Sb-Cs) Th multialkali photocathod has a high, id spctral rspons from th ultraviolt to nar infrard rgion. It is idly usd for broad-band spctrophotomtrs. Th long avlngth rspons can b xtndd out to 0 nm by spcial photocathod procssing. ) Cs-T, Cs-I Ths matrials ar snsitiv to vacuum V and V rays but not to visibl light and ar thrfor calld solar blind. Cs- T is uit insnsitiv to avlngths longr than 0 nm, and Cs-I to thos longr than 00 nm. WINDOW MTERILS Th indo matrials commonly usd in photomultiplir tubs ar as follos: ) orosilicat glass This is fruntly usd glass matrial. It transmits radiation from th nar infrard to approximatly 00 nm. It is not suitabl for dtction in th ultraviolt rgion. For som applications, th combination of a bialkali photocathod and a lo-nois borosilicat glass (so calld -fr glass) is usd. Th -fr glass contains vry lo potassium (O) hich can caus background counts by. In particular, tubs dsignd for scintillation counting oftn mploy -fr glass not only for th facplat but also for th sid bulb to minimiz nois pulss. ) V-transmitting glass (V glass) This glass transmits ultraviolt radiation ll, as th nam implis, and is idly usd as a borosilicat glass. For spctroscopy applications, V glass is commonly usd. Th V cut-off is approximatly nm. ) Synthtic silica Th synthtic silica transmits ultraviolt radiation don to nm and offrs lor absorption in th ultraviolt rang compard to fusd silica. Sinc thrmal xpansion cofficint of th synthtic silica is diffrnt from ovar hich is usd for th tub lads, it is not suitabl for th stm matrial of th tub (s Figur on pag ). orosilicat glass is usd for th stm, thn a gradd sal using glasss ith gradually diffrnt thrmal xpansion cofficints ar connctd to th synthtic silica indo. caus of this structur, th gradd sal is vulnrabl to mchanical shock so that sufficint car should b takn in handling th tub. ) MgF (magnsium fluorid) Th crystals of alkali halid ar suprior in transmitting ultraviolt radiation, but hav th disadvantag of dliuscnc. mong ths, MgF is knon as a practical indo matrial bcaus it offrs lo dliuscnc and transmits ultraviolt radiation don to nm. Figur : TRNSMITTNCE (%) 0 Typical Transmittanc of Various Windo Matrials MgF SYNTHET QRTZ V- TRNSMITTING GLSS OROSILTE GLSS WVELENGTH TMO00E s statd abov, spctral rspons rang is dtrmind by th photocathod and indo matrials. It is important to slct an appropriat combination hich ill suit your applications. RDINT SENSITIVITY ND QNTM EFFIENCY s Figur shos, spctral rspons is usually xprssd in trms of radiant snsitivity or uantum fficincy as a function of avlngth. snsitivity (S) is th photolctric currnt from th photocathod, dividd by th incidnt radiant por at a givn avlngth, xprssd in /W (amprs pr att). Quantum fficincy (QE) is th numbr of photolctrons mittd from th photocathod dividd by th numbr of incidnt photons. It is customary to prsnt uantum fficincy in a prcntag. Quantum fficincy and radiant snsitivity hav th folloing rlationship at a givn avlngth. S QE = 0 % λ Whr S is th radiant snsitivity in /W at th givn avlngth, and λ is th avlngth in nm (nanomtrs). LMINOS SENSITIVITY Sinc th masurmnt of th spctral rspons charactristic of a photomultiplir tub ruirs a sophisticatd systm and much tim, it is not practical to provid customrs ith spctral rspons charactristics for ach tub ordrd. Instad cathod or anod luminous snsitivity is commonly usd. Th cathod luminous snsitivity is th photolctric currnt from th photocathod pr incidnt light flux ( - lumns to - lumns) from a tungstn filamnt lamp opratd at a distribution tmpratur of. Th anod luminous snsitivity is th anod output currnt (amplifid by th scondary mission procss) pr incidnt light flux ( - lumns to - lumns) on th photocathod. lthough th sam tungstn lamp is usd, th light flux and th applid voltag ar adjustd to an appropriat lvl. Ths paramtrs ar particularly usful hn comparing tubs having th sam or similar spctral rspons rang. Hamamatsu final tst shts accompanying th tubs usually indicat ths paramtrs xcpt for tubs ith Cs-I or Cs-T photocathods, hich ar not snsitiv to tungstn lamp light. ( snsitivity at a spcific avlngth is listd for thos tubs instad.) oth th cathod and anod luminous snsitivitis ar xprssd in units of /lm (amprs pr lumn). Not that th lumn is a unit usd for luminous flux in th visibl rgion and thrfor ths valus may b maninglss for tubs hich ar snsitiv byond th visibl rgion. (For thos tubs, th blu snsitivity or rd/hit ratio is oftn usd.) Figur : Typical Human Ey Rspons and Spctral Enrgy Distribution of Tungstn Lamp RELTIVE VLE (%) 0 0 TNGSTEN LM T VISL SENSITIVITY WVELENGTH TMO00EC LE SENSITIVITY INDEX ND RED/WHITE RTIO For simpl comparison of spctral rspons of photomultiplir tubs, cathod blu snsitivity indx and rd/hit ratio ar oftn usd. Th cathod blu snsitivity indx is th photolctric currnt from th photocathod producd by a light flux of a tungstn lamp at passing through a blu filtr (Corning CS-- polishd to half stock thicknss). Sinc th light flux, onc transmittd through th blu filtr cannot b xprssd in lumns. Th blu snsitivity is an important paramtr in scintillation counting using an NaI (Tl) scintillator sinc th NaI (Tl) scintillator producs missions in th blu rgion of th spctrum, and may b th dcisiv factor in nrgy rsolution. Th rd/hit ratio is usd for photomultiplir tubs ith a spctral rspons xtnding to th nar infrard rgion. This paramtr is dfind as th uotint of th cathod snsitivity masurd ith a light flux of a tungstn lamp at passing through a rd filtr (Toshiba IR-D for th S- photocathod or R- for othrs) dividd by th cathod luminous snsitivity ith th filtr rmovd.

7 Figur : TRNSMITTNCE (%) Transmittanc of Various Filtrs 0 0 CORNING CS-- (/ STOC THNESS) GIN (CRRENT MLIFTION ) hotolctrons mittd from a photocathod ar acclratd by an lctric fild so as to strik th first dynod and produc scondary lctron missions. Ths scondary lctrons thn imping upon th nxt dynod to produc additional scondary lctron missions. Rpating this procss ovr succssiv dynod stags, a high gain is achivd. vry small photolctric currnt from th photocathod can b obsrvd as a larg output currnt from th anod of th photomultiplir tub. Gain is simply th ratio of th anod output currnt to th photolctric currnt from th photocathod. Idally, th gain of a photomultiplir tub having n dynod stag and an avrag scondary mission ratio δ pr stag is δ n. Whil th scondary lctron mission ratio δ is givn by δ = E α hr is constant, E is an intrstag voltag, and α is a cofficint dtrmind by th dynod matrial and gomtric structur. It usually has a valu of 0. to 0.. Whn a voltag V is applid btn th cathod and th anod of a photomultiplir tub having n dynod stags, currnt amplification, µ, bcoms µ = δ n = ( E α ) n = = n (n + ) αn { ( ) } V α n n + V αn = V αn TOSHI R- TOSHI IR-D WVELENGTH TMO00E Sinc photomultiplir tubs gnrally hav to dynod stags, th anod output varis dirctly ith th th to th por of th chang in applid voltag. Th output signal of th photomultiplir tub is xtrmly suscptibl to fluctuations in th por supply voltag, thus th por supply must b vry stabl and provid minimum rippl, drift and tmpratur cofficint. Various typs of rgulatd high-voltag por supplis dsignd ith this considration ar availabl from Hamamatsu (s pag ). Figur : Typical Gain vs. Supply Voltag NODE DR CRRENT NODE DR CRRENT (n) (FTER 0 MINTE STORGE) LIED VOLTGE (V) TMO00E small amount of currnt flos in a photomultiplir tub vn hn th tub is opratd in a compltly dark stat. This output currnt, calld th anod dark currnt, and th rsulting nois ar critical factors in dtrmining th dtctivity of a photomultiplir tub. s Figur shos, dark currnt is gratly dpndnt on th supply voltag. Figur : NODE LMINOS SENSITIVITY ( / lm) 0 - NODE LMINOS SENSITIVITY GIN SLY VOLTGE (V) Typical Dark Currnt vs. Supply Voltag Major sourcs of dark currnt may b catgorizd as follos: TMO00E ) Thrmionic mission of lctrons Sinc th matrials of th photocathod and dynods hav vry lo ork functions, thy mit thrmionic lctrons vn at room tmpratur. Most of dark currnts originat from th thrmionic missions, spcially thos from th photocathod as thy ar multiplid by th dynods. Cooling th photocathod is most ffctiv in rducing thrmionic mission and, this is particularly usful in applications hr GIN lo dark counts ar ssntial such as in photon counting. Figur shos th rlationship btn dark currnt and tmpratur for various photocathods. hotocathods hich hav high snsitivity in th rd to infrard rgion, spcially S-, sho highr dark currnt at room tmpratur. Hamamatsu provids thrmolctric coolrs (C and C) dsignd for various sizs of photomultiplir tubs (s pag ). Figur : Tmpratur Charactristics of Dark Currnt NODE DR CRRENT () R (HED-ON TYE, g-o-cs) R (HED-ON TYE, MLTILLI) - R0 (HED-ON TYE, - LOW-NOISE ILLI) R (HED-ON TYE, ILLI) TEMERTRE ( C) TMO00E ) Ionization of rsidual gass (ion fdback) Rsidual gass insid a photomultiplir tub can b ionizd by collision ith lctrons. Whn ths ions strik th photocathod or arlir stags of dynods, scondary lctrons may b mittd, thus rsulting in rlativly larg output nois pulss. Ths nois pulss ar usually obsrvd as aftrpulss folloing th primary signal pulss and may b a problm in dtcting light pulss. rsnt photomultiplir tubs ar dsignd to minimiz aftrpulss. ) Glass scintillation Whn lctrons dviating from thir normal trajctoris strik th glass nvlop, scintillations may occur and dark pulss may rsult. To minimiz this typ of dark puls, photomultiplir tubs may b opratd ith th anod at high voltag and th cathod at ground potntial. ut this is inconvnint to handl th tub. To obtain th sam ffct ithout difficulty, Hamamatsu provids "H coating" in hich th glass bulb is coatd ith a conductiv paint connctd to th cathod. (S "GROND OLRITY ND H COTING" on pag.) ) Lakag currnt (ohmic lakag) Lakag currnt rsulting from th glass stm bas and sockt may b anothr sourc of dark currnt. This is prdominant hn th photomultiplir tub is opratd at a lo voltag or lo tmpratur. Th flattr slops in Figurs and ar mainly du to lakag currnt. Contamination from dirt and moistur on th surfac of th tub may incras th lakag currnt, and thrfor should b avoidd. ) Fild mission Whn a photomultiplir tub is opratd at a voltag nar th maximum ratd valu, lctrons may b mittd from lctrods by th strong lctric fild and may caus nois pulss. It is thrfor rcommndd that th tub b opratd at a voltag 0 % to 0 % lor than th maximum rating. Th anod dark currnt dcrass ith tim aftr th tub is placd in a dark stat. In this catalog, anod dark currnts ar masurd aftr 0 minut storag in a dark stat. ENI (EQIVLENT NOISE INT) ENI is an indication of th photon-limitd signal-to-nois ratio. It rfrs to th amount of light usually in atts or lumns ncssary to produc a signal-to-nois ratio of unity in th output of a photomultiplir tub. ENI is xprssd in units of lumns or atts. For xampl th valu of ENI (in atts) is givn by ENI = Idb µ f S (atts or lumns) hr = lctronic charg (. - coul.) Idb = anod dark currnt in amprs aftr 0 minut storag in darknss µ = currnt amplification f = bandidth of th systm in hrtz (usually hrtz) S = anod radiant snsitivity in amprs pr att at th avlngth of intrst or anod luminous snsitivity in amprs pr lumn For th tubs listd in this catalog, th valu of ENI may b calculatd by th abov uation. sually it has a valu btn - and - atts or lumns. MGNET FIELD EFFECTS Most photomultiplir tubs ar affctd by th prsnc of magntic filds. Magntic filds may dflct lctrons from thir normal trajctoris and caus a loss of gain. Th xtnt of th loss of gain dpnds on th typ of photomultiplir tub and its orintation in th magntic fild. Figur shos typical ffcts of magntic filds on som typs of photomultiplir tubs. In gnral, tubs having a long path from th photocathod to th first dynod ar vry vulnrabl to magntic filds. Thrfor hadon typs, spcially larg diamtr tubs, tnd to b mor advrsly influncd by magntic filds.

8 Figur : Typical Effcts by Magntic Filds rpndicular to Tub xis RELTIVE OTT (%) Whn a tub has to b opratd in magntic filds, it may b ncssary to shild th tub ith a magntic shild cas. Hamamatsu provids a varity of magntic shild cass (s pag ). To xprss th ffct of a magntic shild cas, th magntic shilding factor is usd. This is th ratio of th strngth of th magntic fild outsid th shild cas, Hout, to that insid th shild cas, Hin. It is dtrmind by th prmability µ, th thicknss t (mm) and innr diamtr D (mm) of th shild cas, as follos: Hout Hin = µt D It should b notd that th magntic shilding ffct dcrass toards th dg of th shild cas as shon in Figur. It is rcommndd that th tub b covrd by a shild cas longr than th tub lngth by at last half th tub diamtr. Figur : Edg Effct of Magntic Shild Cas TMO00E TMO00E Hamamatsu provids photomultiplir tubs using fin msh dynods (s pag ). Ths tub typs (s pag ) xhibit much highr immunity to xtrnal magntic filds than th photomultiplir tubs using othr dynods. In addition, hn th light lvl to b masurd is rathr high, triod or ttrod typ photomultiplir tubs can b usd in hishly magntic filds. STIL NIFORMITY Spatial uniformity is th variation of snsitivity ith position of incidnt light on a photocathod. lthough th focusing lctrods of a photomultiplir tub ar dsignd so that lctrons mittd from th photocathod or dynods ar collctd fficintly by th first or folloing dynods, som lctrons may dviat from thir dsird trajctoris in th focusing and multiplication procsss, rsulting in a loss of collction fficincy. This loss of collction fficincy varis ith th position on th photocathod from hich th photolctrons ar mittd and influncs th spatial uniformity of a photomultiplir tub. Th spatial uniformity is also dtrmind by th photocathod surfac uniformity itslf. In gnral, had-on typ photomultiplir tubs provid bttr spatial uniformity than sid-on typs bcaus of th photocathod to first dynod gomtry. Tubs spcially dsignd for gamma camra applications hav xcllnt spatial uniformity, bcaus uniformity is th dcisiv factor in th ovrall prformanc of a gamma camra. Figur : Exampls of Spatial niformity (a) Had-On Typ (b) Sid-On Typ (R-0 for gamma camra applications) Rflction-mod photocathod HOTO- CTHODE (TO VIEW) t EDGE EFFECT SHIELDING FCTOR (Ho/Hi) r 00 0 r mm dia. HED - ON TYE CIRCLR CGE TYE DYNODE ( ) mm dia. SIDE - ON TYE mm dia. HED - ON TYE LINER - FOCSED TYE DYNODE ( ) MGNET FLX DENSITY (mt) LONGER than r HOTOMLTILIER TE L r NODE SENSITIVITY (%) TMHC00E NODE SENSITIVITY (%) (R-0 for gamma camra applications) HOTO- CTHODE GIDE EY NODE SENSITIVITY (%) TMSC000EC TEMERTRE CHRCTERISTS y dcrasing th tmpratur of a photomultiplir tub, dark currnt originating from thrmionic mission can b rducd. Snsitivity of th photomultiplir tub also varis ith th tmpratur. In th ultraviolt to visibl rgion, th tmpratur cofficint of snsitivity usually has a ngativ valu, hil nar th long avlngth cut-off it has a positiv valu. Figur shos tmpratur cofficints vs. avlngth of typical photomultiplir tubs. Sinc th tmpratur cofficint chang is larg nar th long avlngth cutoff, tmpratur control may b ruird in som applications. Figur : Typical Tmpratur Cofficints of nod Snsitivity TMO00E HYSTERESIS photomultiplir tub may xhibit an unstabl output for svral sconds to svral tns of sconds aftr voltag and light ar applid, i.., output may slightly ovrshoot or undrshoot bfor raching a stabl lvl (Figur ). This instability is calld hystrsis and may b a problm in spctrophotomtry and othr applications. Hystrsis is mainly causd by lctrons bing dviatd from thir plannd trajctoris and lctrostatically charging th dynod support cramics and glass bulb. Whn th applid voltag is changd as th light input changs, markd hystrsis can occur. s a countrmasur, many Hamamatsu sid-on photomultiplir tubs mploy "anti-hystrsis dsign" hich virtually liminat hystrsis. Figur : Hystrsis Masurmnt NODE CRRENT TEMERTRE COEFFIENT FOR NODE SENSITIVITY [% C] Cs-T Sb-Cs MLTILLI Sb-Cs 0 Ii TIME (MINTE) ILLI WVELENGTH [nm] MLTILLI Gas (Cs) g-o-cs I min. I max. TMOC00E DRIFT ND LIFE CHRCTERIST Whil oprating a photomultiplir tub continuously ovr a long priod, anod output currnt of th photomultiplir tub may vary slightly ith tim, although oprating conditions hav not changd. This chang is rffrd to as drift or in th cas hr th oprating tim is hours to hours it is calld lif charactristics. Figur shos typical lif charactristics. Drift is primarily causd by damag to th last dynod by havy lctron bombardmnt. Thrfor th us of lor anod currnt is dsirabl. Whn stability is of prim importanc, th us of avrag anod currnt of µ or lss is rcommndd. Figur : Exampls of Lif RELTIVE NODE CRRENT (%) MT:R SLY VOLTGE:00 V INITIL NODE CRRENT: µ 0 TIME (hour) TMH0E TIME RESONSE In th masurmnt of pulsd light, th anod output signal should rproduc a avform faithful to th incidnt puls avform. This rproducibility is gratly affctd by th lctron transit tim, anod puls ris tim, and lctron transit tim sprad (TTS). s illustratd in Figur, th lctron transit tim is th tim intrval btn th arrival of a dlta function light puls (puls idth lss than 0 ns) at th photocathod and th instant hn th anod output puls rachs its pak amplitud. Th anod puls ris tim is dfind as th tim ruird to ris from % to 0 % of th pak amplitud hn th hol photocathod is illuminatd by a dlta function light puls (puls idth lss than 0 ps). Th lctron transit tim has a fluctuation btn individual light pulss. This fluctuation is calld transit tim sprad (TTS) and dfind as th FWHM of th fruncy distribution of lctron transit tims (Figur ) at singl photolctron vnt. Th TTS is an important factor in tim-rsolvd masurmnt. Th tim rspons charactristics dpnd on th dynod structur and applid voltag. In gnral, tubs of th linar-focusd or circular-cag structur xhibit bttr tim rspons than tubs of th box-and-grid or vntian blind structur. MC- MTs, hich mploy an MC in plac of convntional dynods, offr bttr tim rspons than tubs using othr dynods. For xampl, th TTS can b significantly improvd compard to normal photomultiplir tubs bcaus a narly paralll lctric fild is applid btn th photocathod, MC and th anod. Figur shos typical tim rspons charactristics vs. applid voltag for typs R0 ( mm dia. had-on, -stag, linar-focusd typ).

9 Figur : nod uls Ris and Elctron Transit DELT FNCTION LIGHT Figur : Elctron Transit Sprad (TTS) RELTIVE CONT 0 - TMH0EC Figur : Rspons Charactristics vs. Supply Voltag TRNSIT TIME TYE NO. : R0 RISE TIME % 0 % FLL TIME TYE NO. : R0 TRNSIT TIME NODE OTT SIGNL TIME [ns] FWHM=0 ps FWTM= ps TMO00E VOLTGE-DIVIDER CONSIDERTION Intrstag voltags for th dynods of a photomultiplir tub ar usually supplid by a voltag-dividr circuits consisting of sris-connctd rsistors. Schmatic diagrams of typical voltag-dividr circuits ar illustratd in Figur 0. Circuit (a) is a basic arrangmnt (DC output) and (b) is for puls oprations. Figur shos th rlationship btn th incidnt light lvl and th avrag anod output currnt of a photomultiplir tub using th voltag-dividr circuit (a). Dviation from th idal linarity occurs at a crtain incidnt lvl (rgion ). This is causd by an incras in dynod voltag du to th rdistribution of th voltag loss btn th last f stags, rsulting in an apparnt incras in snsitivity. s th input light lvl is incrasd, th anod output currnt bgins to saturat nar th valu of th currnt floing through th voltag dividr (rgion C). Thrfor, it is rcommndd that th voltag-dividr currnt b maintaind at last at 0 tims th avrag anod output currnt ruird from th photomultiplir tub. Figur 0: Schmatic Diagrams of Voltag-Dividr Circuits (a) asic arrangmnt for DC opration -HV (b) For puls opration -HV HOTOCTHODE R R R R R R R R R R R HOTOCTHODE R R R R R R R R R R R C C C NODE NODE TCCC000E Figur : Output Charactristics of a MT sing Voltag- Dividr Circuit (a) Gnrally high output currnt is ruird in pulsd light applications. In ordr to maintain dynod potntials at a constant valu during puls durations and obtain high pak currnts, larg capacitors ar usd as shon in Figur 0 (b). Th capacitor valus dpnd on th output charg. If linarity of bttr than % is ndd, th capacitor valu should b at last 0 tims th output charg pr puls, as follos: I t C>0 (farads) V hr I is th pak output currnt in amprs, it is th puls idth in sconds, and V is th voltag across th capacitor in volts. In high nrgy physics applications hr a high puls output is ruird, as th incidnt light is incrasd hil th intrstag voltag is kpt fixd, output saturation ill occur at a crtain lvl. This is causd by an incras in th lctron dnsity btn th lctrods, causing spac charg ffcts hich disturb th lctron currnt. s a corrctiv action to ovrcom spac charg ffcts, th voltag applid to th last f stags, hr th lctron dnsity bcoms high, should b st at a highr valu than th standard voltag distribution so that th voltag gradint btn thos lctrods is nhancd. For this purpos, a socalld taprd dividr circuit (Figur ) is oftn mployd. s of this taprd dividr circuit improvs puls linarity to tims bttr than that obtaind ith normal dividr circuits (ually dividd circuits). Hamamatsu provids a varity of sockt assmblis incorporating voltag-dividr circuits. Thy ar compact, ruggd, lightight and nsur th maximum prformanc for a photomultiplir tub by simpl iring. Figur : Taprd Dividr Circuit HOTOCTHODE -HV R R R R R R.R C C C NODE RL SIGNL OTT th housing for a photomultiplir tub and hn using an lctrostatic or magntic shild cas, xtrm car is ruird. In addition, hn using foam rubbr or similar matrial to mount th tub in its housing, it is ssntial that matrial having sufficintly good insulation proprtis b usd. This problm can b solvd by applying a black conductiv layr around th bulb and conncting to th cathod potntial (calld H Coating), as shon in Figur. s mntiond abov, th H coating can b ffctivly usd to liminat th ffcts of xtrnal potntial on th sid of th bulb. Hovr, if a groundd objct is locatd on th photocathod facplat, thr ar no ffctiv countrmasurs. Glass scintillation, if it occurrs in th facplat, has a largr influnc on th nois. It also causs dtrioration of th photocathod snsitivity and, onc dtrioratd, th snsitivity ill nvr rcovr to th original lvl. To solv ths problms, it is rcommndd that th photomultiplir tub b opratd in th cathod ground schm, as shon in Figur, ith th anod at a positiv high voltag. For xampl, in scintillation counting, sinc th groundd scintillator is dirctly coupld to th photomultiplir tub, it is rcommndd that th cathod b groundd, ith a high positiv voltag applid to th anod. sing this schm, a coupling capacitor Cc is usd to sparat th high positiv voltag applid to th anod from th signal, making it impossibl to obtain a DC signal output. Figur : H Coating GLSS L CONDCTIVE INT (SME OTENTIL S CTHODE) INSLTING ROTECTIVE COVER CONNECTED TO CTHODE IN TMOC00E TIME (ns) SLY VOLTGE (V) RISE TIME T. T. S TMO00E RTIO OF VERGE OTT CRRENT TO DIVIDER CRRENT LIGHT FLX (..) CTL CRVE IDEL CRVE C TCC000E TCCC00E GROND OLRITY ND H COTING Th gnral tchniu usd for voltag-dividr circuits is to ground th anod ith a high ngativ voltag applid to th cathod, as shon in Figur 0. This schm facilitats th connction of such circuits as ammtrs or currnt-to-voltag convrsion oprational amplifirs to th photomultiplir tub. Hovr, hn a groundd anod configuration is usd, bringing a groundd mtallic holdr or magntic shild cas nar th bulb of th tub can caus lctrons to strik th innr bulb all, rsulting in th gnration of nois. lso, for had-on typ photomultiplir tubs, if th facplat or bulb nar th photocathod is groundd, th slight conductivity of th glass matrial causs a currnt to flo btn th photocathod (hich has a high ngativ potntial) and ground. This may caus significant dtrioration of th photocathod. For this rason, hn dsigning Figur : Cathod Ground Schm HOTOCTHODE R R R R R R R NODE +HV Cc SIGNL OTT TCCC00E

10 SINGLE HOTON CONTING hoton counting is on ffctiv ay to us a photomultiplir tub for masuring vry lo light lvls. It is idly usd in astronomical photomtry and chmiluminscnc or bioluminscnc masurmnt. In th usual application, a numbr of photons ntr th photomultiplir tub and crat an output puls train lik (a) in Figur. Th actual output obtaind by th masurmnt circuit is a DC currnt ith a fluctuation as shon at (b). Figur : Ovrlapping Output ulss (a) (b) TIME typical puls hight distribution (HD) for th output of photomultiplir tubs is shon in Figur. In this HD, th lor lvl discrimination (LLD) is st at th vally trough and th uppr lvl discrimination (LD) at th foot hr th output pulss ar vry f. Most pulss smallr than th LLD ar nois and pulss largr than th LD rsult from cosmic rays, tc. Thrfor, by counting pulss btn th LLD and LD, accurat light masurmnts bcoms possibl. In th HD, Hm is th man hight of th pulss. It is rcommndd that th LLD b st at / of Hm and th LD at tripl Hm. In most cass, hovr, th LD stting can b omittd. Considring th abov, a clar dfinition of th pak and vally in th HD is a vry significant charactristic for photomultiplir tubs for us in photon counting. Figur : Typical uls Hight Distribution hich contain information on both th nrgy and amount of pulss, as shon in Figur 0. y analyzing ths output pulss using a multichannl analyzr (MC), a puls hight distribution (HD) or nrgy spctrum is obtaind, and th amount of incidnt particls at various nrgy lvls can b masurd accuratly. Figur shos typical HDs or nrgy spctra hn gamma rays ( F, Cs, Co) ar dtctd by th combination of an NaI(Tl) scintillator and a photomultiplir tub. For th HD, it is vry important to hav distinct paks at ach nrgy lvl. This is valuatd as puls hight rsolution (nrgy rsolution) and is th most significant charactristic in radiation particl masurmnts. Figur shos th dfinition of nrgy rsolution takn ith a Cs sourc. Figur 0: Incidnt articls and MT Output TIME c) Co+NaI (Tl) CONTS ( mm dia. mm t ) CHNNEL NMER Figur : Dfinition of Enrgy Rsolution b TMO00E TIME TMOC00E Whn th light intnsity bcoms so lo that th incidnt photons ar sparatd as shon in Figur. This condition is calld a singl photon (or photolctron) vnt. Th numbr of output pulss is in dirct proportion to th amount of incidnt light and this puls counting mthod has advantags in S/N ratio and stability ovr th DC mthod avraging all th pulss. This puls counting tchniu is knon as th photon counting mthod. Figur : Discrt Output ulss (Singl hoton Evnt) CONTS SIGNL LSE + NOISE LSE NOISE LSE LLD Hm LD LSE HEIGHT TMOC00E SCINTILLTION CONTING Scintillation counting is on of th most snsitiv and ffctiv mthods for dtcting radiation. It uss a photomultiplir tub coupld to a transparnt crystal calld scintillator hich producs light by incidnc of radiation. SCINTILLTOR CRRENT MT THE HEIGHT OF OTT LSE IS ROORTIONL TO THE ENERGY OF INCIDENT RTLE. TIME TMOC00E NMER OF LSES LSE HEIGHT a uls Hight Rsolution (FWHM)= 0 % b GO TMO00E Figur : Spctral Rspons of MT and Spctral Emission of Scintillators a H H TMOC00E Sinc th photomultiplir tub output contains a varity of nois pulss in addition to th signal pulss rprsnting photolctrons as shon in Figur, simply counting th pulss ithout som form of nois limination ill not rsult in an accurat masurmnt. Th most ffctiv approach to nois limination is to invstigat th hight of th output pulss. Figur : Output uls and Discrimination Lvl LSE HEIGHT TIME DR CRRENT LSE COSM RY LSE LD SIGNL LSE LLD TIME TMOC00E Figur : Diagram of Scintillation Dtctor GMM RY RDITION SORCE SCINTILLTOR REFLECTIVE COTING HOTOCTHODE HOTOELECTRONS DYNODES OTL COLING (SING SILONE OIL tc.) MT NODE TMHC00E In radiation masurmnts, thr ar to paramtrs that should b masurd. On is th nrgy of individual particls and th othr is th amount of particls. Radiation masurmnts should dtrmin ths to paramtrs. Whn radiation ntrs th scintillator, it produc light flashs in rspons to ach particl. Th amount of flash is proportional to th nrgy of th incidnt racliation. Th photomultiplir tub dtcts individual light flashs and provids th output pulss Figur : Typical uls Hight Distributions (Enrgy Spctra) a) F+NaI (Tl) CONTS b) Cs+NaI (Tl) CONTS ( mm dia. mm t ) CHNNEL NMER 000 ( mm dia. mm t ) CHNNEL NMER QNTM EFFIENCY (%) RELTIVE EMISSION DISTRITION OF VRIOS SCINTILLTOR (%) 0 - af NaI (Tl) ILLI WVELENGTH CsI (Tl) TMO00E uls hight rsolution is mainly dtrmind by th uantum fficincy of th photomultiplir tub in rspons to th scintillator mission. It is ncssary to choos a tub hos spctral rspons matchs ith th scintillator mission. In th cas of thallium-activatd sodium iodid, or NaI(Tl), hich is th most popular scintillator, had-on typ photomultiplir tub ith a bialkali photocathod is idly usd.

11 Connctions to Extrnal Circuits LOD RESISTNCE Sinc th output of a photomultiplir tub is a currnt signal and th typ of xtrnal circuit to hich photomultiplir tubs ar usually connctd has voltag inputs, a load rsistanc is usd to prform a currnt-voltag transformation. This sction dscribs considrations to b mad hn slcting this load rsistanc. Sinc for lo output currnt lvls, th photomultiplir tub may b assumd to act as virtually an idal constant-currnt sourc, th load rsistanc can b mad arbitrarily larg, thus convrting a lo-lvl currnt output to a high-lvl voltag output. In practic, hovr, using vry larg valus of load rsistanc crats th problms of dtrioration of fruncy rspons and output linarity dscribd blo. Figur : MT Output Circuit If, in th circuit of Figur, lt th load rsistanc b RL and th total of th capacitanc of th photomultiplir tub anod to all othr lctrods, including such stray capacitanc as iring capacitancs b Cs, th cutoff fruncy fc is xprssd by th folloing rlationship. From this rlationship, it can b sn that, vn if th photomultiplir tub and amplifir hav vry fast rspons, rspons ill b limitd to th cutoff fruncy fc of th output circuit. If th load rsistanc is mad larg, at high currnt lvls th voltag drop across RL bcoms larg, affcting a potntial diffrnc btn th last dynod stag and th anod. s a rsult, a loss of output linarity (output currnt linarity ith rspct to incidnt light lvl) may occur. Figur : mplifir Intrnal Rsistanc () MT DYn In Figur, lt us considr th ffct of th intrnal rsistanc of th amplifir. If th load rsistanc is RL and th input impdanc of th amplifir is Rin, th combind paralll output rsistanc of th photomultiplir tub, Ro, is givn by th folloing uation. This valu of Ro, hich is lss than th valu of RL, is thn th ffctiv load rsistanc of th photomultiplir tub. If, for xampl, RL=Rin, th ffctiv load rsistanc is / that of RL HOTOCTHODE RL fc = CS Ro = -HV πcs RL Rin RL Rin RL + Rin SIGNL OTT NODE () MT DYn Ip RL RL CS CS CC SIGNL OTT Rin TCCC00E SIGNL OTT TCCC00E alon. From this s that th uppr limit of th load rsistanc is actually th input rsistanc of th amplifir and that making th load rsistanc much gratr than this valu dos not hav significant ffct. Whil th abov dscription assumd th load and input impdancs to b purly rsistiv, in practic, stray capacitancs, input capacitanc and stray inductancs influnc phas rlationships. Thrfor, as fruncy is incrasd, ths circuit lmnts must b considrd as compound impdancs rathr than pur rsistancs. From th abov, thr guids can b drivd for us in slction of th load rsistanc: ) In cass in hich fruncy rspons is important, th load rsistanc should b mad as small as possibl. ) In cass in hich output linarity is important, th load rsistanc should b chosn such that th output voltag is blo svral volts. ) Th load rsistanc should b lss than th approximat input impdanc of th xtrnal amplifir. HIGH-SEED OTT CIRCIT For th dtction of high-spd and pulsd light signals, a coaxial cabl is usd to mak th connction btn th photomultiplir tub and th lctronic circuit, as shon in Figur. Sinc commonly usd cabls hav charactristic impdancs of 0 Ω or Ω, this cabl must b trminatd in a pur rsistanc uivalnt to th charactristic impdanc to provid impdanc matching and nsur distortion-fr transmission for th signal avform. If a matchd transmission lin is usd, th impdanc of th cabl as sn by th photomultiplir tub output ill b th charactristic impdanc of th cabl, rgardlss of th cabl lngth, and no distortion ill occur in signal avforms. If propr matching at th signal rciving nd is not achivd, th impdanc sn at th photomultiplir tub output ill b a function of both fruncy and cabl lngth, rsulting in significant avform distortion. Such mismatchd conditions can b causd by th connctors usd as ll, so that th connctor to b usd should b chosn ith rgard givn to th fruncy rang to b usd, to provid a match to th coaxial cabl. Whn a mismatch at th signal rciving nd occurs, all of th puls nrgy from th photomultiplir tub is not dissipatd at th rciving nd, but is partially rflctd back to th photomultiplir tub via th cabl. Whil this rflctd nrgy ill b fully dissipatd at th photomultiplir tub hn an impdanc match has bn achivd at th tub, if this is not th cas, bcaus th photomultiplir tub itslf acts as an opn circuit, th nrgy ill b rflctd and, thus rturnd to th signal-rciving nd. Sinc part of th puls maks a round trip in th coaxial cabl and is again input to th rciving nd, this rflctd signal is dlayd ith rspct to th main puls and rsults in avform distortion (so calld ringing phnomnon). To prvnt this phnomnon, in addition to providing impdanc matching at th rciving nd, it is ncssary to provid a rsistanc matchd to th cabl impdanc at th photomultiplir tub nd as ll. If this is don, it is possibl to virtually liminat th ringing causd by an impdanc mismatch, although th output puls hight of th photomultiplir tub is rducd to on-half of th normal lvl by us of this impdanc matching rsistor. Figur : Typical Connctions sd to rvnt Ringing MT HOSING TCCC00E Nxt, lt us considr avform obsrvation of high-spd pulss using an oscilloscop (Figur ). This typ of opration ruirs a lo load rsistanc. Sinc, hovr, thr is a limit to th oscilloscop snsitivity, an amplifir may b ruird. For cabls to hich a matching rsistor has bn connctd, thr is an advantag that th cabl lngth dos not affct th charactristics of th cabl. Hovr, sinc th matching rsistanc is vry lo compard to th usual load rsistanc, th output voltag bcoms too small. Whil this situation can b rmdid ith an amplifir of high gain, th inhrnt nois of such an amplifir can itslf b dtrimntal to masurmnt prformanc. In such cass, th photomultiplir tub can b brought as clos as possibl to th amplifir and a load rsistanc as larg as possibl should b usd (consistnt ith prsrvation of fruncy rspons), to achiv th dsird input voltag. Figur : With Ringing Supprssion Masurs MT DYn NTI-REFLECTION RESISTOR RL 0 Ω OR Ω COXIL CLE 0 Ω OR Ω CONNECTOR WIRING SHOLD E S SHORT S OSSILE. OSCILLOSCOE RL (0 Ω OR Ω MTCHING RESISTOR) TCCC00E It is rlativly simpl to implmnt a high-spd amplifir using a id-band vido amplifir or oprational amplifir. Hovr, in xchang of dsign convninc, us of ths s tnds to crat problms rlatd to prformanc (such as nois). It is thrfor ncssary to kno thir prformanc limit and tak corrctiv action. s th puls rptition fruncy incrass, baslin shift crats on rason for concrn. This occurs bcaus th DC signal componnt has bn liminatd from th signal circuit by coupling ith a capacitor hich dos not pass DC componnts. If this occurs, th rfrnc zro lvl obsrvd at th last dynod stag is not th actual zro lvl. Instad, th apparnt zro lvl is th tim-avrag of th positiv and ngativ fluctuations of th signal avform. This ill vary as a function of th puls dnsity, and is knon as baslin shift. Sinc th hight of th pulss abov this baslin lvl is influncd by th rptition fruncy, this phnomnon is of concrn hn obsrving avforms or discriminating puls lvls. OERTIONL MLIFIERS In cass in hich a high-snsitivity ammtr is not availabl, th us of an oprational amplifir ill nabl masurmnts to b mad using an inxpnsiv voltmtr. This tchniu rlis on convrting th output currnt of th photomultiplir tub to a voltag signal. Th basic circuit is as shon in Figur, for hich th output voltag, Vo, is givn by th folloing rlationship. Vo = -Rf Ip This rlationship is drivd for th folloing rason. If th input impdanc of th oprational amplifir is xtrmly larg, and th output currnt of th photomultiplir tub is allod to flo into th input trminal of th amplifir, most of th currnt ill flo through Rf and subsuntly to th oprational amplifir output circuit. Thrfor, th output voltag Vo is givn by th xprssion -Rf Ip. Whn using such an oprational amplifir, it is of cours, not possibl to incras th output voltag ithout limit, th actual maximum output bing approximatly ual to th oprational amplifir por supply voltag. t th othr nd of th scal, for xtrmly small currnts, limitations ar placd by th oprational amplifir offst currnt (Ios), th uality of Rf, and othr factors such as th insulation matrials usd. Figur : Currnt-Voltag Transformation sing an Oprational mplifir MT + O-M Vo= -lp Rf If th oprational amplifir has an offst currnt (Ios), th abov-dscribd output voltag bcoms Vo = -Rf (Ip + Ios), th offst currnt componnt bing suprimposd on th output. Furthrmor, th magnitud of tmpratur drift may crat a problm. In gnral, a mtallic film rsistor hich has a lo tmpratur cofficint is usd for th rsistanc Rf, and for high rsistanc valus, a vacuum-sald typ is usd. Carbon rsistors, ith thir highly tmpratur-dpndnt rsistanc charactristics, ar not suitabl for this application. Whn masuring such xtrmly lo lvl currnts as 0 p and blo, in addition to th considrations dscribd abov, th matrials usd in th circuit implmntation ruir car as ll. For xampl, matrials such as baklit ar not suitabl, and mor suitabl matrials ar Tflon, polystyrol or statit. In addition, lo-nois cabls should b usd, sinc gnral-purpos coaxial cabls xhibit nois du to mchanical changs. In th masurmnt of ths lo lvl currnts, us of an FET input oprational amplifir is rcommndd. Figur : Fruncy Compnsation of an Oprational mplifir TCCC00E TCCC00E In Figur, if a capacitanc Cf (including any stray capacitanc) xists in paralll to th rsistanc Rf, th circuit xhibits a tim constant of (Rf Cf), so that rspons spd is limitd to this tim constant. This is a particular problm if Rf is larg. Stray capacitanc can b rducd by passing Rf through a hol in a shild plat. Whn using coaxial signal input cabls, sinc th cabl capacitanc Cc and Rf ar in th fdback loop, oscillations may occur and nois may b amplifid. Whil th mthod of avoiding this is to connct Cf in paralll to Rf, to rduc gain at high fruncis, as dscribd abov, this crats a tim constant of Rf Cf hich limits th rspons spd. Rf p lp lp Cf - + Cs Rf - O-M. V SHIELD CIRCIT SIGNL OTT

12 Slction Guid by pplication pplications Ruird Major Charactristics pplicabl MT pplications Ruird Major Charactristics pplicabl MT Spctroscopy Mass Spctroscopy and Solid Surfac nalysis Euipmnt tilizing bsorption V/Visibl/IR Spctrophotomtr Whn light passs through a substanc, th light nrgy causs changs in th lctron nrgy of th substanc, rsulting in partial nrgy loss. This is calld absorption and givs analytical data. In ordr to dtrmin th amount of th sampl substanc, it is irradiatd hil th light avlngth is scannd continuously. Th spctral intnsitis of th light bfor and aftr passing through th sampl ar dtctd by a photomultiplir tub to masur th amount of absorption. tomic bsorption Spctrophotomtr This is idly usd in th analysis of minut uantitis of mtallic lmnts. For ach lmnt to b analyzd, a spcial lmntary hollo cathod lamp is usd to irradiat a sampl hich is burnd for atomization. photomultiplir tub dtcts th light passing through th sampl to masur th amount of absorption, hich is compard ith a rfrnc sampl masurd in advanc. Euipmnt tilizing Emission hotolctric Emission Spctrophotomtr Whn an xtrnal nrgy is applid to a sampl, light mission occurs from th sampl. y disprsing this mission using a monochromator, into charactristic spctral lins of lmnts and masuring thir prsnc and intnsity simultanously ith photomultiplir tubs, this uipmnt nabls rapid ualitativ and uantitativ analysis of th lmnts containd in th sampl. Fluorscnc Spctrophotomtr Th fluorscnc spctrophotomtr is usd in biological scinc, particularly in molcular biology. Whn an xcitation light is applid, som substancs mit light ith a avlngth longr than that of th xcitation light. This light is knon as fluorscnc. Th intnsity and spctral charactristics of th fluorscnc ar masurd by a photomultiplir tub, and th substanc is analyzd ualitativly and uantitativly. Raman Spctrophotomtr Whn monochromatic light striks a substanc and scattrs, Raman scattring also occurs at a diffrnt avlngth from th xcitation light. Sinc th avlngth diffrnc is a charactristic of th molculs, th spctral masurmnt of Raman scattring provids ualitativ and uantitativ data of th molculs. Raman scattring is xtrmly ak and a sophisticatd optical systm is usd for masurmnt, thus th photomultiplir tub is opratd in th photon counting mod. ) Wid spctral rspons ) High stability ) Lo dark currnt ) High uantum fficincy ) Lo hystrsis ) Good polarization charactristic ) High snsitivity ) Lo dark currnt ) High stability ) High uantum fficincy ) Lo dark currnt ) Singl photon discrimination ability R, R R, R, R, R R R, R R R R, R, R R, R, R, R, R, R, R R, R, R R, R, R R R R, R R-0 Solid Surfac nalysis Th composition and structur of a solid surfac can b studid by irradiating a narro bam of lctrons, ions, light or X-rays onto th surfac and masuring th scondary lctrons, ions or X-rays that ar producd. With th progrss of th smiconductor industry, this kind of tchnology bcoms ssntial in valuating smiconductors, including dfcts, surfac analysis, adhsion, and dnsity profil. Elctrons, ions, and X-rays ar masurd ith lctron multiplirs and MCs. Environmnt Monitoring Dust Countr dust countr masurs th dnsity of dust or particls floating in th atmosphr or insid rooms. It maks us of light scattring or absorption of bta-rays by particls. Turbidimtr Whn floating particls ar containd in a liuid, light incidnt on th liuid is absorbd, scattrd or rfractd by ths particls. It looks cloudy or hazy to th human y. turbidimtr is a dvic that numrically masurs th turbidity by using light transmission and scattring. Othrs NOx mtrs, SOx mtrs iotchnology Cll Sortr Th cll sortr is an instrumnt that slcts and collcts only spcific clls using a fluorscnt substanc for labling. Th labld clls ar irradiatd by lasr bam, and a photomultiplir tub is usd to dtct th rsulting fluorscnc or scattring. Fluoromtr Whil th ultimat purpos of th cll sortr is to sparat clls, th fluoromtr is usd to analyz clls and chmical substancs by masuring th fluorscnc or scattrd light from a cll or chromosom ith rgard to such factors as fluorscnc spctrum, fluorscnc uantum fficincy, fluorscnc anisotropy (polarization) and fluorscnc liftim. ) High nvironmntal rsistanc ) High stability ) High currnt amplification ) Lo dark currnt ) Lo dark nois ) Lo spik nois ) High uantum fficincy ) Lo dark currnt ) Lo spik nois ) High uantum fficincy ) High uantum fficincy at avlngth of intrst ) Lo dark currnt ) Good tmpratur charactristic ) High stability ) High uantum fficincy ) High stability ) Lo dark currnt ) High currnt amplification ) Good polarization charactristic R, R, R, R R, R0- R R, R R-0 R R R NOx= R R, R, R R00 SOx= R, R, R R R, R, R R, R, R, R R Othrs Liuid or Gas Chromatography X-Ray Diffractomtr, X-Ray Fluorscnc nalyzr Elctron Microscop R R-0, R, R, R R

13 pplications Ruird Major Charactristics pplicabl MT pplications Ruird Major Charactristics pplicabl MT Mdical pplications Radiation Masurmnt Gamma Camra Th gamma camra taks an imag of a radioisotop-labld ragnt injctd into th body of a patint to locat abnormalitis. This uipmnt starts from a scintillation scannr and has bn gradually improvd. Its dtction sction uss a larg diamtr NaI(Tl) scintillator and lightguid coupld to an array of photomultiplir tubs. ositron CT Th positron CT provids tomographic imags by dtcting coincidnt gamma-ray mission accompanying annihilation of a positron mittd from a tracr radioisotop ( C, O, N, F, tc.) injctd into th body. hotomultiplir tubs coupld to scintillators ar usd to dtct ths gamma-rays. Liuid Scintillation Countr Liuid scintillation countrs ar usd for tracr analysis in ag masurmnt and biochmical rsarch. sampl containing radioisotops is dissolvd in a solution containing an organic scintillator, and it is placd in th cntr btn a pair of photomultiplir tubs. Ths tubs simultanously dtct th mission of th organic scintillator. ) High nrgy rsolution ) Good uniformity ) High stability ) niform currnt amplification ) High nrgy rsolution ) High stability ) High spd rspons ) Compact siz ) High uantum fficincy ) Lo nois of thrmionic mission ) Lss glass scintillation at th facplat and bulb ) Fast rspons tim ) High puls linarity R-0 R-0 R-0 R-0 R0-0 R-0 R-0 R, R00-00-C R R0 R R R, R-0 ra Monitor Th ara monitor is dsignd to continuously masur a chang in nvironmntal radiation lvls. It uss a photomutiplir tub coupld to a scintillator, to monitor lolvl alpha ray or gamma ray. Survy Mtr Th survy mtr masurs lo-lvl gamma ray or bta ray using a photomultiplitr tub coupld to a scintillator. Rsourc Inuiry Oil Wll Logging Oil ll logging is usd to locat an oil dposit and dtrmin its siz. prob containing a radiation sourc and a scintillator/photomultiplir tub is lord into an oil ll as it is bing drilld. Th scattrd radiation or natural radiation from th gological formation ar dtctd and analyzd, to dtrmin th typ and dnsity of th rock that surrounds th ll. Industrial Masurmnt ) Long trm stability ) Lo background nois ) Good platau charactristic ) Long trm stability ) Lo background nois ) Good platau charactristic ) Stabl opration at high tmpratur up to C ) Ruggd structur ) Good platau charactristic R0, R R-0, R-0 R0, R R, R-0 R R R R R-0, R R R, R-0 In-Vitro ssay In-vitro assay is usd for physical chckups, diagnosis, and valuation of drug potncy by making us of spcificity of th antign/antibody raction charactristics of tiny amounts of insulin, hormons, drugs and viruss hich ar containd in blood or urin. hotomultiplir tubs ar usd to masur optically th amount of antigns labld by radioisotops, nzyms, fluorscnt chmiluminscnt or bioluminscnt substancs. Radioimmunoassay (RI) ss radioactiv isotops for labling. Enzymimmunoassay (EI) ss nzyms for labling and masurs rsulting chmiluminscnc or bioluminscnc. Fluoroimmunoassay/ chmiluminscnt imunoassay ss fluorscnt or chmiluminscnt substancs for labling. Othrs X-ray phototimr In X-ray xamination, this uipmnt automatically controls th xposur to an X-ray film. Th X-ray transmitting through a subjct is convrtd into visibl light by a phosphor scrn. photomultiplir tub is usd to dtct this light and provid an lctrical signal. Whn th accumulatd lctrical signal rachs a prst lvl, X-ray irradiation is shut off, making it possibl to obtain an optimum film dnsity. ) High uantum fficincy ) High stability ) Lo dark currnt ) High snsitivity ) Lo dark currnt ) High stability R R, R-0 R R, R, R R, R R, R, R R, R R R, R R, R Thicknss Mtr sing a radiation sourc and a scintillator/photomultiplir tub, a product thicknss can b masurd on factory production lins for papr, plastic, stl sht, tc. ta-rays ar usd as a radiation sourc in masurmnt of products ith a small dnsity, such as rubbr, plastic, and papr. Gamma-rays ar usd for products ith a larg dnsity, lik stl sht. (X-ray fluorscnc spctromtrs ar usd in masurmnt of film thicknss for plating, vaporation, tc.) Smiconductor Inspction Systm This is idly usd for smiconductor afr inspction and pattrn rcognition such as smiconductor mask alignmnt. For afr inspction, th afr is scannd by a lasr bam, and scattrd light causd by dirt or dfcts is dtctd by a photomultiplir tub. hotography and rinting Color Scannr To prpar color picturs and photographs for printing, th color scannr is usd to sparat th original colors into th thr primary colors (RG) and black. It uss photomultiplir tubs combind ith RG filtrs, and provids color sparation as imag data. ) Wid dynamic rang ) High nrgy rsolution ) High uantum fficincy at avlngth of intrst ) Good uniformity ) Lo spik nois ) High uantum fficincy at avlngths of RG ) Lo dark nois ) Fast fall tim ) High stability ) Good rpatability ith chang in input signal R-0, R0 R R R0, R R-0 R, R, R R, R R R, R R, R R, R 0

14 pplications Ruird Major Charactristics pplicabl MT pplications Ruird Major Charactristics pplicabl MT High Enrgy hysics rospac Collision Exprimnt Hodoscop hotomuliplir tuubs ar coupld to th nds of long, thin plastic scintillators arrangd orthogonally in to layrs. Thy masur th tim and position at hich chargd particls pass through th scintillators. TOF Countr TOF countrs consisting of plastic scintillators and photomultiplir tubs ar arrangd along paths of scondary particls hich ar gnratd by collision ractions. Vlositis of ths particls ar masurd by tim diffrncs btn collision tim and dtction tims. Chrnkov Countr Chrnkov countr idntifis scondary particls hich gnratd by collision ractions. Chrnkov lights mittd from a chargd particl hich has nrgy mor than a constant lvl and gos through a radiator lik gas or silicon arogl ar dtctd. vlocity of a chargd particl is msurd by an angl of its chrnkov lights. Calorimtr Th calorimtr masurs th accurat dirction and nrgy of scondary particls mittd from th collision raction of lctrons and positrons. Nutrino and roton Dcay Exprimnt, Cosmic Ray Dtction Nutrino Exprimnt rsarch of solar nutrinos or particl astrophysics is prformd in a nutrino xprimnt. Its obsrvation systm consists of a larg siz radiator surroundd by a numbr of larg-diamtr photomultiplir tubs. Chrnkov light hich occurs from intractions of nutrinos or othr particls and a radiator ar dtctd. Th dirctions and nrgis of th particls ar masurd. Nutrino and roton Dcay Exprimnt In th nutrino and proton dcay xprimnt hich is prformd at MIO in Japan, of 0 " dimtr photomultiplir tubs ar st covring all dirctions of a hug tank storing around 0000 t of pur atr. Chrnkov light mittd by solar nutrino or proton dcay ar masurd. ) Fast tim rspons ) Compact siz ) Immunity to magntic filds ) High Quantum fficincy ) Good singl photon dfctivity ) High currnt amplification ) Fast tim rspons ) Immunity to magntic filds ) High puls linarity ) High nrgy rsolution ) High stability ) Immunity to magntic filds ) Larg photocathod ara ) Fast Rspons ) High stability ) Lo dark count R (H-) R-0 (H-) R (H) R (H) R0 R (H-) R (H) R (H), R0 (H-0) R-0 (H-), R0 (H-0) R (H-0) R-0 (H) R-0 (H) R0 (H-) R (H) R (R-0) R (H-) R-0 (H) R (H-0) R (H) R R0-0 (R0-0) Masurmnt of X-rays from Outr Spac X-rays from outr spac includ information on th nigmas of spac. s an xampl, th X-ray obsrvation satllit "suka", dvlopd by a group of th ISS (Institut of Spac and stronomical Scinc - Japan), uss a gas-scintillation proportional countr coupld to a position-snsitiv photomultiplir tub, to masur X-rays from suprnovas, tc. Masurmnt of Scattrd Light from Fixd Stars and Intrstllar Dust ltraviolt rays from spac contain a lot of information about th surfac tmpratur of th stars and intrstllar substancs. Hovr, ths ultraviolt rays ar absorbd by th arth's atmosphr, so it is impossibl to masur thm from th arth surfac. hotomultiplir tubs ar mountd in rockts or artificial satllits, to masur ultraviolt rays ith avlngths shortr than 00 nm. Lasrs Lasr Radar Th lasr radar is usd in such applications as atmosphric masurmnt hich uss a highly-accurat rang finding or arosol scattring. Fluorscnc Liftim Masurmnt Th lasr is usd as an xcitation light for fluorscnc liftim masurmnt. Th molcular structur of a substanc can b studid by masuring tmporal intnsity changs in th mittd fluorscnc. lasma lasma Masurmnt hotomultiplir tubs ar bing usd in th lctron dnsity and lctron tmpratur masurmnt systm for plasma in th Tokamak-typ nuclar fusion tst ractor in Japan. hotomultiplir tubs and MCs ar also usd in similar masurmnts for plasma using Thompson scattring and th Dopplr ffct, in obsrvation of spatial distribution of plasma, and in masurmnts of impuritis in plasma for th purpos of impurity and ion control. ) High nrgy rsolution ) Ruggd structur ) Ruggd structur ) Snsitivity in VV to V rang (solar blind rspons: s pag for Cs-T, Cs-I photocathods) ) Fast rspons tim ) Lo dark count ) High currnt amplification ) High dtctivity at lo light lvl ) High uantum fficincy ) Gat opration R R, R R, R, R R Sris, R Sris R-0, R-0 R Sris, R Sris R- R-0 ir Shor Countr Whn cosmic rays collid ith th arth's atmosphr, scondary particls ar cratd by th intraction of th cosmic rays and atmosphric atoms. Ths scondary particls gnrat mor scondary particls, hich continu to incras in a gomtrical progrssion. This is calld an air shor. Th gamma rays and Chrnkov light mittd in this air shor is dtctd by photomultiplir tubs lind up in a lattic array on th ground. R (H) R (H-) R-0 (H) R-0 (H-) R (H) R0 (H) Th assmbly typ is givn in parnthss.

15 Sid On Typ hotomultiplir Tubs (at C) Rmarks mm (/ ") Dia. Typs R For V to visibl rang, gnral purpos Spctral Rspons Curv Cod 0 (S-) Rang to C hotocathod Matrial Sb-Cs D ak Wavlngth Outlin Windo Matrial No. E F Dynod Structur No. of Stags ssmbly E- /z G Maximum RatingsH J Luminous nod to vrag Cathod nod Min. Voltag Currnt 0 (m) 0.0 (µ /lm) 0 (µ /lm) lu Snsitivity Indx (CS -).0 Rd / Whit Ratio (m/w) L nod to Cathod Supply Voltag 00!0 nod Snsitivity Luminous Min. (/lm) 0 (/lm) 00 (/W). nod Charactristics Gain. (n) M nod Dark Currnt (ftr 0 min.) 0. Max. (n) Rspons Ris Elctron Transit (ns) (ns). Nots hoton counting typ: R : s - (cps) R R Fusd silica indo typ of R 0S to Sb-Cs Q E- /z ! R R High snsitivity variant of R to 0 E- /z ! R R Lo dark currnt bialkali photocathod to 0 L E- /z ! hoton counting typ: R : s - (cps) R R For V to nar IR rang, gnral purpos 0 to 0 M E- /z ! R R High snsitivity variant of R to 00 0 M E- /z ! R R High snsitivity variant of R, Mshlss typ to 00 M E- /z ! R R Lo dark currnt multialkali photocathod to 0 M E- /z ! hoton counting typ: R : 0 s - (cps) R mm (/ ") Dia. Subminiatur Typs R R For V to visibl rang, gnral purpos Multialkali photocathod variant of R 0 (S-) 0 to to 0 Sb-Cs M r r E- /z E- /z !0 00! hoton counting typ: R : s - (cps) R R (nit: mm) R, R, R tc. R R r R, R HOTO- CTHODE MIN.. ± 0. MIN..0 ±. ± ± 0 MX. HOTO- CTHODE MIN.. ± 0. MIN..0 ±. ± ± MX. HOTO- CTHODE MIN.. ± 0. MIN..0 ±. ± ± 0 MX.. ± 0. HOTOCTHODE MIN. MIN. IN SE. ± 0. MX. MX. V WINDOW QRTZ WINDOW V WINDOW DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DIRECTION OF LIGHT DIRECTION OF LIGHT DIRECTION OF LIGHT DIRECTION OF LIGHT TMS00E TMS00E TMS00E TMS00E

16 Sid On Typ hotomultiplir Tubs (at C) Rmarks Spctral Rspons Curv Cod Rang 0 D Windo Matrial ak hotocathod Wavlngth Matrial Outlin No. mm (-/ ") Dia. Typs ith V to Visibl Snsitivity For visibl rang, gnral purpos 0 (S-) 00 to C Sb-Cs E F Dynod Structur No. of Stags ssmbly G E- /xc Maximum RatingsH J Luminous nod to vrag Cathod nod Min. Voltag Currnt 0 (m) (µ /lm) (µ /lm) lu Snsitivity Indx (CS -).0 Rd / Whit Ratio (m/w) L nod to Cathod Supply Voltag 00!0 nod Snsitivity Luminous Min. (/lm) 0 (/lm) 0 (/W). nod Charactristics Gain.0 (n) M nod Dark Currnt (ftr 0 min.) Max. (n) 0 Rspons Ris Elctron Transit (ns) (ns). Nots ialkali photocathod, high stability 00 to 0 E- /xc ! V glass indo typ: R R Lo dark currnt variant of R High gain and lo dark currnt variant of 0 (S-) 00 to 0 Sb-Cs Sb-Cs E- /xc E- /xc !0 00! High gain typ: RH R R For V to visibl rang, gnral purpos High gain and lo dark currnt variant of 0 (S-) to Sb-Cs Sb-Cs E- /xc E- /xc !0 00! Fusd silica indo typ:r R R Lo dark currnt bialkali photocathod to 0 L E- /xc 0. 00! hoton counting typ: R : s - (cps) R R High snsitivity variant of R to L E- /xc ! Fusd silica indo typ:r R R R * R High snsitivity variant of R Transmission-mod bialkali photocathod Lo dark currnt bialkali photocathod to 0 to to 0 L L Q E- /xc E- /xc E- /xc !0 00!0 00! Synthtic silica indo typ : R hoton counting typ:r : s - (cps) Typ. hoton counting typ: R : s - (cps) R R R * nit: mm,,, R, tc. R. ±. MIN..0 ±. HOTOCTHODE MIN. MIN..0 ±. MX. MX. DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DIRECTION OF LIGHT HOTOCTHODE MIN..0 ±. MX. 0 MX. DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DIRECTION OF LIGHT. ± 0. IN SE No. - MX. IN SE No. - H COTING TMS000E TMS000E

17 Sid On Typ hotomultiplir Tubs (at C) R Rmarks Transmission-mod multialkali photocathod Curv Cod Spctral Rspons 00 Rang to C hotocathod Matrial D Windo Matrial mm (-/ ") Dia. Typs ith V to Nar IR Snsitivity M ak Wavlngth E F Dynod Out-Structurlin No. No. of Stags G ssmbly E- /xc Maximum RatingsH J Luminous nod to vrag Cathod nod Min. Voltag Currnt 0 (m) (µ /lm) (µ /lm) 0 lu Snsitivity Indx (CS -) Rd / Whit Ratio (m/w) L nod to Cathod Supply Voltag 00!0 0 nod Snsitivity Luminous Min. (/lm) (/lm) 00 (/W). nod Charactristics Gain. (n) Max. (n) 0 M nod Dark Currnt (ftr 0 min.) Rspons Ris Elctron Transit (ns) (ns). Nots R R For V to nar IR rang, high snsitivity to 00 0 M E- /xc ! Fusd silica indo typ: R R R For V to nar IR rang, lo dark count to 00 0 M y E- /xc ! h 00 h. R R-0 High snsitivity variant of R to 00 M u E- /xc ! R-0 R High snsitivity variant of R-0 to 00 M u E- /xc ! R R High snsitivity in 0 nm to 00 nm rang, lo dark count to M E- /xc ! h 0 h. R R- R R Gas photocathod, high uantum fficincy InGas photocathod, for V to nm rang For nar IR rang 00 (S-) to 0 to 0 to 00 to Gas(Cs) InGas (Cs) g-o-cs r t E- /xc E- /xc E- /xc (at µ m). 0!0 0!0 0! f 0 f Fusd silica indo typ : R- hoton counting typ: R R- R R (nit: mm) R R t R y R.0 ±. MIN..0 ±. MIN. T L. ±. MIN..0 ±. MIN. HOTOCTHODE HOTOCTHODE HOTOCTHODE HOTOCTHODE MIN..0 ±. MX. 0 MX. DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DIRECTION OF LIGHT MIN..0 ±. MX. 0 MX. DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DIRECTION OF LIGHT MIN..0 ±. MX. MX. DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DIRECTION OF LIGHT DY DY MIN. MIN..0 ± MX. MX. DY DY DY DY DY DY DIRECTION OF LIGHT. ± 0. IN SE No. - H COTING MX. IN SE No. - H COTING. ± 0. IN SE No. -. ± 0. IN SE No. - INSLTION COVER TMS00E TMS00E TMS00EC TMS00E R, R r R- u R-0, R.0 ±. T L. ±. MIN. MIN. MIN. T L. ±. MIN. HOTOCTHODE HOTOCTHODE HOTOCTHODE MIN..0 ±. MX. MX. DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DIRECTION OF LIGHT MIN. MIN..0 ±. MX. MX. D DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY D DY DY DIRECTION OF LIGHT MIN..0 ±. MX. MX. DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DIRECTION OF LIGHT. ± 0. IN SE No. - MX. IN SE No. - H COTING. ± 0. IN SE No. - TMS000E TMS00EC TMS000E

18 Sid-On and Dormr Windo Typ hotomultiplir Tubs R R R Rmarks Curv Cod 0M 0S 0M 0M 0S 0M Spctral Rspons Rang to to 0 to 0 to to 0 to Cs-I Cs-T Cs-T Cs-I C hotocathod Matrial Cs-T Cs-T D ak Wavlngth Outlin Windo Matrial No. m (-/ ") Dia. Typs ith Solar lind Rspons MF Q MF MF Q MF r F Dynod Structur No. of Stags mm (/ ") Dia. Compact Typs ith Solar lind Rspons * R R R0 For VV rang, MgF indo For V rang For V rang, MgF indo For VV rang, MgF indo For V rang For V rang, MgF indo mm (-/ ") Dia. Dormr Windo Typs E ssmbly E- E- /z E- E- E- /xc E- G Maximum RatingsH J Luminous nod to vrag Cathod nod Min. Voltag Currnt (m) (µ /lm) (µ /lm) Rd / Whit Ratio (m/w) a b b a b b L nod to Cathod Supply Voltag 00!0 00!0 00!0 00!0 00!0 00!0 nod Snsitivity Luminous Min. (/lm) (/lm) (/W) nod Charactristics Gain. a.0. b.0. b.0. a.. b.0.0 b.0 (n) Max. (n) M nod Dark Currnt (ftr 0 min.) Rspons Ris Elctron Transit (ns) (ns) Multialkali photocathod, tmporary bas..0. R 00 to 0 0 M t CC/ E ! lu Snsitivity Indx (CS -) Nots Sharp-cut V typ : R0 (at C) R R R R R * R0 R (nit: mm) R R, R t R HOTO- CTHODE MIN.. ± 0. MIN. ±.0 ±. QRTZ WINDOW ± MX. DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DIRECTION OF LIGHT MgF WINDOW HOTOCTHODE IN SE.0 ± 0..0 ± 0. MIN MIN. ± 0..0 ±. MX MX DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DIRECTION OF LIGHT HOTO CTHODE FCELTE. MIN.. MIN. HOTO- CTHODE. Tmporary as Rmovd DY DY DIRECTION OF LIGHT. ±. DY DY. MIN. DY DY. MIN. DY DY DY ottom Vi DY. ± 0. DY DY. ± 0. DY ±. MX. R, R0 TMS00E r R. ±. TMS00E. MIN.. MIN. DY DY DY DY DY 0 MX. HOTOCTHODE MIN. IN SE No. - FCE LTE MgF WINDOW HOTO- CTHODE MIN. 0 MX.. ±. MIN..0 ±. MX. MX. DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DIRECTION OF LIGHT MIN.. ± 0. IN SE No. -.0 ±. MX. MX. DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DIRECTION OF LIGHT TMS00E. ± 0. IN SE No. - TMS000E TMS00E 0

19 Had On Typ hotomultiplir Tubs Rmarks mm (/ ") Dia. Typs Spctral Rspons Curv Cod Rang C hotocathod Matrial D ak Wavlngth Outlin Windo Matrial No. E F Dynod Structur No. of Stags ssmbly G Maximum RatingsH J Luminous nod to vrag Cathod nod Min. Voltag Currnt (m) (µ /lm) (µ /lm) lu Snsitivity Indx (CS -) Rd / Whit Ratio (m/w) L nod to Cathod Supply Voltag nod Snsitivity Luminous Min. (/lm) (/lm) (/W) nod Charactristics Gain (n) M nod Dark Currnt (ftr 0 min.) Max. (n) Rspons Ris Elctron Transit (ns) (ns) Nots (at C) R R Subminiatur siz, for V rang For visibl rang and scintillation counting 00S 0 to 0 00 to Cs-T Q L/ L/ E-N /v E-N /v b 0 0. b (/W) 0 0. b hoton counting typ: R V glass indo typ: R R R R R For V to visibl rang, fast tim rspons For V to nar IR rang, gnral purpos 0S 00 (S-0) to 00 to M Q L/ L/ E-N /b E-N /v R R mm (/ ") Dia. Typs R R R R R R For VV rang, MgF indo For V rang, MgF indo For V rang For visibl rang and scintillation counting For visibl rang, fast tim rspons Lo nois bialkali photocathod R-0 High tmpratur, ruggdizd typ Multialkali photocathod for V to R nar IR rang 0M 00M 00S 0 to 00 to 0 to 0 00 to 00 to Cs-I Cs-T MF MF r r L/ L/ E- E- Cs-T Q L/ L/ E- /m E- /m L t L/ L/ E- /. E- /, H M L/ L/ E- E- /m a b b 0 000! 00! 00! 00! 00! 0!! 00! (/W) (/W) (/W) a b b a.0. b.0. b h h hoton counting typ: R V glass indo typ: R Synthtic silica indo typ: R V glass indo typ: R hoton counting typ: R R R R R R R R-0 R (nit: mm) R, R, R, R R-0 R, R, R, R r R, R t R FCELTE MIN. FCELTE. ± 0. MIN. FCELTE. ± 0. MIN. FCELTE. ± 0. MIN. FCELTE. ± 0. MIN. HOTOCTHODE IN SE MX..0 ±. HOTOCTHODE IN SE ± MX. HOTOCTHODE IN SE MX. ± HOTOCTHODE SEMI-FLEXILE LEDS IN SE No. - MX. ± MIN. HOTOCTHODE IN SE MX. 0 ± DY DY DY DY DY DY DY SHORT IN DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY SHORT IN DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY Tmporary as Rmovd DY DY DY DY DY. ± 0. ottom Vi DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY R R, R. ± 0.. ± 0. R has a plano-concav facplat. Othrs. ± 0. SHORT IN DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY SHORT IN TMH00E TMH000E TMH00E TMH00E TMH0E

20 Had-On Typ hotomultiplir Tubs (at C) Rmarks mm (/ ") Dia. Typs Spctral Rspons Curv Cod Rang C hotocathod Matrial D ak Wavlngth Outlin Windo Matrial No. E F Dynod Structur No. of Stags ssmbly G Maximum RatingsH J Luminous nod to vrag Cathod nod Min. Voltag Currnt (m) (µ /lm) (µ /lm) lu Snsitivity Indx (CS -) Rd / Whit Ratio (m/w) L nod to Cathod Supply Voltag nod Snsitivity Luminous Min. (/lm) (/lm) (/W) nod Charactristics Gain (n) M nod Dark Currnt (ftr 0 min.) Max. (n) Rspons Ris Elctron Transit (ns) (ns) Nots R R R For VV rang, MgF indo For V rang, synthtic silica indo For visibl rang and scintillation counting 0M 00S 0 to 00 to 0 Cs-I Cs-T MF Q L/ L/ L/ E- E-L / E-L / a b 000! 00! 00! a (/W) b (/W) 0. a.0.0 b Cs-T photocathod typ: R Synthtic silica indo typ: R V glass indo typ: R0 R R R R Lo nois bialkali photocathod L L/ E-L / 0.0 0! h h. R R R Small TTS, for scintillation counting For visibl rang, fast tim rspons 0 00 to y L/ L/ E-L / E-L / ! Synthtic silica indo typ: R0 R R R-0 For visibl rang, lo profil t CC/ E ! utton stm typ: R R-0 R R R High tmpratur, ruggdizd typ, lo profil High tmpratur photocathod Multialkali photocathod for visibl to nar IR rang 00 (S-0) 00 to H H M t CC/ L/ L/ E- E- E-L / !! 00! utton stm typ: R-0 R R R R R R-0 Multialkali photocathod for V to nar IR rang For photon counting in visibl to nar IR rang For nar IR rang, QE=0.0 % at.0 µm (S-0) 00 (S-) to 00 to 0 to 0 M M g-o-cs r L/ L/ L/ E-L / E-L / E-L / d. 00! 00! 0! h h Synthtic silica indo typ: R0 ialkali photocathod typ: R R R R-0 (nit: mm) R, R, tc. R R r R t R-0, R y R FCELTE MIN. FCELTE ± MIN. FCELTE. ± 0. MIN. FCELTE ± MIN. FCELTE. ± 0. MIN. FCELTE. ± 0. MIN. HOTOCTHODE ± HOTOCTHODE SEMI-FLEXILE LEDS MX. ± HOTOCTHODE SEMI-FLEXILE LEDS MX. ± MSED HOTOCTHODE H COTING ± HOTOCTHODE SEMIFLEXILE LEDS IN SE No. -. ± 0. MX. MIN. HOTOCTHODE IN SE MX. ± IN SE MX. IN SE No. - MIN. IN SE No. - MIN. IN SE MX.. ± 0.. ± 0. R-0 R 0 ±. ±. R Othrs ±. ± 0. R has a plano-concav facplat..mm (/") i DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY SHORT IN Tmporary as Rmovd DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY ottom Vi DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY Tmporary as Rmovd DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY ottom Vi DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY SHORT IN Tmporary as Rmovd DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY ottom Vi DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY SHORT IN TMH00E TMH00E TMH00E TMH00E TMH00E TMH0E

21 Had-On Typ hotomultiplir Tubs (at C) Rmarks mm ( ") Dia. Typs Curv Cod Spctral Rspons Rang C hotocathod Matrial D Windo Matrial E F Dynod Structur ak Wavlngth Outlin No. No. of Stags ssmbly G Maximum RatingsH J Luminous nod to vrag Cathod nod Min. Voltag Currnt (m) (µ /lm) (µ /lm) lu Snsitivity Indx (CS -) Rd / Whit Ratio (m/w) L nod to Cathod Supply Voltag nod Snsitivity Luminous Min. (/lm) (/lm) (/W) nod Charactristics Gain (n) M nod Dark Currnt (ftr 0 min.) Max. (n) Rspons Ris Elctron Transit (ns) (ns) Nots R0 R For scintillation counting For visibl rang, fast tim rspons 0 00 to mm ( ") Dia. Lo rofil Typs r L/ L/ E-C / 0 E ! Synthtic silica indo typ : R0 TTS: ps R0 R R0 For V rang 0S to 0 Cs-T Q CC/ E b! b (/W). b Dark count: s - (cps) R0 R For visibl rang 0 CC/ E-C / ! hoton counting typ: R R R0 R Lo nois bialkali photocathod High tmpratur, ruggdizd typ 00 to L H CC/ CC/ E-C / 0 E !! h h.0. utton stm typ: R-0 R0 R R R00 For visibl to nar IR rang rismatic indo, multialkali photocathod ith high snsitivity 00 (S-0) 00 to 0 00 to 00 M M CC/ CC/ E-C / 0 E-C / ! 00! Synthtic silica indo typ : R R R00 (nit: mm) R0 R0, R R, R, R0, R00 r R FCELTE. ± 0.. ±. ± 0. ± MIN. FCELTE MIN. FCELTE MIN. FCELTE 0 MIN. HOTOCTHODE IN SE MX..0 ±. HOTOCTHODE SEMIFLEXILE LEDS IN SE No. - MX..0 ±. 0 MIN. HOTOCTHODE IN SE MX. HOTO- CTHODE H COTING SM CONNECTOR MX. ±. ± 0. IN SE No. - MIN.. ± 0. DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY SHORT IN TMH0E DY Tmporary as Rmovd DY DY DY DY DY DY R0 R DY DY DY DY DY ottom Vi DY DY DY DY DY DY TMH00E DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY SHORT IN Tmporary as Rmovd DY DY DY DY DY (cc) DY DY G DY DY R00 ±. Othrs ±. TMH00E ottom Vi DY DY DY DY DY (cc) DY DY DY G DY TMH00E

22 Had-On Typ hotomultiplir Tubs R R R R R R R R R-0 Rmarks mm (-/ ") Dia. Typs For VV rang, MgF indo For V rang, MgF indo For V rang, lo profil For visibl rang and scintillation counting For visibl rang, fast tim rspons Multialkali photocathod for V to nar IR rang rismatic indo, high cathod snsitivity Extndd rd multialkali photocathod For nar IR rang, QE=0.0 % at.0 µm Spctral Rspons Curv Cod 0M 00M 00S Rang to 00 to 0 to to (S-) to 00 to 00 0 to mm (-/ ") Dia. Lo rofil Typ 0 0 C hotocathod Matrial Cs-I Cs-T Cs-T M M M g-o-cs D E ak Wavlngth Outlin Windo Matrial No. F Dynod Structur No. of Stags ssmbly + L/ E-C + L/ E-C G + L/ E-C / + L/ E-C / E-C / E-C / E-C / E-C / E-C / Maximum RatingsH J Luminous nod to vrag Cathod nod Min. Voltag Currnt For visibl rang and scintillation R-0 00 to + L/ E-C counting 0 r 0 MF MF Q L/ / / / / (m) (µ /lm) 0 0 (µ /lm) lu Snsitivity Indx (CS -).0.0 Rd / Whit Ratio d (m/w) a b b. L nod to Cathod Supply Voltag nod Snsitivity Luminous Min. (/lm) Å~ b (/W) Å~ b (/W) (/lm) 00 0 (/W) nod Charactristics Gain. a.0. b.0. b (n) M nod Dark Currnt (ftr 0 min.) Max. (n) Rspons Ris Elctron Transit (ns) (ns). 00! Nots Lo profil typ : R V glass indo typ: R0 Synthtic silica indo typ: R0 Synthtic silica indo typ: R High gain typ: R (at C) R R R R R R R R R-0 R-0 (nit: mm) R, R, tc. R R r R-0 FCELTE FCELTE. ± 0. MIN. FCELTE. ± 0. MIN. FCELTE.±0. MIN. HOTO- CTHODE HOTOCTHODE HOTOCTHODE HOTO- CTHODE C ± ± ± IN SE MX. IN SE MX. R R R R tc. IN SE MX. IN SE MX. Typ No. R R R, R R-0, R R tc. R ulb MgF and Othrs Othrs Silica bulb C. ± 0. MIN. ±. ± 0. MIN. ±. ± 0. MIN. ± R has a plano-concav facplat. DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY SHORT IN TMH0EC DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY SHORT IN TMH0EC DY NC DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY SHORT IN TMH0E DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY G SHORT IN TMH0E

23 Had-On Typ hotomultiplir Tubs (at C) Rmarks Spctral Rspons Curv Cod Rang ak Wavlngth C D hotocathod Windo Matrial Matrial E F Dynod Structur Outlin No. No. of Stags ssmbly G Maximum RatingsH J Luminous nod to vrag Cathod nod Min. Voltag Currnt (m) (µ /lm) (µ /lm) lu Snsitivity Indx (CS -) Rd / Whit Ratio (m/w) L nod to Cathod Supply Voltag nod Snsitivity Luminous Min. (/lm) (/lm) (/W) nod Charactristics Gain (n) M nod Dark Currnt (ftr 0 min.) Max. (n) Rspons Ris Elctron Transit (ns) (ns) Nots mm (-/ ") Dia. Typs R For visibl rang and scintillation counting CC/ E- / !... R R R For scintillation counting, lo profil For scintillation counting, fast tim rspons 0 00 to r CC/ L/ E- / E- / ! 0! R R R0 R High tmpratur, ruggdizd typ Multialkali photocathod for visibl to nar IR rang 00 (S-0) 00 to H M CC/ CC/ E- / E- / ! 00! V glass indo typ: R0 Synthtic silica indo typ: R0 R0 R R0 Extndd rd multialkali photocathod 0 00 to 00 0 M CC/ E- / ! R0 R For nar IR rang, QE=0.0 % at.0 µm 00 (S-) 0 to 0 g-o-cs CC/ E- / 0.0 d. 0! R (nit: mm) R R, R, R0, tc. R0 r R FCELTE ± MIN. FCELTE ± MIN. FCELTE.0 ± 0. MIN. FCELTE.0 ± 0. MIN. HOTO- CTHODE HOTO- CTHODE HOTO- CTHODE HOTO- CTHODE IN SE No. -. ± 0. ± MX IN SE No. -. ± 0. ± MX. IN SE No. - SEMI-FLEXILE LEDS 0. MX. MX. ± 0 MIN. IN SE No. - MX.. ±. 0 MIN.. ± 0. DY DY Tmporary as Rmovd Tmporary as Rmovd ottom Vi DY ottom Vi DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY R0 has a planoconcav facplat. DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY mm ( /") DY DY DY DY DY DY DY TMH0E TMH0E TMH00E TMH0E. ± 0.

24 Had-On Typ hotomultiplir Tubs (at C) Rmarks Spctral Rspons Curv Cod Rang ak Wavlngth mm ( ") Dia. Typs ith lastic as C hotocathod Matrial D Windo Matrial E Outlin No. F Dynod Structur No. of Stags ssmbly G Maximum RatingsH J Luminous nod to vrag Cathod nod Min. Voltag Currnt (m) (µ /lm) (µ /lm) lu Snsitivity Indx (CS -) Rd / Whit Ratio (m/w) L nod to Cathod Supply Voltag nod Snsitivity Luminous Min. (/lm) (/lm) (/W) nod Charactristics Gain (n) M nod Dark Currnt (ftr 0 min.) Max. (n) Rspons Ris Elctron Transit (ns) (ns) Nots R R0 R-0 R-0 R-0 R0 For visibl rang and scintillation counting, lo profil typ For visibl rang and scintillation counting For visibl rang and scintillation counting For visibl rang, fast tim rspons For photon counting, fast tim rspons For visibl to nar IR rang 0 00 to 00 (S-0) 00 to M r t y + L/ / L/ L/ L/ / E-V E-V / 0 E-V / E-0 / E-0 E-V / i 00 0! 00 # 000 # 00! For gamma camras: R-0 Synthtic silica indo typ : R0 Multialkali photocathod typ : R Synthtic silica indo typ : R0 Synthtic silica typ: R-0 Multialkali typ: R-0 R R0 R-0 R-0 R-0 R0 (nit: mm) R0 R-0 R0 r R t R-0 y R-0 FCELTE.0 ± 0. MIN. FCELTE.0 ± 0. MIN. FCELTE.0 ± 0. MIN. FCELTE.0 ± 0. MIN. FCELTE.0 ±. MIN. FCELTE.0 ±. MIN. HOTO- CTHODE HOTO- CTHODE HOTO- CTHODE HOTO- CTHODE HOTO- CTHODE HOTO- CTHODE IN SE No. - ± MX. IN SE No. - ± MX. IN SE No. - ± MX. IN SE NO. -. ± 0. 0 ± MX. H COTING 0 ± MX. H COTING ± MX.. ± 0.. ± 0.. ± 0. 0 IN SE No. 0-0 IN SE No. 0-. MX.. MX. DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY G DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY G DY DY DY DY DY DY DY G DY DY DY DY DY DY DY G DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY (G) & DY 0 G DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY 0 NC TMH0E TMH0E TMH00E TMH0E TMH00EC TMH000E

25 Had-On Typ hotomultiplir Tubs (at C) R Rmarks Spctral Rspons Curv Cod Rang ak Wavlngth mm ( ") Dia. Typs ith Glass as For photon counting in visibl rang hotocathod Matrial C Windo Matrial D E Outlin No. r F Dynod Structur No. of Stags / ssmbly E- / G Maximum RatingsH J Luminous nod to vrag Cathod nod Min. Voltag Currnt (m) 0.0 (µ /lm) 0 (µ /lm) 0 lu Snsitivity Indx (CS -) Rd / Whit Ratio (m/w) 0 L nod to Cathod Supply Voltag 00 # 0 nod Snsitivity Luminous Min. (/lm) (/lm) 00 (/W).0 nod Charactristics Gain.0 (n) h Max. (n) h M nod Dark Currnt (ftr 0 min.) Rspons Ris Elctron Transit (ns) (ns) 0 Nots Synthtic silica indo typ: R R R-0 For visibl rang and scintillation counting L/ E- / # V glass indo typ: R-0 Synthtic silica indo typ: R-0 R-0 R-0 R0 For visibl rang and liuid scintillation counting For visibl rang, fast tim rspons 0 00 to L/ L/ E- / E-F # k 0 k Synthtic silica indo typ: R s of MT assmbly (H-0) is rcommndd. (S.) R-0 R0 R For visibl rang, fast tim rspons y L/ E-E TTS: 0 ps R R-0 High tmpratur, ruggdizd typ H t CC/ E ! R-0 R For photon counting in visibl to nar IR rang 00 (S-0) 00 to M r / E- / # h 0 h 0 R (nit: mm) R0 R-0 t R-0 y R FCELTE.0 ±. MIN. FCELTE.0 ±. MIN. FCELTE ± MIN. FCELTE ± MIN. HOTO- CTHODE HOTO- CTHODE HOTOCTHODE HOTO- CTHODE H COTING IN SE SM CONNECTOR ± MX. NC NC NC DY DY DY DY DY DY DY G & DY CC G SHORT IN H COTING LIGHT TIGHT SHIELD IN SE ± MX. SH DY DY DY DY DY DY DY G DY DY 0 DY DY CONNECT SH TO DY IN SE ± MX. DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY SHORT IN H COTING IN SE MX. ± DY DY DY DY DY G & DY CC SHORT IN DY DY DY G TMH0EC TMH0ED TMH000EC TMH0EC R-0 r R, R FCELTE.0 ±. MIN. FCELTE.0 ±. HOTO- CTHODE 0 ± 0. HOTO- CTHODE H COTING IN SE ± MX. DY DY DY DY DY DY G DY DY 0 DY DY DY SH CONNECT SH TO DY TMH00EC H COTING IN SE MX. ± DY DY DY DY DY DY G DY DY DY 0 DY DY TMH0E

26 Had-On Typ hotomultiplir Tubs (at C) Rmarks Curv Cod Spctral Rspons Rang mm ( ") Dia. Typs ith Glass as C hotocathod Matrial D E ak Wavlngth Outlin Windo Matrial No. F Dynod Structur No. of Stags ssmbly G Maximum RatingsH J Luminous nod to vrag Cathod nod Min. Voltag Currnt (m) (µ /lm) (µ /lm) lu Snsitivity Indx (CS -) Rd / Whit Ratio (m/w) L nod to Cathod Supply Voltag nod Snsitivity Luminous Min. (/lm) (/lm) (/W) nod Charactristics Gain (n) M nod Dark Currnt (ftr 0 min.) Max. (n) Rspons Ris Elctron Transit (ns) (ns) Nots R Multialkali photocathod for V to nar IR rang 00S to M Q / E- / ! R R R-0 R-0 R Extndd rd multialkali photocathod Gas photocathod for V to 0 nm rang InGas photocathod for 00 nm to nm rang Extndd rd multialkali photocathod 0 S 0 00 to 00 to 0 00 to 0 Gas(Cs) 00 to 00 to EM InGas EM Q / L/ L/ L/ E- / 0 (Not) E-C / (Not) E-C / E- / (at. nm) # (at.nm) j 0 j 0 0 j 0 j R R-0 R-0 R (Not) For cooling opration, anothr cramic sockt, typ numbr E-D (option) is rcommndd. (nit: mm) R, R R R-0, R-0 FCELTE.0 ±. MIN. FCELTE ± MIN. FCELTE ± HOTO- CTHODE HOTO- CTHODE HOTO- CTHODE IN SE ± MX. IN SE MX. ± H COTING OTL SHIELD IN SE ± MX. R has a plano-concav facplat. DY DY DY DY DY DY DY G DY DY SHORT IN SH DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY G DY 0 DY DY CONNECT SH TO DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY 0 TMH0E TMH0E TMH00EC

27 Had-On Typ hotomultiplir Tubs (at C) R0 R Rmarks mm ( ") Dia. Typs For scintillation counting, -stag dynods For scintillation counting, lo profil typ Spctral Rspons Curv Cod Rang 0 00 to C hotocathod Matrial D E ak Wavlngth Outlin Windo Matrial No. F Dynod Structur No. of Stags / + L/ ssmbly E-V / 0 E-V G Maximum RatingsH J Luminous nod to vrag Cathod nod Min. Voltag Currnt (m) (µ /lm) (µ /lm) lu Snsitivity Indx (CS -).0.0 Rd / Whit Ratio (m/w) L nod to Cathod Supply Voltag i nod Snsitivity Luminous Min. (/lm) (/lm) 0 0 (/W).. nod Charactristics Gain.. (n) Max. (n) 0 0 M nod Dark Currnt (ftr 0 min.) Rspons Ris Elctron Transit (ns) (ns).0.0 Nots -fr borosilicat glass typ: R0-0 For gamma camras: R0-0 For gamma camras: R-0 R0 R R For scintillation counting, -stag dynods L/ E # R mm ( ") Dia. Typs R R0 R R For scintillation counting, -stag dynods For scintillation counting, -stag dynods, fast tim rspons For visibl to nar IR, variant of R ith vntian blind dynods For scintillation counting,-stag dynods, fast tim rspons 0 00 (S-0) 00 to 00 to 0 to M r t r y / L/ V/ L/ E-V / E-0 / E-V / E ! 000 $0! 000 $ fr borosilicat glass typ: R-0 -stag dynod typ: R R R0 R R R0 R R r R, R t R0 y R (nit: mm) FCELTE.0 ± 0. 0 MIN. FCELTE.0 ± 0. 0 MIN FCELTE ± MIN..0 ±. MIN. FCELTE ± 0 MIN. ± 0 MIN. FCELTE HOTO- CTHODE HOTO- CTHODE IN SE No. -. ±. ± 0 MX. FCELTE HOTO- CTHODE IN SE No. - HOTO- CTHODE IN SE No. -. ±.. ± 0. 0 ± MX. ±. MX. ± MX. HOTO- CTHODE H COTING ± ± HOTOCTHODE H COTING ± ±. ± 0. IN SE MX.. ± 0. 0 IN SE No. 0-0 IN SE No. 0-. MX.. MX. DY DY DY DY DY DY G DY DY DY DY DY DY DY G DY SH DY DY DY DY DY DY DY G DY DY 0 DY DY CONNECT SH TO DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY G DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY G & DY 0 G DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY G & DY 0 G TMH00E TMH0E TMH0E TMH00E TMH00E TMH0E

28 Hmisphrical Envlop hotomultiplir Tubs (at C) Rmarks Spctral Rspons Curv Cod Rang C hotocathod Matrial D E ak Wavlngth Outlin Windo Matrial No. F Dynod Structur No. of Stags ssmbly G Maximum RatingsH J Luminous nod to vrag Cathod nod Min. Voltag Currnt (m) (µ /lm) (µ /lm) lu Snsitivity Indx (CS -) (m/w) L nod to Cathod Supply Voltag Min. (/lm) nod Snsitivity Luminous (/lm) (/W) nod Charactristics Gain M nod Dark Currnt (ftr 0 min.) (n) Max. (n) Rspons Ris Elctron Transit (ns) (ns) Nots Hmisphrical Envlop Typs R R0-0 For high nrgy physics rsarch, " dia. For high nrgy physics rsarch, 0 " dia to + L/ V/ E-0 E R R0-0 (nit: mm) R R0-0 0 ± FCELTE 0 ± INT WINDOW 0MIN. R HOTOCTHODE R HOTOCTHODE R0 ± 0 MX. ± 0 ± 0MX. R0. ± 0-IN SE No. 0-.MX. R0 0 IN SE No. 0- ± 0. MX. NC NC DY DY DY NC DY DY NC DY DY DY Focus 0 Focus DY Focus (ottom Vi) DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY Focus DY DY Focus 0 Focus TMH0E TMH0E 0

29 Spcial Envlop hotomultiplir Tubs (at C) Rmarks Spctral Rspons Curv Cod Rang C hotocathod Matrial D E F G Maximum RatingsH Dynod J Luminous Structur nod to vrag Cathod nod Min. Voltag Currnt ak Wavlngth Outlin Windo Matrial No. No. of Stags ssmbly (m) (µ /lm) (µ /lm) lu Snsitivity Indx (CS -) (m/w) L nod to Cathod Supply Voltag Min. (/lm) nod Snsitivity Luminous (/lm) (/W) nod Charactristics Gain (n) M nod Dark Currnt (ftr 0 min.) Max. (n) Rspons Ris Elctron Transit (ns) (ns) Nots R For scintillation counting, mm dia. hxagonal facplat, lo profil + L/ E-V.0 00 i For gamma camras: R-0 R R R For scintillation counting, mm mm suar facplat, lo profil For scintillation counting, mm dia. hxagonal facplat 0 00 to + L/ + L/ E-V E-V i 00 i For gamma camras: R-0 For gamma camras: R-0 R R R For scintillation counting, mm mm suar facplat, lo profil r + L/ E-V.0 00 i For gamma camras: R-0 R (nit: mm) R R R r R MIN.. ± 0. MIN.. ±.0 MIN. ± 0 MIN..0 ±. FCELTE. ± 0. MIN. FCELTE. ±.0 MIN. FCELTE.0 ±. 0 MIN. FCELTE.0 ±. 0 MIN. HOTO- CTHODE HOTO- CTHODE HOTO- CTHODE HOTO- CTHODE IN SE No. -. ±. 0 ± MX. IN SE No. -. ±. 0 ± MX. IN SE No. -. ±. 0 ± MX. IN SE No. -. ±. 0 ± MX.. ± 0.. ± 0.. ± 0.. ± 0. DY DY DY DY DY DY G DY DY DY DY DY DY DY G DY DY DY DY DY DY DY G DY DY DY DY DY DY DY G DY TMH00E TMH0E TMH0E TMH0E

30 Spcial Envlop hotomultiplir Tubs (at C) Rmarks Spctral Rspons Curv Cod Rang C hotocathod Matrial D E F G Maximum RatingsH Dynod J Luminous Structur nod to vrag Cathod nod Min. Voltag Currnt ak Wavlngth Outlin Windo Matrial No. No. of Stags ssmbly (m) (µ /lm) (µ /lm) lu Snsitivity Indx (CS -) (m/w) L nod to Cathod Supply Voltag Min. (/lm) nod Snsitivity Luminous (/lm) (/W) nod Charactristics Gain M nod Dark Currnt (ftr 0 min.) (n) Max. (n) Rspons Ris Elctron Transit (ns) (ns) Nots R mm mm suar nvlop L/ E-N /v R R R mm mm suar nvlop mm mm suar nvlop 0 00 to L/ L/ E- /m E !! R R R Rctangular dual structur in singl nvlop r L/ E Flying lad typ: R-0 R (nit: mm) R R R r R. ± 0. FCELTE MIN. HOTOCTHODE MIN..0 ±.. ± 0. FCELTE HOTOCTHODE MIN.. ± 0.. ± 0. MIN. ± FCELTE HOTOCTHODE.0 ± 0. MIN. MIN..0 ± 0..0 ±. DY DY DY DY Tmporary as Rmovd DY DY DY DY DY FCELTE HOTOCTHODE MIN. MIN..0 ± 0. 0 ± MIN..0 ± 0. IN SE MX. ottom Vi DY DY DY DY DY DY DY SHORT IN TMH00E IN SE DY DY DY DY MX. DY DY DY SHORT IN DY DY TMH00E SEMI-FLEXILE LEDS IN SE No.-. ± 0. IN SE No.- MX. 0 MIN. DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY TMH0E IN SE MX. DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY SHORT IN TMH0E

31 Tubs for Highly Magntic Environmnts Spctral Rspons F G Maximum Ratings H Tub Diamtr mm (inch) High Gain Typs R0 /() Outlin No. Curv cod Rang ak Wavlngth Dynod Structur No. of Stags FM/ ssmbly E- / nod to Cathod Voltag (V) 00 J vrag nod Currnt (m) 0.0 Quantum Efficincy at 0nm (%) Luminous (µ /lm) lu Snsitivity Indx (CS -). nod to Cathod Supply Voltag (V) 000 $ (at C) L nod Charactristics M Gain nod Dark Currnt Rspons (ftr 0 min.) nod Luminous Snsitivity (/lm) at 0 tsla at 0. tsla at.0 tsla.. (n) Max. (n) 0 Ris (ns). Elctron Transit (ns). Nots ssmbly typ :H-0 R0 R /(.) FM/ E-D $ ssmbly typ :H-0 R R /() 0 00 to FM/ $ ssmbly typ :H-0 R R /(.) r FM/ $ R R /() t FM/ $ ssmbly typ :H-0 R Ths tubs us fin msh dynods and offr xcllnt puls linarity and TTS charactristics. V glass indo typ R0 ( "), R (. "), R ( "), R (. "), R ( ") ar availabl. (nit: mm) R0 R t R FCELTE ± FCELTE. ± 0.. MIN. FCELTE ± MIN. MIN. HOTO- CTHODE H COTING.0 ±. HOTOCTHODE H COTING 0 ± HOTOCTHODE H COTING ± IN SE MX. IN SE MX. SEMIFLEXILE LEDS 0. MX. DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY SHORT IN TMH0E DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY SHORT IN TMH0EC DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY 0 DY DY DY DY DY DY TMH0E R r R R Typical Gain Magntic Filds ± ± FCELTE HOTOCTHODE H COTING MIN. 0 ± FCELTE HOTO- CTHODE H COTING MIN. ± TMH0E V dg. SEMIFLEXILE LEDS 0. MX. SEMIFLEXILE LEDS 0. MX dg. 0 dg. DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY 0 DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DYDY ottom Vi TMH0E DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY 0 DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DYDY ottom Vi TMH0E Tsla Tsla

32 osition-snsitiv hotomultiplir Tubs (at C) Rmarks Spctral Rspons Rang Curv Cod ak Wavlngth osition-snsitiv hotomultiplir Tubs No. of nod Wirs or nod Marixs Effctiv hotocathod ra (mm) Outlin No. F Dynod Structur No. of Stags Maximum Ratings H J Luminous nod to vrag Cathod nod Min. Voltag Currnt (m) (µ /lm) (µ /lm) lu Snsitivity Indx (CS -) Rd / Whit Ratio (m/w) L nod to Cathod Supply Voltag nod Snsitivity Luminous Min. (/rm) (/rm) (/W) nod Charactristics Gain (n) R nod Dark Currnt (ftr 0 min.) Max. (n) Rspons Ris Elctron Transit (ns) (ns) Nots R-0 R-0 Cross-ir anod typ, mm dia. nvlop Cross-ir anod typ, mm mm suar nvlop 0 00 to (X) + (Y) (X) + (Y) φ0 (X) (Y) CM/ CM/ # 0 # R-0 R-0 R-0 Cross-ir anod typ, 0 mm dia. nvlop (X) + (Y) φ0 CM/ # R-0 (nit: mm) R-0 R-0 HOTO- CTHODE SIGNL OTT : 0.D COXIL CLES -H.V : RG-/ ± 0 MIN.. 0 ± ±. ±.0 TMH0ED Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X DY DY DY R R ECH RESISTOR : kω DY R R C DY R : kω / W DY R R R : kω / W C : 0.00 µf/k V DY R C R : 0.0 µf/00 V C : 0.0 µf/00 V DY DY R R DY DY R C Focus R kω RG/ R R C HV IN YD YC X X H COTING HOTO- CTHODE SIGNL OTT : 0.D COXIL CLES -H.V : RG-/ ± 0 MIN. 0 ± ± ± TMH0EE Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y X X X X X DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY R R R R R R X X X X X R R R R C R R R C R R : kω R : kω C : 0.00 µf/ kv C : 0.0 µf/00 V C : 0.0 µf/00 V C RG/ kω HV IN YD YC X X TMH00ED TMHC00ED R-0 R-0 osition Signal Linarity X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ECH RESISTOR : kω TMH0E HOTOCTHODE H COTING SIGNL OTT : 0.D COXIL CLES -H.V : RG-/ ± ± (X) (Y) MIN.. 0 ± 0 ±. ± TMH0EF Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Ω D DY DY C DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY DY Focus R R R R R R R R R R R C R R R R R C R : kω / W R : kω / W C : 0.00 µf/ kv C : 0.0 µf/00 V C : 0.0 µf/00 V C kω RG/ HV IN YD YC X X TMHC00ED RELTIVE OSITION SIGNL X-XIS (mm) RELTIVE OSITION SIGNL Y-XIS (mm)

33 Microchannl lat-hotomultiplir Tubs (MC-MTs) (at C) Rmarks Curv Cod Spctral Rspons Rang ak Wavlngth hotocathod Matrial C D E Windo Matrial Outlin No. No. of MC Stag Maximum Ratings H Trminals nod Charactristics N nod Currnt Luminous nod to nod nod Dark Rspons Supply -HV Signal Quantum Currnt Voltag Gain Continous ulsd Ris Elctron Input Output Efficincy Supply Luminous Min. ak Max. Transit Voltag (n) (m) (%) (µ /lm) (µ /lm) (/lm) (n) (n) (ns) (ns) TTS (ps) Standard Typs (Effctiv hotocathod ra: mm Dia.) R-0 For V to nar IR rang 00S to M Q R-0 R- For V to nar IR rang (Extndd rd multialkali) 0S to 0 EM Q. 0 0 R- R- R- For V to visibl rang For V rang 0M to to Cs-T Q MgF SHV-R SM-R R- R- R- For V to nar IR rang 00M to M MgF R- R- For visibl to IR rang 00M 0 to 0 g-o-cs 0. R- Gatd Typ (Effctiv hotocathod ra: mm Dia.) R-0 High-spd gat opration of lss than ns 00S to M Q R-0 R- High-spd gat opration of lss than ns 0S to 0 EM Q SHV-R SM-R R- R- High-spd gat opration of lss than ns to 0 Q 0 0. R- To improv th S/N ratio in lo light lvl dtction, an xclusiv coolr unit (C/E0-00) for R MC-MT is availabl. Th R has a sris of typs in th sam suffixs as R sris. ut an xclusiv coolr unit shall b mad upon custom ordr only. High spd amplifir C sris (Gain: d, Fruncy andidth: 0 khz to. GHz) ar avairabl. (nit: mm) R-0 Sris R-0 Sris EFFECTIVE HOTOCTHODE DIMETER.0MIN. WINDOW FCE LTE.0 ± ± 0.. ± -H.V INT SHV-R CONNECTOR. ± EFFECTIVE HOTOCTHODE DIMETER MIN. WINDOW FCE LTE. ± 0.. ± 0..0 ± 0. SHV-R CONNECTOR -HV INT.0 ± MIN.. ±.0 ± 0..0 ± 0. MIN. HOTOCTHODE. ±. SM-R CONNECTOR NODE OTT SM-R CONNECTOR GTE LSE INT. HOTOCTHODE NODE OTT SM-R CONNECTOR TMH0EC TMH0E GTE MC SIGNL OTT SM-R 0 kω 0 pf CTHODE kω MΩ MC MΩ NODE pf MΩ NODE OTT SM-R MΩ MΩ MΩ 0 pf 0 pf 00 pf 00 pf 0 pf 00 pf 00 pf 00 pf 0 Ω GND kω GND -HV SHV-R TMHC00EC -HV SHV-R GTE SIGNL INT SM-R TMHC000ED

34 Mtal ackag hotomultiplir Tubs (at C) R0 Sris Rmarks Spctral Rspons Curv Cod Rang C hotocathod Matrial D E ak Wavlngth Outlin Windo Matrial No. F Dynod Structur No. of Stags ssmbly G Maximum Ratings H J Luminous nod to vrag Cathod nod Min. Voltag Currnt (m) (µ /lm) (µ /lm) lu Snsitivity Indx (CS -) Rd / Whit Ratio (m/w) L nod to Cathod Supply Voltag nod Snsitivity Luminous Min. (/lm) (/lm) (/W) nod Charactristics Gain (n) M nod Dark Currnt (ftr 0 min.) Max. (n) Rspons Ris Elctron Transit (ns) (ns) Nots R0 For visibl rang 0 00 to MC/ E-M / o hoton counting typ : R0 R0 R0-0 Multialkali photocathod for visibl to nar IR rang 00 to 0 M MC/ E-M / o hoton counting typ : R0-0 R0-0 R0-0 Multialkali photocathod for visibl to nar IR rang 00 to 00 M MC/ E-M / o R0-0 R0-0 For V to visibl rang 0 to MC/ E-M / o hoton counting typ : R0-0 R0-0 R0-0 Multialkali photocathod for V to nar IR rang to 0 M MC/ E-M / o hoton counting typ : R0-0 R0-0 R0-0 For V to visibl rang 0S to Q MC/ E-M / o hoton counting typ : R0-0 R0-0 R0-0 Solar blind to 0 Cs-T Q MC/ E-M / 00 b 0 o 0 b R0-0 R With lns 0 00 to MC/ E-M / o hoton counting typ : R R R With lns 00 to 0 M MC/ E-M / o hoton counting typ : R R (nit: mm) R0, -0, -0, -0, -0 R0-0, -0 R, R. ± ± 0. WINDOW. ± 0. INSLTION COVER (olyoxymthyln). ± 0..0 ± 0. ± GIDE MR ± 0. SHORT IN... ± 0. WINDOW.0 ± 0.. ± 0..0 ± ± 0. ± INSLTION COVER (olyoxymthyln). ± 0. GIDE MR - 0. SHORT IN... ± 0..0 ± 0. SR.0 ± 0.. ± 0..0 ± 0. ± GIDE MR SHORT IN ± 0... HOTOCTHODE MIN. Sid Vi SHORT IN DY () DY DY DY DY DY DY.. ottom Vi SHORT IN () : Intrnal Connction (Do not us) HOTOCTHODE MIN. Sid Vi SHORT IN DY () DY DY DY DY DY DY SHORT IN ().. ottom Vi : Intrnal Connction (Do not us) HOTOCTHODE MIN. Sid Vi SHORT IN DY () DY DY DY DY DY DY.. ottom Vi SHORT IN () : Intrnal Connction (Do not us) TMH0E TMH0E TMH0E

35 Mtal ackag hotomultiplir Tubs (at C) R00 Sris Rmarks Spctral Rspons Curv Cod Rang C hotocathod Matrial D E ak Wavlngth Outlin Windo Matrial No. F Dynod Structur No. of Stags ssmbly G Maximum RatingsH J Luminous nod to vrag Cathod nod Min. Voltag Currnt (m) (µ /lm) (µ /lm) lu Snsitivity Indx (CS -) Rd / Whit Ratio (m/w) L nod to Cathod Supply Voltag nod Snsitivity Luminous Min. (/lm) (/lm) (/W) nod Charactristics Gain (n) M nod Dark Currnt (ftr 0 min.) Max. (n) Rspons Ris Elctron Transit (ns) (ns) Nots R00 R00-00-M For visibl rang Singl anod For visibl rang Multianod 0 00 to MC/ MC/ E- / E- / R00 R00-00-M H For visibl rang Multianod MC/ # H R00 H 0.0±0..±0. MIN. MX..MX..±0.. ITCH (Dy) Dy Dy Dy Dy (Dy) CT () ± 0.. ± 0. Top Vi. ITCH FILLED WITH INSLTOR NODE OTT NODE OTT NODE OTT NODE OTT NODE OTT COXIL CLE R00-00-M 0.0 EFFECTIVE RE Top Vi 0.0±0..±0. MIN. 0.0 MX. Sid Vi MX. HOTOCTHODE INSLTION COVER.MX..±0. ±0. MX ottom Vi. ITCH - 0. CT () Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy (Dy) CT () Dy CT : hotocathod : Dynod : nod : Short in : Intrnal Connction (Don't s) asing Diagram (Dy) Dy Dy Dy Dy (Dy) CT () 0 GIDE CORNER 0 TMH0EG ± 0. MX. 0.0 ± 0.. Sid Vi HOTOCTHODE OM CSE -HV : RG-/ (RED) NODE OTT : COXIL CLE NODE INDTION TMH0E R R Dy R R Dy R R Dy R R Dy R Dy R Dy R Dy R Dy R Dy R Dy R Dy R R Dy F R R0 R R C C C R to R: 0 kω R to R: Ω R: MΩ R to R: 0 kω C to C: 0.0 µf -H.V RG-/ (RED) TMH0ED Top Vi HOTOCTHODE INSLTION COVER Sid Vi ottom Vi CT () Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy (Dy) CT () Dy : hotocathod : Dynod : nod : Short in : Intrnal Connction (Don't s) asing Diagram CT TMH0EG

36 Mtal ackag hotomultiplir Tubs (at C) R00 Sris Rmarks Spctral Rspons Curv Cod Rang C hotocathod Matrial D E ak Wavlngth Outlin Windo Matrial No. F Dynod Structur No. of Stags ssmbly G Maximum RatingsH J Luminous nod to vrag Cathod nod Min. Voltag Currnt (m) (µ /lm) (µ /lm) lu Snsitivity Indx (CS -) Rd / Whit Ratio (m/w) L nod to Cathod Supply Voltag nod Snsitivity Luminous Min. (/lm) (/lm) (/W) nod Charactristics Gain (n) M nod Dark Currnt (ftr 0 min.) Max. (n) Rspons Ris Elctron Transit (ns) (ns) Nots R00-00-L * R00-0-L R00-00-C For visibl rang Linar Multianod For visibl to nar IR rang Linar Multianod 0 00 to MC/ E- / to For visibl rang + Cross plat anod 0 00 to M MC/ MC/ E- / E- /fi ! 0! R00-00-L R00-0-L * R00-00-C R L, R00-0 -L R C EFFECTIVE RE.0 ITCH 0.0±0..±0... Top Vi 0. MX. MX..±0.. ITCH MX HOTOCTHODE INSLTION COVER Sid Vi ottom Vi 0. Dy Dy NC Dy Dy Dy 0 GIDE CORNER 0 Dy Dy asing Diagram : hotocathod Dy : Dynod (Dy-Dy) : nod (-) NC : No Connction Dy NC Dy Dy X X X X EFFECTIVE RE X-NODE. 0.0±0..± MX.. 0. Y Y Y Y Y-NODE MX..±0.. ITCH Sid Vi MX HOTOCTHODE INSLTION COVER ottom Vi CT(Dy) G Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy CT(Dy) 0 GIDE CORNER 0 Y Y Y asing Diagram : hotocathod Dy : Dynod (Dy-Dy) : nod (X-X) (Y-Y) : Intrnal Connction (Do not us) CT(G) X CT() X Y X CT() X CT(G) R L nod niformity TMH0EE R C niformity TMH0EC RELTIVE OTT (%) TMH0EC SLY VOLTGE : -0 (V) SOT DIMETER : 0 (µm) [CH] 0 0 RELTIVE OTT (%) TMH0E 0 0 Y Y Y Y RELTIVE OTT (%) TMH0E 0 0 X X X X OSITION (mm) OSITION (mm) OSITION (mm) SLY VOLTGE : -0 V LIGHT SORCE : W-LM SOT DIMETER : mm SLY VOLTGE : -0 V LIGHT SORCE : W-LM SOT DIMETER : mm

37 hotosnsor Modul (at C) (nit: mm) Spctral Rspons Rang ak Wavlngth λp Outlin No. at nm (at +0. V) nod Dark Currnt (at +0. V) nod uls Ris (at +0. V) Supply Voltag Rcommndd Control Voltag Rang Max. Supply Voltag Max. Output Configuration H Sris 0 ± 0. in Connction (Not) (Not) (ns) (V) (Not ) ± * * H H-0 H-0 H-0 H-0 H-0 H H-0 H-0 H-0 00 to 00 to 00 to to to to 00 to 00 to 00 to to to to to to C-board mounting typ Cabl output typ. ± 0. ± 0. ±.. ± 0. ("-0" TYE: 0 ± 0.) EFFECTIVE RE Top Vi ± 0. WINDOW Sid Vi -M DETH:. ottom Vi NC Vrf (+. V) Vcontrol (0 V to+.0 V) r Vcc (+ V) t GND y SIGNL GND u NODE OT i NC (NC : NO CONNECTION) TMH0ED H-0 to 0 0. H-0 to 0. H Sris H 00 to ± * H-0 H-0 H-0 00 to 00 to to 0 ± ± ± ±. to ±. ±0. to ±0. ± Cabl output typ DC to 0 khz ± 0. ± 0. 0 ± 0. ±. ± 0. ("-0" TYE: 0 ± 0.) H-0 H-0 to to Not: H/H sris... (µ/nw) Not: H/H sris... (n) Not: H/H sris... (µ) 0 H sris... (V/nW) H sris... Output Offst (mv) H sris... (V) ± ± Thr ar th othr typs of much lor currnt consumption moduls hich ar H and H sris. Whn th systm ith th photosnsor ill ruir th currnt consumption lo, H and H sris ar suitabl moduls, although ths typs hav rathr highr rippl nois (currnt) and longr sttling tim than n sris. Th H / H / H sris ar light snsor moduls including a compact photomultiplir tub (Mtal ackag MT) and oprating por supply. Th H sris ar on-board typs hich facilitats mounting dirctly on a printd circuit board and H sris hav a cabl output. Th H sris hav a lo nois amplifir ith a cabl output. Optical Fibr daptr E(FC typ) and Exclusiv or Supply C (± V, Vcont output and Vcont display) ar availabl as options. Top Vi EFFECTIVE RE -M DETH: WINDOW Sid Vi VCC : WG (RED,+ V) GND : WG (LC) Vrf : WG (LE,+. V) Vcontrol : WG (WHITE,0 V to+.0 V) NODE OT : RG-/ TMH0ED H/H/H Sris Typical Spctral Rspons H Sris 0 TMH0E CONTROL VOLTGE: +0.V TMH0E CONTROL VOLTGE: +0.V NODE RDINT SENSITIVITY (µ/nw for H/HSERIES) (V/nW for HSERIES) -0TYE -0TYE H H H WVELENGTH NODE RDINT SENSITIVITY (µ/nw for H/HSERIES) (V/nW for HSERIES) TYE -0TYE WVELENGTH H/H/H ± 0. ± 0. ± ± 0. Top Vi EFFECTIVE RE -M DETH:. ± 0. ("-0" TYE: 0 ± 0.) WINDOW Sid Vi Vcc : WG (RED,+ V) V : WG (GREEN,- V) GND : WG (LC) Vrf : WG (LE,+. V) Vcontrol : WG (WHITE,0 V to+.0 V) NODE OT : RG-/ TMH0EC

38 Gain (For tubs not listd hr, plas consult our sals offic) Sid-On Typs R R R R R Had-On Typs ( mm - mm Dia.) Mtal ackag MT R0 H R0 R R00 R Had-On Typs ( mm Dia.) R-0 R-0 R Had-On Typs ( mm Dia.) R R0 R00 R R GIN R- GIN R GIN R R0 R-0 GIN R-0 R R R-0 R SLY VOLTGE (V) SLY VOLTGE (V) SLY VOLTGE (V) S Y VOLTGE (V) TMS00EC TMH0EE TMH00EC TMH00ED Had-On Typs ( mm Dia.) GIN R-0 R, R, R R R, R R-0 R R Had-On Typs ( mm Dia.) GIN R, R R, R0 R R Had-On Typs ( mm Dia.) Hmisphrical Typs GIN R R R R0 R0-0 Spcial Typs GIN R, R, R R0 R R R R R R SLY VOLTGE (V) SLY VOLTGE (V) SLY VOLTGE (V) SLY VOLTGE (V) TMH0EC TMH000EC TMH00ED TMO00ED 0

39 Voltag Distribution Ratio Th charactristic valus tabulatd in th catalog for th individual tub typs ar masurd ith th voltag-dividr ntorks having th voltag distribution ratio shon blo. Rplacmnt Information * : Th sam dimnsional outlin, bas connction and lctric charactristics. ** : Th similar lctric charactristics and th sam dimnsional outlin and bas connction. *** : Th similar lctric but diffrnt dimnsional outlin and/or diffrnt bas sonnction. Distribution Ratio Cods Numbr of Stag Voltag Distribution Ratio : hotocathod Dy : Dynod : nod G : Grid F : Focus RLE Hamamatsu ETL Hamamatsu HOTONIS Hamamatsu r t y u #0 # # # # # # # # # $0 $ $ $ G Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy cc Dy Dy G G G Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy. 0 0 G Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy (Not ) Dy F F F Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy G Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy F F F Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy 0.0 G Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy (Not ) G G Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Sid-On Typs * R** RH** * /V R* ** * /V R** R* R** R* R-*** R*, V * * R** C0, C0 R* Had-On Typs /V R-0* R*** R*** R*** R-0*** 00 R0*** 0 R*** R-0*** R*** R-0*** /V R-0*** R-0*** R-0** R*** R*** C00J R-0*** C00 R-0*** C00J- R-0*** C00- R-0*** C00M R*** CG R*** CH R*** C R-0*** C-0 R-0*** C-0 R-0*** C R-0*** C-0 R-0*** C-0 R-0*** S0E R*** SE R*** SEM R*** SF R0** S0E R*** S0EM R*** SF R0** SE R*** * ** ** Sid-On Typs ** ** ** ** R** R ** R** R** RH** R** R* Q R* Had-On Typs 0 R** 0 R**, 0 0 R** FL R**, R** R**,, R** R** R0*** 0 R-0*** R-0*** 0,, R-0** 0, 0 R** R***,, R** 0, R*** R*** R*** R*** R0***, R*** R*** R**, R-0*** R-0*** R*** Q R***, R*** R*** R0** R*** R*** R**, R-0* Q, Q R* R*** R*** R*** R***, R-0*** /0 R-0*** R-0***, R** X R** R* R*** X R0*** R** X0, X0 R** X0 R*** X0 R*** X0 R0*** X00 R-0* X00/Q R0* X00 R*** X0 R** X0 R-0** X0 R** X0 R-0*** X R-0*** X R0*** X R*** X R*** X, X R** X R0** X R*** X0 R*** X R0*** Not : Th shild pin should b connctd to Dy. : cc to b connctd to Dy xcpt R

40 hotomultiplir Tub ssmblis hotomultiplir tub assmblis intgrat a photomultiplir tub and a D-typ or D-typ sockt assmby (s pag for sockt assmblis) into a matching magntic shilds. Th D-typ photomultiplir tub assmblis ruir a high-voltag por supply, hil th D-typ includs a DC-DC convrtr high-voltag por supply and can b opratd by simply supplying + V. uilt-in MT Maximum Ratings Diamtr hoto- C WindoD Supply Supply Voltag Dividr Currnt Gain (mm) Cathod Matrial Voltag (V) (V) (m) Dimnsions (mm) H R φ.0 00 H R-0 Q φ.0 00 H R φ.0 00 H- R φ.0 H- R0 Q φ.0 H-0 R φ.0 00 H-0 R Q φ.0 00 H-0 R φ.0 D-Typ MT ssmblis (ith a Had-on Typ MT) hotomultiplir Tub ssmblis uilt-in MT Maximum Ratings Diamtr hoto- C Windo D Supply Supply Voltag ldr Currnt Gain (mm) Cathod Matrial Voltag (V) (V) (m) Dimnsions (mm) H-0 R φ.0 H R φ.0 H R φ.0 H R φ.0 R0-0 0 R φ0.0 H- R φ. H- R Q φ. H- R φ. H R φ. 0 H R φ. 0 H-0 R φ.0 H R φ.0 0 H R φ.0 0 H R φ.0 0 H R0 Q φ.0 0 H- R φ.0 H-0 R φ.0 D-Typ MT ssmblis (ith a Sid-on Typ MT and uilt-in HV or Supply) H-0 R H-0 H-0 R H- uilt-in MT Input Voltag Rang (V) Maximum Input Currnt (m) or Supply Output Voltag Rang (V) or Supply Output Voltag rogramming Dimnsions Rsistanc + ± to -00 (0 kω to kω) or.0 dia. 0 L Voltag (0 V to V) R 0 kω otntiomtr H + ± 0 to -0 or. dia. L Voltag (0 V to V) (mm)

41 E- TCC00E E-E E- TCC00E TCC00E E-F E-0 (For No.0- as) E- E-C TCC000E TCC00E TCC00E TCC00E CCESSORIES FOR HOTOMLTILIER TES E Sris s E- E- (For No.- as) E-L E-V (For No.- as) E-N E- (For No.- as) E-C TCC00E TCC0E TCC00E TCC000E TCC000E TCC000E TCC00E E- TCC000E E-M TCC0E E-D TCC0E ± E-D TCC00E E- TCC00ED MTERIL: Glass Epoxy (.)..... () -R R. R

42 ssmblis (For furthr information, a dtaild catalog is availabl.) Oprating a photomultiplir tub ruirs a voltag-dividr circuit (dividr circuit). For asir handling and opration of photomultiplir tubs, Hamamatsu provids a complt lin of sockt assmblis hich ar carfully nginrd to intgrat a sockt and optimum voltag-dividr circuit into a compact cas. In addition, sockt assmblis hich furthr includ a pramplifir or high-voltag por supply ar availabl. Th sockt assmblis ar classifid into thr typs by thir functions as dscribd blo. D-Typ ssmblis (ith built-in voltag dividr and amplifir) MT SOCET M LOW VOLTGE INT SIGNL OTT HIGH VOLTGE INT VOLTGE-DIVIDER CIRCIT Th D-typ sockt assmblis incorporat a currnt-to-voltag convrsion amplifir in addition to a voltag-dividr circuit. High voltag (for MT) and lo voltag (for amplifir) por supplis ar ruird. Sinc th high impdanc output of th photomultiplir tub is connctd to th amplifir at a minimum distanc, th problm of xtrnal nois inducd in conncting cabls can b liminatd. To familis of D-typ sockt assmblis ar availabl: th C sris for a bandidth from DC to 0 khz and th C sris from DC up to MHz. oth familis ar dsignd for us ith mm (-/ inch)diamtr sid-on and had-on photomultiplir tubs. C C-0 C C-0 pplicabl MT mm (-/ ") dia. Had-on mm (-/ ") dia. Sid-on mm (-/ ") dia. Had-on mm (-/ ") dia. Sid-on Max. Input Signal Currnt (at -00 V, V output) TCCC000EC Max. Supply Voltag to Voltag Dividr - V dc - V dc Supply Voltag to mplifir ± V dc to V dc ± V dc to V dc Currnt-to-Voltag Convrsion Factor 0. V / µ 0. V / µ DC µ µ uls µ µ Max. Output Voltag (ntrminatd) V pak (0 khz) V pak ( MHz) Fruncy andidth DC to 0 khz DC to MHz D-Typ ssmblis (ith built-in voltag dividr and por supply) MT TCCC000E Th D-typ sockt assmblis fatur a built-in voltag dividr and compact high-voltag por supply. y applying a + V supply to th por supply, asy opration of a photomultiplir tub is possibl. s standard products, th C sris assmblis ar providd for us ith mm (-/ inch) diamtr sid-on and had-on photomultiplir tubs. C0 C-0 pplicabl MT mm (-/ ") dia. sid-on mm (-/ ") dia. had-on Input Voltag SOCET HIGH VOLTGE OWER SLY SIGNL OTT SIGNL GND LOW VOLTGE INT HIGH VOLTGE CONTROL VOLTGE DIVIDER OWER SLY GND +( ± ) V dc Input Currnt m Max. m Max. Output Voltag Rang 0 V dc to -0 V dc -00 V dc to -0 V dc Input Rgulation ±0.0 % at + ( ± ) V dc ±0.0 % Max. at + ( ± ) V dc Maximum MT Signal Output at -00 V 0 µ µ D-Typ ssmblis For Sid-On hotomultiplir Tubs Cod ssmbly pplicabl MT Diamtr Groundd Elctrod/ Supply Voltag olarity Output Signal E - mm(/ ") nod/- DC/uls E - mm(-/ ") nod/- DC/uls - nod/- Cathod/+ DC/uls For Had-On hotomultiplir Tubs Cod ssmbly pplicabl MT Diamtr Groundd Elctrod/ Supply Voltag olarity TCCC000E Output Signa E -0 nod/- DC/uls b -0 mm(/ ") nod/- DC/uls - nod/- DC/uls E - nod/- DC/uls - mm(/ ") nod/- DC/uls ª - nod/- DC/uls 0-0 nod/- DC/uls E -0 Cathod/+ uls -0 nod/- DC/uls E - nod/- DC/uls - mm(/ ") Cathod/+ uls - nod/- DC/uls - nod/- DC/uls - nod/- DC/uls E nod/- DC/uls -00 nod/- DC/uls 0-0 mm( ") Cathod/+ uls E -00 nod/- DC/uls E nod/- DC/uls -0 Cathod/+ uls E0-0 mm(-/ ") nod/- DC/uls -0 Cathod/+ uls - nod/- DC/uls E -0 mm(-/ ") Cathod/+ uls -00 nod/- DC/uls NOTE) MT SOCET SIGNL OTT SIGNL GND OWER SLY GND HIGH VOLTGE INT VOLTGE DIVIDER CIRCIT (DIVIDER CIRCIT) las consult our sals offic hn you us a photomultiplir tub in a vacuum. Th D-typ sockt assmblis incorporat a sockt and voltagdividr circuit. high voltag por supply and a currnt/lctric charg signal procssing circuit ar ruird. Th folloing four typs ar availabl according to th groundd lctrod, supply voltag polarity and output signal form.. nod ground, DC output. nod ground, DC/puls output. Cathod ground, puls output. nod or cathod ground, DC/puls output Cod ssmbly pplicabl MT Diamtr Groundd Elctrod/ Supply Voltag olarity Output Signal E - Cathod/+ uls 0-0 nod/- DC/uls -0 nod/- DC/uls - nod/- DC/uls E -0 nod/- DC/uls E -0 nod/- DC/uls E -0 nod/- DC/uls E -00 mm( ") nod/- DC/uls E -0 [ mm( ")] Cathod/+ uls -0 [ mm( ")] Cathod/+ uls -0 Cathod/+ uls 0 E -0 nod/- DC/uls E -0 nod/- DC/uls E -0 nod/- DC/uls -0 Cathod/+ uls E -0 mm( ") For nod/- DC/uls highly magntic nvironmnts E-0 mm( ") For nod/- DC/uls highly magntic nvironmnts Mtal ackag hotomultiplir Tubs Cod ssmbly pplicabl MT Groundd Elctrod/ Supply Voltag olarity Output Signal E R0 nod/- DC/uls E R00 nod/- DC/uls E0 R00-00-M nod/- DC/uls E R00-00-L nod/- DC/uls fi0 E-0 R00-00-C nod/- DC/uls

43 High-Voltag or Supplis Th output of a photomultiplir tub is xtrmly snsitiv to th applid voltag. Evn small variations in applid voltag gratly affct masurmnt accuracy. Thus a highly stabl sourc of high voltag is ruird. (S pag.) Hamamatsu rgulatd high-voltag por supplis ar dsignd for prcision masurmnt using a photomultiplir tub and manufacturd ith carful considration givn to high stability and lo rippl. To mt various nds, thy ar availabl in a id rang of configurations and prformancs, including unit typs for C board mounting, bnch-top typs and a kv output typ for MC-MTs. Thrmolctric Coolrs (For mor information, a dtaild catalog is availabl.) Th thrmionic lctron mission from a photocathod and dynods is a major factor that dtrmins th dark currnt of th photomultiplir tub. (S pag.) Cooling th photomultiplir tub can fficintly rduc th dark currnt and improv th S/N ratio, rsulting in an significant nhancmnt in th dtction limit. Hamamatsu provids a varity of thrmolctric coolrs spcifically dsignd for photomultiplir tubs to mt various nds. C pplicabl MT Input Voltag (Vac) Cooling Tmpratur ( C) * Rmarks nit Typs C - to - + V dc. g C-0 - to - + V dc. g C-0 - to - + V dc. g C-0 + to + + V dc. g C- + to + + V dc. g C- + to + + V dc. g C00 0 to V dc g C to V dc g C to V dc g C00-0 to V dc g nch-top Typs Output Voltag Rang Maximum Output Currnt (m) C Input Voltag Dimnsions (W H D) (mm) C0 0 to ±000 0//0/0 V ac kg C 0 to /0- V ac. kg C -00 to -/±/± /00/00 0/0/0/0 V ac 0. kg C0 +00 to +/±/± /00/00 0//0/ V ac 0. kg Wight C-0 Sris mm (-/ ") Dia. Sid-on 0//0 pprox. - C-0 Sris mm (-/ "), mm (-/ ") Dia. Had-on 0//0 pprox. -0 C Sris mm (-/ "), mm ( ") Dia. Had-on 0/0/0 pprox. -0 Tmpratur controllabl C Sris MC-MT 0/0/0 pprox. -0 Tmpratur controllabl * With +0 C coolant. assmblis and holdrs ar sold sparatly. Magntic Shild Cass hotomultiplir tubs ar gnrally vry suscptibl to magntic filds. Evn trrstrial magntism ill hav a dtrimntal ffct on th photomultiplir tub output. (S pag.) Hamamatsu E sris magntic shild cass ar dsignd to protct photomultiplir tubs from magntic fild ffcts. Sinc th E sris magntic shild cass ar mad of prmalloy hich has high prmability (about ), th magntic fild strngth ithin th shild cas ith rspct to th xtrnal magntic fild strngth (th rciprocal of this is calld shilding factor) can b gratly attnuatd don to / 000 to / 000, thus nsuring stabl output from photomultiplir tubs vn oprating in magntic filds. Magntic Shild Cass pplicabl MT Diamtr Intrnal Diamtr (mm) Thicknss (mm) Lngth (mm) Wight (g) Sid-on mm (/ ") E-. 0. ± 0. mm (-/ ") E. ± ± Had-on mm (/ ") E- * ± ± 0. mm (/ ") E-0 ± ± 0. mm (/ ") E-0 ± ± 0 mm ( ") E- ± ± 0. mm (-/ ") E-0 ± ± 0 mm (-/ ") E ± mm ( ") E ± mm ( ") E ± 00 mm ( ") E- * ± ± 0 With mounting tabs. -0-0

44 hoton Countrs and Rlatd roducts Rcntly, photon counting has bcom idly usd as an ffctiv tchniu for dtcting vry lo light lvls in various filds such as biology, chmistry and mdicin. s a lading manufacturr of photomultiplir tubs, Hamamatsu provids a varity of photon countrs and rlatd products. Our product lin includs hoton Countr that allos tim-rsolvd photomtry and hoton Counting nits that intgrat only ssntial functions into a compact cas. las fl fr to contact Hamamatsu sals offics for furthr information. hoton counting moduls, photon counting had, photon counting unit and prscalr, ar also availabl. hoton Counting Moduls hoton Counting Hads H H Sris Th H and H sris ar compact photon counting hads comprising a lo nois MT, a high spd photon counting circuit, and a high voltag por supply. Th opration only ruirs conncting ith a + Vdc por supply and a puls countr. No discrimination lvl or high voltag adjustmnt ar ruird of th usr. hoton Countr C Sris Th C is a tim-rsolvd photon countr ith a larg-scrn liuid crystal display ( dots 00 dots) nabling an instantanous display of th masurd avform as ll as numrical count rats. Th C also includs a high-voltag por supply, pramplifir and discriminator. High-prcision photon counting can b prformd by simply prparing a photomultiplir tub and D-typ sockt assmbly (s pag ). hoton Counting nit C, C Th C and C convrt th photolctron pulss of th photomultiplir tub into V digital signals by th built-in amplifir/discriminator. s of a high-spd lctronic circuit prmits light masurmnts ith xcllnt linarity up to a maximum count rat of s - (cps). LEFT: H RIGHT: H-0 ith optional mounting flang C MT and sockt assmbly ill b sold sparatly as an option. Instantanous display of th masurd avform. C hoton Counting oard M Th photon counting board M is dsignd for dirct plug-in to th IS bus slot in a C (Windous /). hoton counting masurmnts ovr a id dynamic rang can b asily mad by input of photolctric pulss hich ar convrtd into a logic (TTL) signal. Th countr applis a doubl-count mthod that allos tim-rsolvd photon counting of high-spd optical phnomna ith no dad tim btn gats. Simultanous -channl masurmnts ar also possibl by using to M boards. M

45 ELECTRON MLTILIER TES Elctron multiplirs (also calld ion multiplirs) ar spcially dsignd for th dtction and masurmnt of lctrons, chargd particls such as ions, VV radiations and soft X-rays. Hamamatsu lctron multiplirs hav high gain and lo nois, making thm suitabl for th dtction of vry small or lo nrgy particls by using th counting mthod. Thy ar ll suitd for mass spctroscopy, fild ion microscopy, and lctron or VV spctroscopy such as ugr spctroscopy, ES and ESC. Each typ has Cu-O dynods connctd by built-in dividr rsistors ( MΩ pr stag) and is supplid in an vacuatd glass bulb. Th first dynod can b rplacd by a photocathod of Cs-I, -r, tc. for us in VV photomtry. In such applications as -MSS hr lctron multiplirs ar usd in harsh atmosphr, us of th R0 ith suprior nvironmntal rsistanc is rcommndd. lso, for TOF-MSS applications, us of th R ith msh dynods is rcommndd. R GRID DY DY...0 ± 0. r R GRID DY DY..0 ± 0. nit : mm Typ. No. Out - lin Numbr of Stags Had-On Typs Dynod Charactristics nod Maximum Ratings to all J Ris Othr nod to nod to Radiation Supply Gain First Last vrag Structur Matrial Elctrod Opning Voltag Capacitanc Dynod Dynod nod Voltag Voltag Currnt (mm) (ns) (pf) (µ ) Oprating Vacuum Lvl (a) R ox-and-grid Cu-O R ox-and-grid Cu-O R ox-and-grid Cu-O R 0 ox-and-grid Cu-O DY GND SH SH GND DY GRID 0 DY NODE SHIELD (SH) IN SE 0.0 ± ± 0 MX. 0 MX. RESISTORS ( MΩ, CS) NODE () TEM 000EC t R y R0- -. DY DY0 GND SH DY0 SH GND DY GRID DY NODE SHIELD (SH) 0 IN SE 0.0 ± ± MX. 0 MX. RESISTORS ( MΩ, 0 CS) NODE () TEM 000EC * R Msh Cu-O 0 dia R0- ox-and-lin Cu-O dia ±.0 ± EFFECTIVE RE : Typical Spctral Rspons of Cu-O sd for Dynods QNTM EFFIENCY (%) 0 R DY DY SH ± 0 MX. nit : mm DY DY GND. DY DY GND 0 DY 0 MX. 0 0 TEM 000EC NODE GND HMMTS HIGH VOLTGE TEM 00E NODE SHIELD (SH) RESISTORS ( MΩ, CS) NODE () DY Typical Currnt mplification WVELENGTH TEM 00E R 0 DY TEM 000E 0 CRRENT MLIFTION R R, R, R, R R DY DY NODE SHIELD (SH) SH HOLDER..0 MX. ± MX. RESISTORS ( MΩ, CS) DY NODE () LIED VOLTGE (kv) TEM 00EC DY TEM 000E

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