On the Use of Pickets and Flukes as Snow Anchors
|
|
- Kevin Chase
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 On the Use of Pickets and Flukes as Snow Anchors ART FORTINI Sierra Madre Search & Rescue International Technical Rescue Symposium Denver, CO November 2002
2 Pickets Placements Traditional vertical Horizontal Sierra picket Behavior Strong snow Powdery Snow
3 Flukes Rake angle Behavior Strong snow Powdery Snow
4 Multi-Tool Anchors Parallel anchors Series anchors Crossed tools Equalization methods
5 Effects of snowpack Mechanical properties Compressive strength Tensile strength Shear strength Layering Weak layers Icy layers Disturbance and settling time
6 Anchor Failure System breaks at the weakest link Software failure Snow failure Hardware failure rope webbing σ c A c σ s A s biner hardware compression shear
7 Shear vs Compressive Failure σ c > σ s Determined by snowpack shear A s A c << A s A c = LW A s = f(d,w) Failure shear if σ c A c > σ s A s comp if σ c A c < σ s A s compression A c W
8 CAUTION! Building a man-rated system out of snow Material is extraordinarily weak σ s,t < 1 psi (snow) σ c < 10 psi (snow) σ t > 100,000 psi (steel) Material properties vary tremendously Material properties typically unknown when building the anchor Fortunately, the applied loads are typically small
9 Compressive Failure Seen only when compressive stress is higher than compressive strength and shear stress is less than shear strength Dominant effect in traditional picket placements in any snow all anchors in weak, powdery snow
10 Shear Failure Surface area of stress cone Much larger than area of tool Stress cone extends horizontally at ~45 o upward at ~30 o Dominant effect in strong snow flukes, mid-clipped pickets top view side view
11 Stress Cone Area of stress cone area of fracture surface
12 Traditional Vertical Picket Applied load shear Resultant Forces compression
13 Traditional Vertical Picket Greatest force is applied to snow near the surface F max = σ c WL/2 Compressive strength of surface snow has strong effect on anchor strength Wide top beneficial Local compressive failure of the snow is common Picket rotates forward & is pulled from snow
14 Traditional Vertical Picket: Failure Modes Picket cuts through the snow Ice wedge forms in flange Most pronounced at top of picket
15 Traditional Vertical Picket: Failure Modes Surface snow failure followed by rotation and pullout Zone of compressive failure Typically happens very suddenly Same behavior if fully buried, but at higher load
16 Traditional Vertical Picket: Failure Modes Picket buckling followed by rotation and pullout Small shock load from buckling Typically happens very suddenly Same behavior if fully buried, but less likely
17 Traditional Vertical Picket: Failure Modes Ice axes can buckle too
18 Traditional Vertical Picket: Observations Snow disturbance is minimal Snow typically fails in compression near surface Compressive failure zone progresses downward Picket rotates forward & is pulled axially from the snowpack
19 Traditional Vertical Picket: Recommendations Use the firmest snow possible Disturb and allow to settle, esp. surface Use wide pickets Use long pickets Completely bury top of picket or axe Place top of picket just above strong layer Put maximum stress at strongest part of snowpack Beware of sudden, catastrophic failure
20 Horizontal Picket Theoretically twice as strong as fully buried traditional vertical pickets Load is uniformly distributed over entire length Less sensitive to strength of surface snow
21 Horizontal Picket Proper placement Top view Side view
22 Horizontal Picket: Failure Modes Weak, powdery snow (compressive failure): F max = σ c A c (> F max = σ c A c /2) Can occur within a weak layer Strong, monolithic snow (shear failure): F max = σ s A s Transition from compressive failure (slow) to shear failure (sudden) when σ c A c > σ s A s
23 Horizontal Picket: Failure Modes Compressive failure (cutting) LOW STRENGTH Graceful Weak layer can be catastrophic Use wide, long pickets Shear failure (uplift) HIGH STRENGTH Can be sudden Bury pickets as deep as possible Side view
24 Horizontal Picket: Failure Modes Shear failure at weak layer Can be low strength Sudden failure Probe the snow! Weak interface Side view
25 Horizontal Picket: Failure Modes Rotation Caused by Not attaching load to center strong or weak area near one end of picket Off-center loading Icy zone Top view
26 Horizontal Picket: Failure Modes Rotation Gradual start Results in loss of frontal area Can have very sudden results Prevention Use center hole Use symmetrically swaged cables Probe for icy zones and weak areas
27 Horizontal Picket: Recommendations Use the firmest snow possible Disturb and allow to settle Make trench wide enough to backfill properly Use pickets with reinforced cross section Bury as deeply as possible Maximize area of shear cone, A s Beware of sudden failure, esp. in strong snow
28 Sierra Picket: Vertical placement, midclip Top view Side view
29 Sierra Picket: Vertical placement, midclip
30 Sierra Picket: Vertical placement, midclip Less sensitive to weak layers than horizontal picket Easier to place than horizontal picket requires one trench instead of two Observed to be 23% stronger than horizontal picket (n=4+3)
31 Sierra Picket: Vertical placement, midclip 23% stronger than horizontal picket of same size Why? F max = σ s A s Snow has same properties A s must be larger Can we estimate A s?
32 Sierra Picket: Vertical placement, midclip Estimation of A s d θ side view w top view φ A s = wd / sinθ + d 2 tanφ / [tanθ sinθ] + d 2 / [cosφ tanθ]
33 Sierra Picket: Estimation of A s Field observations 45 o radiation from sides of hardware ~30 o up angle from bottom of hardware Horizontal picket 16 deep w=24, d=16, A s = 2282 in 2 Sierra picket 0 deep w=2, d=24, A s = 3502 in 2 53% increase in A s
34 Pickets: Estimated Shear Cone Areas " x 24" picket Estimated area of shear cone (in2) Sierra picket horizontal picket Clip depth (in)
35 Sierra Picket: Failure Modes in Strong Snow Failure along shear cone Some warning but sudden and explosive Large amounts of snow ejected Beware of flying hardware
36 Sierra Picket: Failure Modes in Strong Snow Forward rotation Caused by poor backfilling of trench Weak snow in front of top half of picket Results in loss of frontal area Rotation is gradual Rotation is visible: STOP IF YOU SEE IT!
37 Sierra Picket: Failure Modes in Strong Snow Failure of carabiner hole Requires strong snow 2115 ± na lb f for 2-ft picket 1 Newer generation hardware Thick edge web present 1060 ± 42 lb f for 3-ft pickets 1 Old generation hardware Thick edge web absent 1 Tests performed on single pickets at Mt. Rainer in high density snow on 6/21-22/02
38 Sierra Picket: Failure Modes in Strong Snow Failure of picket web Common if girth hitched More likely in strong snow Causes bending of picket Loss of frontal area (A c ) Decrease in effective length A s decreases 1 Tests performed on single pickets at Mt. Rainer in high density snow on 6/21-22/02
39 Sierra Picket: Failure Modes in Strong Snow Failure of carabiner hole 2115 ± na lb f for 2-ft picket 1060 ± 42 lb f for 3-ft pickets Higher bending moment? Not likely 1 Tests performed on single pickets at Mt. Rainer in high density snow on 6/21-22/02
40 Picket Strengths: Observations in Strong Snow 3-ft pickets do not appear to be much stronger than 2-ft pickets 1 avg avg % increase % increase Length 2 ft 3 ft (actual) (theory) horizontal midclip vertical midclip vertical top clip na na na Tests performed at Mt. Rainer in high density snow on 6/20/01 & 6/21-22/02. 2 Carabiner hole failed in one 2-foot and both 3-foot pickets. 3 Compressive failure expected.
41 Sierra Picket: Failure Modes in Weak Snow No testing done in weak, powdery snow Expect compressive failure Low strength F max = σ c A c Slow, controlled travel of picket through snowpack
42 Sierra Picket: Ice Axe Version 85 cm axe Girth hitched axe 12 below head Buried head 0 below snow surface Failure mode Axe rotated forward & pulled out 2030
43 Sierra Picket: Recommendations Use the firmest snow possible Disturb and allow to settle Make trench wide enough to backfill properly Use pickets with reinforced cross section Bury as deeply as possible Maximize area of shear cone, A s Beware of sudden failure, esp. in strong snow
44 Fluke: Resultant Forces shear Rake angle, β Applied load Resultant Forces compression Side view Top view
45 Fluke: General Behavior Compressive force is uniformly applied to frontal area Downward component of force on fluke Digs fluke deeper Deeper snow may be weaker Ice layer may deflect fluke Rake angle determines upward component on snowpack Tends to lift out large area of snow Decreases area of shear cone Side view
46 Fluke: General Behavior Weak, powdery snow Compressive failure F max = σ c A c Large area is beneficial Less sensitive to weak layer than horizontal picket Strong snow Shear failure F max = σ s A s Greater depth is beneficial
47 Fluke: Failure Modes Compressive failure (cutting) LOW STRENGTH Probably stronger than horizontal picket of equal area No ice wedge Side view Graceful failure Can undergo significant travel with minimal loss of strength Use large flukes to increase A c and increase strength Holes may decrease effective A c
48 Fluke: Failure Modes Shear failure (uplift) HIGH STRENGTH Can be sudden and explosive Increase strength by increasing A s Bury fluke as deep as possible Use small rake angle
49 Fluke: Failure Modes Effects of rake angle, β As β increases: θ increases, A s decreases, and F max decreases If we assume θ = 30 + β, then... θ β Side view
50 Fluke: Effect of Rake Angle Estimated shear cone area (in2) 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, in2, 8" burial depth Commonly available Rake angle (degrees)
51 Fluke: Effect of Rake Angle Unable to test multiple rake angles Destroyed each fluke on first test with β = o
52 Fluke: Failure Modes Bending of fluke Results in decrease in A s due to decrease in width Reduces effective strength Wedge shape may result in transition to compressive failure Fluke cuts through snowpack Requires very strong snow Wire rope tearing through fluke May result in change in rake angle Requires very strong snow Failure of wire rope Very sudden Requires very strong snow
53 Fluke: Failure Modes Impact with ice layer Can be sudden Fluke lies down on ice surface Minimal frontal area Fluke moves easily through snow Impact more likely with large rake angle Side view Icy layer
54 Fluke Recommendations Probe below for icy layers Disturb snow and allow settling Large frontal area desirable, esp. in soft snow Bury deeply to increase A s Shallow rake angle desirable 83 in 45 O weaker than 42 in 25 O 228 vs 390 lb f in same snowpack Arrange multiple flukes side by side, not in a row Prevents rear flukes from traveling in path weakened by lead fluke
55 Multi-Tool Anchors Individual anchors will typically move When initially loaded (>2 ) At higher loads (amount highly variable) Strengths of individual, identical anchors can vary greatly Individual points should be: Equalized, but not self equalizing Beyond shear zone of other anchor points
56 Multi-Tool Anchors Equalized, but not self equalizing self equalizing equalized 150
57 Multiple Vertical Pickets: Arrangement Case 1 F max = σ c A c Q 1 Q 1 = n/2 n Q1 Q2 α Case 2 F max = σ c A c Q 2 Q 2 = α (1-3/2α+α 2 )/(1-α) α L
58 Multi-Tool Anchors Crossed tools Bury head of vertical tool Pro Sometimes stronger than single vertical axe Fast and easy Con Inefficient use of tools This horizontal tool is shallow and weak Single, deep horizontal axe would be stronger (1 tool) (2 tools)
59 Multi-Tool Anchors Vertical axe + horizontal picket Buried head of vertical tool Buried horizontal tool 12 Pro Stronger than single vertical axe Con Inefficient use of tools Marginally stronger than h-picket alone 1960 (2 tools) (1 axe) (1 picket)
60 Multi-Tool Anchors Tandem Sierra pickets Keep lead picket outside of rear stress cone Should be >2 x rear picket depth Avoid upward force on lead picket Rear picket should be deeper than front
61 Knot failed at 3300 lb f 50 o 1.7d Multi-Tool Anchors Tandem Sierra pickets (2 x 2 ) Keep pickets well separated greater than 3d Avoid intersection of shear cones
62 Multi-Tool Anchors Observations Best results when each tool is independent Don t get fancy Interactions among nearby tools unpredictable Placing tools nearby each other does not appreciably increase the size of the shear cone Inefficient use of tools
63 Anchor Strengths 1 : Horizontal Picket [2 x 2 ] Horizontal placement deep, mid clip lb f [ ] Sierra Picket [2 x 2 ] Vertical placement, mid clip lb f [ ] Fluke [5.8 x 8.6, 0 o ] 12 deep placement 1 Tests performed 2500 at Mt. lbrainer f in high density snow on 6/20/01 & 6/21-22/02. Your strengths WILL vary!
64 Summary: Pickets & Flukes Flukes and pickets show large scatter in strength Use multiple, equalized flukes / pickets Pickets & ice axes: Traditional pickets should have head completely buried Horizontal pickets stronger than traditional pickets Vertical pickets with mid clip strongest Failure usually very sudden, esp. in strong snow Flukes Arrange in parallel, not series Beware of icy layers & large rake angles Failure can be graceful or sudden
65 Summary Strength of any snow anchor is strongly influenced by the properties of snowpack Strength Compressive Shear Layering Weak layers Icy layers Disturbance and settling Snow pack properties are highly variable Use redundant anchors
66 Trade-offs Strength Bollards & deadmen > P-pickets > flukes & h-pickets > t-pickets & axes Time to set up anchor Bollards & deadmen > h-pickets > flukes > P-pickets > t-pickets & axes Gracefulness of failure flukes, h-pickets & P-pickets > t-pickets & axes Sensitivity to snowpack layering h-pickets > flukes > t-pickets & axes > P-pickets > deadman
67 Recommendations Know your snowpack Strong or powdery? Layers? Compact and allow to settle (σ c & σ s ) Strong snow Bury hardware deep (A s ) Weak, powdery snow Use hardware with large frontal area (A c )
68 Acknowledgements The Sierra Madre Search & Rescue Team Seattle Mountain Rescue for providing travel assistance Gordon Smith & Vera Wellner of SMR for organizing testing opportunities Everyone who sacrificed personal hardware, pulled on a rope or buried an anchor while the testing was being conducted
69
70
Predicting Failure Modes of Snow Anchors
Predicting Failure Modes of Snow Anchors ART FORTINI Sierra Madre Search & Rescue November 2005 International Technical Rescue Symposium Disclaimer The information contained in this document is based on
More informationWHAT DETERMINES THE STRENGTH OF A SNOW ANCHOR? HOW STRONG DOES A SNOW ANCHOR SYSTEM HAVE TO BE?
SUMMARY OF SNOW ANCHOR TESTING AS OF 2015 (HEILMAN) WHAT DETERMINES THE STRENGTH OF A SNOW ANCHOR? 1. Snow strength in compression and shear. 2. The strength, size and stiffness of the buried object. 3.
More informationBelays on snow. by Gottlieb Braun-Elwert
Belays on snow by Gottlieb Braun-Elwert Snow stakes are a Kiwi invention and have been around since the early 1970s. It is a piece of aluminium alloy profile with a tape attached to the top end. Mostly
More informationProperty of Jerry Heilman,
SNOW, ICE, AND ALPINE CLIMBING up. Keep fighting. Even if you do not stop, the attempt itself may slow the fall and help prevent rolling, tumbling, and bouncing. It may also help keep you sliding feet
More informationLOW ANGLE ROPE RESCUE OPERATIONAL
Scope: This chapter serves as an introduction to anchor systems. Terminal Learning Objective (TLO): At the end of this chapter, the student will be aware of anchor selection and anchor system construction.
More informationDoug Hutton, Russell Anschell and Doug Seitz. Gordon Smith can be contacted at Gordon Smith, 2009.
Strength of V-Thread versus A-Thread Ice Anchors In Melting Glacier Ice 1 Gordon R. Smith 2 International Technical Rescue Symposium Pueblo, Colorado, USA November 6-8, 2009 Abstract Testing by others
More informationStatement From The NZMGA Committee Following The Nov 05 Short Roping and Snow Anchor Seminar
Statement From The NZMGA Committee Following The Nov 05 Short Roping and Snow Anchor Seminar The short roping seminar has created a lot of debate and Gottlieb and Pete James have produced papers that examine
More informationMt Hood Meadows Avalanche Accident
Mt Hood Meadows Avalanche Accident February 28, 2011 Date: Noon on Monday, 2/28/2011 Submitted by: Joe Sillman, Mt Hood Meadows Pro Patrol and Mark Moore, NWAC Place: Heather Canyon Drainage, Backyards,
More informationTechFiles. TechFiles. Association of Canadian Mountain Guides Protecting the public interest in mountain travel. Welcome To The Inaugural Issue Of
ACMG ASSOCIATION OF CANADIAN MOUNTAIN GUIDES Volume 1 Number 1 In This Issue Inaugural Issue... 1 Fixed-Point Anchors 4 Auto Braking... 7 Belay Devices... 10 Snow Anchors... 11 Videos... 14 Assistant Alpine
More informationROPE RESCUE & RIGGING
ROPE RESCUE & RIGGING Field Guide Second Edition by Grant Prattley ROPE RESCUE & RIGGING Field Guide Second Edition 2016 Written and illustrated by Grant Prattley Copyright Over The Edge Rescue www.oterescue.com
More informationCREVASSE RESCUE. Step-by-Step Instructions. The Mountaineers Seattle, WA
CREVASSE RESCUE Step-by-Step Instructions 1992-1996 The Mountaineers The Mountaineers Seattle, WA 1960, 1967. Cover illustrations by Bob Cram. Reprinted with permission, from Mountaineering: The Freedom
More informationNear Miss Avalanche Incident Jan 3 rd, 2014
Near Miss Avalanche Incident Jan 3 rd, 2014 Location: Turnagain Pass Tincan mountain - Lower CFR, West aspect Summary Tincan avalanche, dog fully buried, presumed dead January 3rd, 2014 2:50pm HS-AO-D2.5-R2.5-O/G
More informationIce Axe-Boot belay Freedom of the Hills p. 350 Watch:
Carabiner-Ice Axe Belay Freedom of the Hills pp.358-359 Watch: http://bit.ly/carabinericeaxebelay Also called the stomper belay, the carabiner-ice axe belay provides better security than a boot-axe belay
More informationReinforced Soil Retaining Walls-Design and Construction
Lecture 32 Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls-Design and Construction Prof. G L Sivakumar Babu Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 Example calculation An 8 m high
More informationInstructions for Crevasse Rescue
Instructions for Crevasse Rescue The following crevasse rescue description is based on the course work provided in the field during AAI expeditions and trips. This systematic description will make the
More information2016/04/03 Alaska Hoodoo Mountains, Eastern Alaska Range Published by Conrad Chapman Eastern Alaska Range Avalanche Center
2016/04/03 Alaska Hoodoo Mountains, Eastern Alaska Range Published by Conrad Chapman Eastern Alaska Range Avalanche Center Avalanche Details Date: 03 April 2016 Time: 3:00 pm AST Location: Hoodoo Mountains,
More informationB O N N E V I L L E C O U N T Y S H E R I F F S SEARCH & RESCUE
TECHNICAL ROPE RESCUE QUICK REFERENCE Version 1.2 as of February 13, 2010 Technical rope rescue work is inherently dangerous. Risk is reduced by having the proper training and equipment, which allows employment
More informationNotes On Ice Pro and Basic Ice Climbing Technique. Jerry Heilman. 2015
Notes On Ice Pro and Basic Ice Climbing Technique. Jerry Heilman. 2015 Chris Harmston, MSE. Myths, Cautions and Techniques of Ice Screw Placement. 1997. Black Diamond Quality Control Labs The ice used
More informationInstallation and Operation Instruction Manual
Installation and Operation Instruction Manual Toggle Lok Anchor - Model #7442 Portable Concrete Anchorage Connector ANSI Z359.1 5,000 lbs / 22.24 kn FallTech, Inc 1306 Alameda Street Compton, CA 90221
More informationb
Empirically Derived Breaking Strengths for Basket Hitches and Wrap Three Pull Two Webbing Anchors Thomas Evans a and Aaron Stavens b a Montana State University, Department of Earth Sciences, PO Box 173480,
More informationb
Empirically Derived Breaking Strengths for Basket Hitches and Wrap Three Pull Two Webbing Anchors Thomas Evans a and Aaron Stavens b a Montana State University, Department of Earth Sciences, PO Box 173480,
More informationInternational Technical Rescue Symposium Presented by John McKently
Some of the factors affecting pulley efficiency in theoretical and real world rescue systems. International Technical Rescue Symposium Presented by John McKently 2011 It is generally accepted that pulleys
More informationPutting it all together
Putting it all together Lead with your head not your arms In the previous two articles I examined how to stay warm, what axes and crampons to buy and how to avoid getting caught in an avalanche. Here I
More informationHARDPOINT ASESSMENT FOR SUSPENSION BONDAGE
HARDPOINT ASESSMENT FOR SUSPENSION BONDAGE By Jim Duvall w Jim Duvall 2011 COURSE GOALS Will that hold me? Why should you worry? How much should you worry? Who pays the price of failure? w Jim Duvall 2011
More informationMade in the USA. For Fall Protection Only. SafeLok Part Description
Operations and Instruction Manual SafeLok Anchorage - Model # 4011 IM-0051 REV A Portable Concrete and Steel Anchorage Connector ANSI Z359.1-07 5,000 lbs / 22kn Made in the USA The 3/4 Fall Protection
More informationAerial Litter Basket Set-Up
The following information is also based upon the manufactures recommendations of proper aerial stokes set-up procedures, and the teachings of aerial dynamics. Any deviation in setup procedures could possibly
More informationAnchor Systems: S P E C I A L O P E R A T I O N S : R O P E R E S C U E : A N C H O R S Y S T E M S ( 1. 1 )
S P E C I A L O P E R A T I O N S : R O P E R E S C U E : A N C H O R S Y S T E M S ( 1. 1 ) Author: Jason Tanner October 2015 Version 1.0 Anchor Systems NFPA 1670, 1006 T A S K S K I L L D E S C R I P
More informationDisplacement-based calculation method on soil-pile interaction of PHC pipe-piles
Seattle, WA Displacement-based calculation method on soil-pile interaction of PHC pipe-piles Dr. Huang Fuyun Fuzhou University 31 st May, 217 Outline Background ing introduction ing results Simple calculation
More informationLearn more at
Full scale model tests of a steel catenary riser C. Bridge 1, H. Howells 1, N. Toy 2, G. Parke 2, R. Woods 2 1 2H Offshore Engineering Ltd, Woking, Surrey, UK 2 School of Engineering, University of Surrey,
More informationHeavy Equipment & Rigging Specialist Training
Heavy Equipment & Rigging Specialist Training Module 1 Unit 4: Intro to Rigging May08 1 Key Points Review of Exercise Goals Discuss Rigging Components Language of Crane Signals Review Anchor Installation
More informationWe put it all on the line, so you don t have to.
3M DBI-SALA 8 mm Permanent Horizontal Lifeline Systems We put it all on the line, so you don t have to. Smarter software. Stronger hardware. Easier installation. How do you improve on one of the best permanent
More informationMSA Confined Space Entry Equipment
MSA Confined Space Entry Equipment Because every life has a purpose... MSA Confined Space Entry Equipment MSA XTIRPA Manhole Guard System Use for confined space vertical entry and fall protection when
More informationCausal Mechanisms of Webbing Anchor Interface Failure Thomas Evans a, Sherrie McConaughey b, and Aaron Stavens c
Causal Mechanisms of Webbing Anchor Interface Failure Thomas Evans a, Sherrie McConaughey b, and Aaron Stavens c a Montana State University, Department of Earth Sciences, PO Box 173480, Bozeman, MT 59717-3480,
More informationFormation level = m. Foundation level = m. Height of the wall above the Ground Level = 7.42 m
DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL INTRODUCTION: This wall is designed for active earth pressure and live load surcharge pressure The loads for the purpose of design are calculated per meter length of wall. BASIC
More informationLOW ANGLE ROPE RESCUE OPERATIONAL
Scope: This chapter serves as an introduction to system attachments and fall restraint. Terminal Learning Objective (TLO): At the end of this chapter, the student will be aware of several methods of system
More informationPresented to the International Technical Rescue Symposium, November Abstract
Presented to the International Technical Rescue Symposium, November 21 Presented by: Chuck Weber, PMI Quality Manager Abstract This paper presents the results of 162 individual drop tests performed at
More informationDESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED STEPPED FOOTING DATA :- SBC of soil =200 KN /m 2 Concrete Mix =M20 Steel Grade = Fe 415 Clear cover of bottom slab =50 mm
STEPPED FOOTING The construction of sloped footing is sometimes difficult and when the slope of the top face of footing is more, say more than 1 vertically to 3 horizontally, it may be difficult to finish
More informationImportant / remember. Accessing the edge of the crevasse to evaluate the situation
MICRO TRAXION EXPERIENCE This «Product Experience» document is a supplement to the Instructions For Use, which provides feedback from field experience and tips for using your product. It is inseparable
More informationSAMPLE PAGE. Section 2... Wire Rope
Section 2...................................................... Wire Rope Never use any kind of clip to directly connect two straight lengths of wire rope to form a continuous piece. Do not make up slings
More informationRANDALL S ADVENTURE TRAINING BASIC SINGLE ROPE TECHNIQUES
BASIC SINGLE ROPE TECHNIQUES SINGLE ROPE TECHNIQUES An introductory course in the use of single rope techniques (SRT) for rappelling and ascending in a wilderness environment. This is a basic outline for
More informationRush Fire District DEUS Training
Rush Fire District DEUS Training Firefighter Bailout Parts of a Vertical Descent/Rescue System Parts of a DEUS 3000-Series Controlled Descent Device Parts of a DEUS 3000-Series Controlled Descent Device
More informationOPERATION AND INSTRUCTION MANUAL
OPERATION AND INSTRUCTION MANUAL Swivel Anchor Model: SWS100N-316-CTS Patent US # 8,424,638 WARNING: ALL PERSONS USING THIS EQUIPMENT MUST READ AND UNDERSTAND ALL INSTRUCTIONS. FAILURE TO DO SO MAY RESULT
More informationLAMINATED POLES. engineered to solve problems. Coastal Douglas-fir. Field Raked and Tangent Poles
Coastal Douglas-fir Field Raked and Tangent Poles LAMINATED POLES engineered to solve problems 1 Design Criteria Submission Form You can either fax this information to 253-627-4188 or submit your drawings
More informationOPERATION AND INSTRUCTION MANUAL Swivel Anchor Model: SWY100N
OPERATION AND INSTRUCTION MANUAL Swivel Anchor Model: SWY100N IMPORTANT!!! ALL PERSONS USING THIS EQUIPMENT MUST READ AND UNDERSTAND ALL INSTRUCTIONS. FAILURE TO DO SO MAY RESULT IN SERIOUS INJURY OR DEATH.
More informationTypical factors of safety for bearing capacity calculation in different situations
Typical factors of safety for bearing capacity calculation in different situations Density of soil: In geotechnical engineering, one deals with several densities such as dry density, bulk density, saturated
More informationDry Hydrants. The installation of a non-pressurized pipe system into local water sources provides a ready means of supplying water to fire engines.
Dry Hydrants What is a Dry Hydrant? A dry hydrant is a non-pressurized pipe system permanently installed in existing lakes, ponds and streams that provides a suction supply of water to a fire department
More informationAnchor Building on Multi-Pitch Climbs
Anchor Building on Multi-Pitch Climbs Anchors are a crucial and important piece of the multi-pitch technical system but they are still only one piece. A well-built anchor alone cannot fully protect you
More informationAnchors that can be used for a lifeline in a grain bin. or Ladder do not make good anchors!
Anchors that can be used for a lifeline in a grain bin. or Ladder do not make good anchors! Definitions: Carabiner 1 Webbing attachment hardware with double locking action rated at 4,000 pounds 8 mm Accessory
More informationStructural Design and Analysis of the New Mobile Refuge Chamber
Key Engineering Materials Online: 2013-09-10 ISSN: 1662-9795, Vol. 584, pp 175-178 doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.584.175 2014 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Structural Design and Analysis of
More informationCSMC Glacier System Canadian Drop Loop
CSMC Glacier System Canadian Drop Loop Overview This document provides an overview of the Canadian Drop Loop (CDL) system used by the Calgary Scrambling and Mountaineering (CSMC) club and some of its prerequisites.
More informationAlternate Sked Lashing Methods From Roco Rescue. Approved by Skedco.
Presented by: Roco Rescue Roco Rescue, Inc. 12-11-12 Alternate Sked Lashing Methods From Roco Rescue. Approved by Skedco. Warning: Proper training is required prior to use of this or any other rescue equipment
More informationResearch ideas for students of rescue
Research ideas for students of rescue NOTE: If you want to take on one of these topics feel free to do so but PLEASE let us know that you re taking it so we can mark it as taken to prevent duplication
More informationADJUSTABLE DRIVER A MATERIAL ADVANTAGE. touredge.com
touredge.com 800.515.3343 ADJUSTABLE DRIVER 8-1-1 TITANIUM BODY AND CROWN Stronger, lighter chassis improves power and stability at impact DEEP SOLE WEIGHTING 19 grams of weight for increased MOI and lower
More informationTransfer Chain (SA-1002) & Adjustable I-Beam Clamp (SA-1039 or SA-1040) Operating Instructions
Transfer Chain (SA-1002) & Adjustable I-Beam Clamp (SA-1039 or SA-1040) Operating Instructions SPIDER Page 1 of 8 702127 Rev A Using Transfer Chain with Adjustable I-Beam Clamp Safety Notes Do not use
More informationTZ WEDGE ANCHOR FOR CRACKED AND UNCRACKED CONCRETE
www.ucanfast.com TECHNICAL MANUAL SECTION 2.2 PAGE 1 / 10 ä DESCRIPTION UCAN TZ torque controlled mechanical expansion wedge anchors have a Category 1 classification. They are used to resist static, wind
More informationHoldUp Plus2. Safety Kit included: See additional instructions for installation. REAR WHEEL TRAY. BASE (1x) lock WASHER (1x) KEY (2x) SAFETY CLIP (1x)
HoldUp Plus2 InsTAll This product on 2" hitch version of the HoldUp Front WHEEL TRAY assembly (1x) REAR WHEEL TRAY assembly (1x) wrench (1x) BASE (1x) bolt (8X) Lock WASHER (8X) Washer (8x) KEY (2x) SAFETY
More informationESCONDIDO FIRE DEPT TRAINING MANUAL Section Truck Module Page 1 of 8 Ropes - Knots Revised
Truck Module Page 1 of 8 SERVICE KNOTS Common Knot Tying Terms Working End- the working end of a rope is the part used in forming a knot. (also known as the loose end or bitter end) Running End- the running
More informationOPERATION AND INSTRUCTION MANUAL Swivel Anchor Model: HD26248
OPERATION AND INSTRUCTION MANUAL Swivel Anchor Model: HD26248 IMPORTANT!!! ALL PERSONS USING THIS EQUIPMENT MUST READ AND UNDERSTAND ALL INSTRUCTIONS. FAILURE TO DO SO MAY RESULT IN SERIOUS INJURY OR DEATH.
More informationGRANITE MOUNTAIN (5629 ) AVALANCHE INCIDENT March 10, Narrative provided by John Stimberis WSDOT Avalanche Technician, Snoqualmie Pass
Page 1 of 9 GRANITE MOUNTAIN (5629 ) AVALANCHE INCIDENT March 10, 2002 Narrative provided by John Stimberis WSDOT Avalanche Technician, Snoqualmie Pass Accident Narrative On March 10, 2002, two Seattle
More informationRESCUE TECHNICIAN KNOT GUIDE
RESCUE TECHNICIAN KNOT GUIDE RESCUE TECHNICIAN - BASIC September 20, 2014 8AM-5PM - Location T.B.A September 27, 2014 8AM-5PM - Location T.B.A October 11, 2014 8AM-5PM - Location T.B.A This Class is an
More informationProtecting your punching tool investment. Application-related problems and solutions
Protecting your punching tool investment Application-related problems and solutions Article reprinted with permission from the May 2000 issue of The FABRICATOR. By Nick Tarkany Economic shortcuts in the
More informationAnalysis of Shear Lag in Steel Angle Connectors
University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Honors Theses and Capstones Student Scholarship Spring 2013 Analysis of Shear Lag in Steel Angle Connectors Benjamin Sawyer
More informationPETERSEN 161-SERIES HIGH PRESSURE LIFTING AIR BAGS OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS WARNING!
PETERSEN 161-SERIES HIGH PRESSURE LIFTING AIR BAGS OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS WARNING! Read and understand instructions before using Petersen Plugs. Failure to comply may result in property damage, serious
More informationSUPER SLIDER BEAM ANCHOR ADJUSTABLE FROM Model # BWA030N
SUPER SLIDER BEAM ANCHOR ADJUSTABLE FROM 12-30 Model # BWA030N IMPORTANT!!! ALL PERSONS USING THIS EQUIPMENT MUST READ AND UNDERSTAND ALL INSTRUCTIONS. FAILURE TO DO SO MAY RESULT IN SERIOUS INJURY OR
More informationOperations and Instruction Manual Might Swivel Model # Concrete and Steel Anchorage Connector ANSI Z ,000 lbs / 44kn
Operations and Instruction Manual Might Swivel Model # 00238 Concrete and Steel Anchorage Connector ANSI Z359.1 10,000 lbs / 44kn Description: Zinc plated forged heat treated steel, Special design gives
More informationOPERATION AND INSTRUCTION MANUAL Flat Roof Anchor Model: FRA250L-10X-CTS
OPERATION AND INSTRUCTION MANUAL Flat Roof Anchor Model: FRA250L-10X-CTS (Patent Pending) WARNING: ALL PERSONS USING THIS EQUIPMENT MUST READ AND UNDERSTAND ALL INSTRUCTIONS. FAILURE TO DO SO MAY RESULT
More information3/8/2016 Oregon Wallowa Mountains Published by Michael Hatch (Wallowa Avalanche Center) and Scott Savage (on behalf of USFS National Avalanche Center)
Location: Place Chief Joseph Peak, Wallowa Mountains State Oregon Date 3/8/2016 Time 1630 hrs Summary 1 skier partially buried and killed Number: Caught 1 Fully Buried 0 Injured 0 Killed 1 Avalanche Details:
More informationChapter 4: Single Vertical Arch
Chapter 4: Single Vertical Arch 4.1 Introduction This chapter considers a single pressurized arch in a vertical plane. This arch is similar to the arches that will be studied in the following chapter.
More information1995 Puget Sound Anchor Test Report
1995 Puget Sound Anchor Test Report In June 1995, we participated in a anchor test conducted by the Sailing Foundation of Seattle, WA. We tested eight different types of anchors in five sites around Puget
More informationMOUNTAIN SKILLS ACADEMY CANADA'S LEADING MOUNTAIN SCHOOL - PERFECTION INSPIRED BY PASSION
MSA- S3M2 Winter Crevasse Rescue Course Physiology of a Glacier: 1 Bergshrund a long transverse crevasse where the glacier separates from a mountain side 2 Nunatak an exposed rock outcrop which a glacier
More informationDonaghys Winch Ropes. Handling & Installation Guide
Donaghys Winch Ropes Handling & Installation Guide September 2015 Choosing the right rope for the job It is important to choose the right rope for the job. Donaghys specialise in custom designing ropes
More informationChapter 22, Section 1 - Ocean Currents. Section Objectives
Chapter 22, Section 1 - Ocean Currents Section Objectives Intro Surface Currents Factors Affecting Ocean Currents Global Wind Belts (you should draw and label a diagram of the global wind belts) The Coriolis
More informationDesign and Calculation of Double Buoys Mooring System in Estuary of Yalu River
Applied Mechanics and Materials Online: 2012-12-13 ISSN: 1662-7482, Vols. 253-255, pp 2071-2075 doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.253-255.2071 2013 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Design and Calculation
More informationUser Instructions 1789 Parapet Wall Anchor
User Instructions 1789 Parapet Wall Anchor This manual is intended to meet the Manufacturer Instructions as required by ANSI Z359.1 and should be used as part of an employee training program as required
More informationFigure 1 - Parts Identification. Copyright 2002, DB Industries, Inc.
User Instruction Manual Zorbit Energy Absorber Kits for Horizontal Lifeline Systems This manual is provided as the Maunfacturer s Instructions, and should be used as part of an employee training program
More informationUnderstanding Anchor Systems
This paper, is the first in a series of documents, intended to serve as a knowledge base for our department. Each paper in the series, is intended to cover, in depth, a topic critical to rope rescue. While
More informationStudy to Establish Relations for the Relative Strength of API 650 Cone Roof Roof-to-Shell and Shell-to- Bottom Joints
Thunderhead Engineering Consultants I N C O R P O R A T E D 1006 Poyntz Ave. Manhattan, KS 66502-5459 785-770-8511 www. thunderheadeng.com Study to Establish Relations for the Relative Strength of API
More informationOPERATION AND INSTRUCTION MANUAL Beam Trolley Model: BTA012N
OPERATION AND INSTRUCTION MANUAL Beam Trolley Model: BTA012N WARNING: ALL PERSONS USING THIS EQUIPMENT MUST READ AND UNDERSTAND ALL INSTRUCTIONS. FAILURE TO DO SO MAY RESULT IN SERIOUS INJURY OR DEATH.
More informationASCENDERS ASCENDERS RUN UP THE WALL WITH 600 POUNDS ON THE LINE APA-5 POWERED ROPE ASCENDER APA-5 POWERED ROPE ASCENDER
APA-5 POWERED ROPE ASCENDER APA-5 POWERED ROPE ASCENDER APA-5 POWERED ROPE ASCENDER PN: AK-APA5 ELIMINATE THE CHALLENGE OF VERTICAL OBSTACLES Lightweight and powerful, the Atlas Devices APA-5 is a multi-mission
More informationCOPYRIGHT 2016 RANDALL S ADVENTURE TRAINING RANDALL S ADVENTURE & TRAINING TACTICAL ROPE ACCESS
COPYRIGHT 2016 RANDALL S ADVENTURE & TRAINING COPYRIGHT 2014 COURSE PURPOSE This course is designed to enable law enforcement the ability to select duty grade vertical rope access hardware, and set up
More informationAvalanche Probing Re-visited
Avalanche Probing Re-visited Tim Auger Banff National Park and Bruce Jamieson Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary Avalanche probing is still required to search avalanche deposits when other
More informationSeptic Tank Buoyancy Control 101. David Lentz, P.E.
Septic Tank Buoyancy Control 101 David Lentz, P.E. Archimedes Principle https://physics.weber.edu/carroll/archimedes/principle.htm Archimedes Principle: The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the
More informationXVII th World Congress of the International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (CIGR)
XVII th World Congress of the International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (CIGR) Hosted by the Canadian Society for Bioengineering (CSBE/SCGAB) Québec City, Canada June 13-17, 2010
More informationHogsback Kit. Presented by: Dave Clark and Rocky Hendersen
Hogsback Kit Presented by: Dave Clark and Rocky Hendersen Hogsback Kit The south side of Oregon s Mt Hood (11,235 ) is one of the most frequently climbed alpine routes in the world. The Hogsback is a geographic
More informationTYPE: LSF - LIFTING STUD FOOT ANCHOR DESCRIPTION: The design of the anchor means no additional reinforcement is required as the forces are transferred into the concrete from the design of the foot of the
More informationA N C H O R T A B S N O R T H W E S T ANCHOR TAB VF. Patented. User Instructions
A N C H O R T A B S N O R T H W E S T www.anchortabs.com ANCHOR TAB VF Patented User Instructions National standards, and state, provincial, and federal laws, require installer/user of this product to
More informationAnchorage Of Floating Bridges
Chapter 8. Anchorage Of Floating Bridges Each of these factors must be considered when deciding upon the type of anchorage sys- tem to be installed. Generally, the velocity of the river and the river bottom
More informationa WOW Lab Prep Instructions
Pulleys and Mechanical Advantage A major step in the prep of this activity is choosing a good location. A key feature is an easily accessible top anchor. Some examples of good anchors are a solid tree
More informationBEAMGUARD SAFETY POST TM INSTRUCTIONS
BEAMGUARD SAFETY POST TM INSTRUCTIONS READ THESE WARNINGS BEFORE USING THE BEAMGUARD SAFETY POST! 1. Before use of this system, read and understand all instructions, warnings, cautions and notes marked
More informationFAST 2K Fence Post Backfill
1 - Where can I buy Fast 2K? Consult: Where to Buy tab at www.fast2k.com 2 - What is Fast 2K? Fast 2K is an award winning innovation, much better and more convenient than concrete for setting fence posts,
More informationFall Protection Checklist. Guardrail System
Fall Protection Checklist Location/Department: Date of Inspection: Inspectors: Corrective Actions: Work order/memos were issued: Yes No Date issued: In accordance with the MIOSHA and OSHA standards the
More information4.3 Oblique Shocks and Expansions Fans: The Supercritical Marine Layer.
4.3 Oblique Shocks and Expansions Fans: The Supercritical Marine Layer. The marine layer is a relatively dense and well-mixed layer of moist air that lies above the sea surface and is often capped by a
More informationWEDGE-ALL Wedge Anchors
WEDGE-ALL Wedge Anchors The Wedge-All wedge anchors are a non-bottom bearing, wedge-style expansion anchor for use in solid concrete or grout-fi lled masonry. A one-piece clip ensures uniform holding capacity
More informationOWNER'S MANUAL. Turnbuckle. Stanchions. Warning
GEMTOR, INC....when your life is on the line One Johnson Avenue Matawan, NJ 07747 732-583-6200 800-405-9048 Fax 732-290-9391 OWNER'S MANUAL Installation, Operating, Inspection and Maintenance Instructions
More informationENTUCKY RANSPORTATION C ENTER. College of Engineering
Research Report KTC-05-34/SPR-297-05-1I T K ENTUCKY RANSPORTATION C ENTER College of Engineering USE OF ULTRA-LIGHTWEIGHT GEOFOAM TO REDUCE STRESSES IN HIGHWAY CULVERT EXTENSIONS Our Mission We provide
More informationElastic-Plastic Finite Element Analysis for Zhongwei--guiyang Natural Gas Pipeline Endangered by Collapse
Abstract Elastic-Plastic Finite Element Analysis for Zhongwei--guiyang Natural Gas Pipeline Endangered by Collapse Gengxin Wu,Peng Zhang,Zhixiang Li,Zunhai Ke,Guizhi Li,Anmin Jiang 2 School of Civil Engineering
More information1 SafeClaw Anchorage Connectors
Operations and Instruction Manual Model #4077 Portable Concrete Anchorage Connector ANSI Z359.1 10,000 lbs / 44kn OHSA 1910.66 & 1926.502 Effective: 01/2012 Expires: 01/2022 IM-0050 REVA 1 SafeClaw Anchorage
More informationSemper Salus! CERT Disclaimer 3/4/2014. Lamorinda Community Emergency Response Team. Safety is Always the Number One Priority!
Lamorinda Community Emergency Response Team Rescue Ropes, Anchors and Knots Semper Salus! Safety is Always the Number One Priority! CERT Disclaimer This 2 hour presentation will NOT qualify you to perform
More informationVERTICAL / FIXED BEAM CLAMP I-BEAM ANCHOR ADJUSTABLE FROM 4-14 Model # VBC014N
VERTICAL / FIXED BEAM CLAMP I-BEAM ANCHOR ADJUSTABLE FROM 4-14 Model # VBC014N WARNING: ALL PERSONS USING THIS EQUIPMENT MUST READ AND UNDERSTAND ALL INSTRUCTIONS. FAILURE TO DO SO MAY RESULT IN SERIOUS
More informationCarolina Trace Country Club
Carolina Trace Country Club Short Game School Michael Krick Head Golf Professional Trace Member Table Of Contents Putting 1, 2 Putting Evaluation Matrix 3 Putting Positions 4 Chipping 5, 6 Pitching 7,
More information