Inter-Industry Analysis, Consumption Structure, and the Household Production Structure

Transcription

1 Inter-Industry Analysis, Consumption Struture, and te Houseold Prodution Struture by Sigemi Kagaa Graduate Sool of Information Sienes, Tooku University, Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, , Japan, and Resear Center for Material Cyles and Waste Management, National Institute for Environmental Studies of Japan.

2 ABSTRACT Te standard aste input-output models for single region and multi-regions do not endogenously treat te dependent relationsip beteen inome distribution (ouseold onsumption) and ouseold aste generation. As in Miyazaa and Masegi (1963), I introdue te propagation proess of inome distribution and ouseold aste generation into te extended input-output analysis and reveal te idden money flo resulting from te ouseold aste disposal beaviour. From te empirial analysis, e find te endogenous inome propagation effet resulting from te ouseold aste treatments indued by unit ouseold onsumption (one million yen) as only a 220 yen and remarkably small, omparing it tat for ordinary ommodity produtions (753 tousand yen). We also find tat te ontribution of industrial and ouseold aste treatment and reyling ativities to te 1995 Japanese eonomy as about one trillion yen (0.1% of te gross domesti output), onsidering te endogenous inome propagation effets indued by te onsumption beaviour of labors engaging in te aste treatments. Key ords: Soial aounting multipliers, muniipal solid aste, industrial aste 2

3 An early version of te paper as presented at te Pan Paifi Assoiation of Input-Output Studies: Te 15t Conferene, Siga, Japan, Otober 30-31, I gratefully aknoledge te preious omments of Professor Masaiko Simizu (Keio University). Also I gratefully aknoledge te in-dept omments of Professors Siniiro Nakamura and Yasusi Kondo (Waseda University) and tank Koii Taio of te Japan Environmental Sanitation Center and te oter staff members for teir ooperation regarding te onstrution of te 1995 table. 3

4 1. Introdution Realling te pat-breaking approa in extended input-output multipliers by Miyazaa and Masegi (1960), I understand te dependeny beteen inome distribution (ouseold onsumption) and ouseold aste prodution an be introdued into aste input-output analysis (see Batey and Rose (1990) for an overvie of te extended input-output analysis and Nakamura and Kondo (2002) for te aste input-output analysis). Te endogenous treatment enables us not only to more definitely aount for intermediate inputs reuired for industrial aste and muniipal solid aste (MSW) reyling (treatments) but also to desribe ouseold aste prodution struture relating to te ouseold onsumption struture. Espeially, te latter is ruial in measuring inter-industry effets of MSW generated by te ouseold onsumption and in examining te relationsip beteen ouseold (employment) types and aste generations. Quoting te Model (regional soial aounting system) illustrated by Batey and Rose (1990, p. 31), I extend te Model to te input-output model it goods and bads. Figure 1 sos tat not only intensive and extensive ouseolds gain an inome from value added and spend te money on onsuming goods and servies su as foods, lotes, refrigerator, ealtare, and so fort, but also te prodution ativities and te ouseold onsumption ativities diretly and indiretly indue te industrial astes su as srap plastis and srap irons and te muniipal solid astes su as food astes, lot astes, and refrigerator 4

5 residue, respetively trougout te entire inter-industry transations (see te dotted line of Figure 1). Te aste reyling (treatment) ativities reprodue not only ommodities from te astes but also provide employment opportunities. Te regional aste managements onseuently benefit regional eonomies by providing te aste disposal servie, produing final and intermediate produts from te astes, and saving prodution ost troug material and termal reyling. In tis paper, I introdue te propagation proess of inome distribution and ouseold aste generation into te aste input-output analysis and so te advantage of our model, performing te empirial analysis. Conseuently, I sueed in deomposing te standard multi-setor inome multiplier into te ouseold expenditure-related inome multiplier and te ouseold aste-related inome multiplier and measuring tem. Te present paper is organized as follos: folloing te introdution, setion 2 formulates te model, setion 3 provides te empirial analysis, and finally setion 4 is te onlusion Figure 1 ere Te Model 5

6 In at follos, I ill formulate te dependent relationsip beteen te inome distribution and te aste generations. Te standard extended input-output frameork for a single region (ountry) an be ritten as: f = y I n A l I k g (1) ere A = { a ij } is te tenial oeffiient matrix it dimension n of te number of ommodities; = { ij } is te onsumption oeffiient matrix representing te onsumption of ommodity i per unit of total inome of ouseold type j; l = { l ij } is te inome oeffiient matrix representing ouseold type i-related labor ompensation per unit of gross output of ommodity j; = { } is te gross ommodity output vetor; g = { } is te i g i total ouseold inome vetor; f = { } is te net ommodity output vetor; f i y = { y i } is te exogenous ouseold inome vetor; I is te ( n n ) identity n matrix and I is te ( k k ) identity matrix ere k denotes te number of k ouseold types. As in Madden and Batey (1983) and Batey, Madden and Weeks (1987), soial aounting multipliers from euation (1) are very useful in uantitatively apturing te stati and dynami eonomi-demograpi link. I furter propose te eonomi-demograpi-environment link, fousing on te industrial and ouseold aste flo. Realling te ell-knon Nakamura-Kondo seme 6

7 (2002) and furter defining te aste alloation matries for industrial and ouseold aste as S and S, respetively, euation (1) an be extended into m f Il A f = SA y l I m A S A l S I k g (2) ere A = {( ) ij a } is te (l l) tenial oeffiient sub-matrix soing te intermediate input of ommodity i per unit of gross output of ommodity j; A = {( a ) } ij is te (l m) tenial oeffiient sub-matrix soing te intermediate input of ommodity i per unit of aste intermediately disposed of by aste treatment j; A = {( ) ij a } is te (o l) industrial aste generation oeffiient matrix soing te output of industrial aste i per unit of gross output of ommodity j; A = {( a ) ij } is te (o m) residual oeffiient matrix soing te residual of aste i per unit of aste intermediately disposed of by aste treatment j; S = {( S ) } ij is te (m o) non-negative retangular alloation matrix representing te sare of industrial aste j disposed of by te aste treatment i; { = ( ) ij } orresponds to of euation (1) mentioned above; = {( ) } ij is te (p ) ouseold aste generation oeffiient matrix soing te output of ouseold aste i per unit of total onsumption of ouseold type j; and S = {( ) } S ij is te (m p) non-negative retangular alloation matrix 7

8 representing te sare of ouseold aste j disposed of by te aste treatment i. Given te exogenous ommodity final demand vetor f, exogenous aste generation vetor representing te release to te environment f and te total ouseold inome vetor, te total ommodity prodution vetor, ten te total aste treatment ativity vetor and te total ouseold inome vetor an be determined by euation (2). It sould be noted tat m, o, and p are te numbers of aste treatment teniues, industrial aste, and ouseold aste, respetively. If te jointly-generated industrial and ouseold astes are ompletely disposed by te available aste treatment teniues and te exogenous ouseold inome is negleted and it old f = 0 and y = 0 ere 0 is te appropriate zero vetor, te folloing to relationsips an be obtained from euation (2). 1 1 = ( Il A l ) f + ( Il A l ) ( A + l ) (3) 1 = ( I m SA Sl ) ( SA + S l ) (4) Te proof is straigtforard. Furtermore, defining te Miyazaa internal matrix multipliers for goods and bads as B ( I = l A ) 1 and B = ( I m S A ) 1, respetively, yield: 8

9 1 1 = B( Il lb ) f + B( Il lb ) ( A + l ) (5) 1 = B( I m Sl B ) ( SA + Sl ). (6) Interestingly, if te ouseold expenditure-related inome multiplier and te ouseold aste-related inome multiplier an be defined as K ( I L ) 1 = ( I l B ) 1 and K ( I L ) 1 = ( I l B S ) 1, = k k respetively, ten e finally ave: = m m = B ( I l + K l B ) f + B ( I l + K l B )( A + l ) (7) = B ( I m + S K l B )( S A + S l ). (8) Te propagation meanism is more ompliated tan tat of te standard multi-setor inome multiplier developed by Miyazaa and Masegi (1963). Te ommodity final demand impulse stimulates ommodity produtions troug te inter-industry transations B f and te propagations resulting from ea ouseold types onsumption expenditures B K l B f. Te initial total impat ( 0) B f + B K l B f subseuently affets aste treatments troug te four propagation proesses from euation (8) (see (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) of Figure 2). Te aumulated aste treatment levels furter stimulate 9

10 ommodity produtions troug te inter-industry transations and te inome propagations indued by te intermediate inputs for te aste treatment ativities B A + B K l B A ( 0) ( 0) and indued by te onsumption expenditures of labors engaging in te industrial and ouseold aste treatment ativities ) B l + B K l B l ( 0) (0 from euation (7) (see (v), (vi), (vii) and (viii) of Figure 2). Ten, te first-round ommodity prodution vetor anges ( 0 ) ( 1) (inreases) into a seond-round ommodity prodution vetor. Te seond-round ommodity prodution vetor again leads to a seond-round ( 1) aumulated aste treatment vetor. In tis ay, te reursive propagation proesses ontinue, until te ommodity prodution levels and te aste treatment levels onverge to euilibrium values. If te number of te finite reursive proesses is r, te proesses an be desribed as follos Figure 2 ere Substituting euation (8) into te seond term on te rigt-and side of euation (7) yield te euilibrium prodution ativity levels and substituting te solution into euation (8) reads to te euilibrium aste treatment levels. 10

11 3. An Appliation to te 1995 Japanese Eonomy 3.1. Data onstrution For te empirial analysis, I onstruted te 1995 extended input-output table. Basially, te table as made by aggregating te 1995 nine regions aste input-output table estimated by Kagaa et al. (2004). By doing so, te four sub-matries A, A, S, and S A an be diretly obtained from te A aggregations. Furtermore, te ouseold onsumption expenditure oeffiient vetor and te labor inome oeffiient vetor for ommodity produtions l an also be obtained by dividing ouseold onsumption expenditure of ea ommodity from te aggregated table by total disposable inome and by dividing labor inome for ea ommodity prodution by gross ommodity output in uestion, respetively. Te troublesome problem is to estimate te labor inome oeffiient vetor for aste treatment ativities l, ouseold aste generation oeffiient vetor and its alloation matrix, beause e ave to arrange enormous treatment data from aste surveys. In order to estimate labor inome oeffiient vetor for aste treatment ativities, firstly I set te average number of labors engaging in a representative S aste treatment plant, using te relevant aste treatment data. Te present study foused on te aste treatment setors as Inineration (J43); Deydration (J44); Sun-drying (J45); Maine-drying (J46); Oil-ater separation (J47); Waste fluid-neutralizing (J48); Waste-sredding (J49); Waste-ompressing (J50); 11

12 Waste-separating and lassifying (J51); Waste-melting (J52); Waste-utting (J53); Waste-omposting (J54); Waste landfill (J55); and, Oter aste treatments (J56). Seondly, I estimated te number of labors engaging in te industrial aste treatment ativity in uestion by multiplying te average number of labors per a aste treatment plan by te atual number of te industrial aste treatment plants in Japan. Finally, te labor inome for ea industrial aste treatment ativity as estimated by multiplying te number of labors engaging in te industrial aste treatment ativity by average age onsidering te number of days orked from te oter aste treatment reports. For te muniipal solid aste treatment ativities, sine te number of labors engaging in te MSW treatment ativities an be obtained from te regular survey report on te MSW treatments provided by Ministry of te Environment of Japan, e used te data and estimated by multiplying te number of labors engaging in te MSW treatment ativity by average age onsidering te number of days orked in te same ay. Table 1 and 2 so te results for te industrial and ouseold aste treatment ativities estimated by te proedure. I estimated te total labor inome for te industrial and ouseold aste treatment ativities as about 246 (billion yen) (149 billion yen for total inome of te industrial aste treatments and 97 billion yen for total inome of te ouseold aste treatments). For te industrial aste treatments, te aste-sredding ativity so te igest labor inome of 28 billion yen, te deydration ativity and te inineration ativity so subseuently so te ig values, 23 billion yen and 9 billion yen, respetively. On te oter and, te ouseold aste largely depends on te 12

13 inineration ativity at least in 1995 and onseuently remarkable ontributes to te labor inome (72 billion yen) of te inineration ativity. Te ouseold aste generation vetor and te alloation matrix ere basially made by te regular survey report on te MSW treatments and te oter reports. Te industrial and ouseold aste setors ere defined as son in Tables A1 of Appendix A and te above-mentioned 14 aste treatments by 21 astes alloation matrix for Japan as onseuently generated (see Appendix B for te alloation patterns of te industrial and ouseold aste). It sould be noted tat e referred to te report on te MSW omposition and defined te ouseold aste setors by meeting definitions of te industrial astes. Te present study foused on 41 ommodity setors son in Tables A2. Te next setion presents te major findings Table 1 ere Table 2 ere

14 3.2. Empirial findings As I formulated in setion 2, te atual eonomi system it goods and bads is ompliated more tan e ave imagined. Altoug te standard input-output table onsiders aste treatment servie setors and reords intermediate inputs for te aste treatment ativities, value added and final demand for te treatment servies in monetary base, te information at least in Japan is not so useful in disussing te aste management problem, beause not only te setoral definitions are very roug but also te pysial amount of aste floing to aste treatment proesses and disposed tere are unlear. More onretely, te 1995 Japanese input-output table treats only to aste treatment servie setors (publi and private). From tis table, e annot kno o mu is te ontribution of aste treatment and reyling ativity in uestion to gross domesti produt, national inome, and environment in a modern material-yle soiety. Using our frameork, e an estimate te ontribution of te aste treatment and reyling ativities resulting from te ommodity final demand impulse. Table 3 sos te result estimated by applying to te 1995 Japanese extended input-output table. Te result sos tat te ommodity final demand impulse of trillion yen indiretly led to te inter-industry transation effet for ommodity produtions of trillion yen and te endogenous inome propagation effet relating to te inter-industry transation of trillion yen (see seond and tird ro of Table 3). Te final demand impulse totally stimulated te ommodity prodution of trillion yen (see te sub-total). 14

15 Our analysis furter reveals tat te inter-industry transations for te ommodity produtions ontributed to te inreases in te domesti outputs troug te aste treatment and reyling proesses of industrial and ouseold aste jointly produed by firm s prodution beaviour and ouseold onsumption beaviour. Considering ea ommodity output multiplier developed in setion 2, e an understand te strengt of a strutural pat beteen te aste treatment ativities and ommodity prodution ativities. Te indiret inter-industry transation effet and te endogenous inome propagation effet resulting from te intermediate goods produtions for aste treatments, i orrespond to ommodity output multiplier type (v) and (vi), ere 0.27 and 0.26, respetively, ile te endogenous inome propagation effet resulting from te labor ompensations for aste treatments as totally 0.46, i orresponds to ommodity output multiplier type (vii) plus (viii). In partiular, te tree prodution ativities of transportation, manufaturing, and eletriity and eat supply setor remarkably ontributed to te multiplier (v) troug te indiret intermediate goods produtions for te aste treatment ativities, ile ommere, real estate, and servie setor largely affeted te multipliers (vi), (vii) and (viii) troug te diret onsumption beaviour of labors engaging in te aste treatments and engaging in te intermediate goods produtions for te aste treatment ativities (see Figure 3). It espeially sos tat te transportation ativity for te aste treatments indiretly raised domesti output by 0.17 trillion yen and played a key role in te sound material-yle eonomy of Japan. 15

16 Te to ores of our ommodity output multipliers are te inome 1 1 multipliers K ( I L ) and K ( I L ). In te present study, sine = k = m e deal it one ouseold setor and disposable inome for te ouseold setor, te inome propagation effets an be estimated as K ( 1 ) 1 L = and K = (1 L ) 1 ere te itali variables represent salar values. Tese values struturally affet te ommodity produtions and te aste treatments. I finally so te estimated values and explain about its strutural importane in our formulation. Realling te to formulations, L = l B and L = l B S, te values an be estimated as and , respetively and te inome propagation effets an be estimated as 1 K = ( ) = and 1 K = ( ) = Te former implies tat a ouseold setor reeived 753 tousand yen troug te endogenous inome propagation indued by te ouseold ommodity onsumption of one million yen, ile te latter indiates tat a ouseold setor reeived only 220 yen troug te aste treatment ativities for te ouseold aste jointly produed by te unit ouseold onsumption. Multiplying te 1995 total disposable inome of Japan 259 trillion yen by , e an estimate te pure endogenous inome propagation effet as 56,914 million yen. Altoug it an be understood tat te endogenous inome propagation for te ouseold aste treatment ativities is very small, omparing it te ordinary ommodity prodution ativities, e find tat te ontribution of industrial and ouseold aste treatment and reyling 16

17 ativities to te 1995 gross output as totally about one trillion yen (0.1% of te gross domesti output), onsidering te endogenous inome propagation effets indued by te onsumption beaviour of labors engaging in te industrial and ouseold aste treatments (see Figure 5 for te detailed inter-industry propagation effets). We an furter estimate inome redistribution effets by multiplying te total gross output effets by setoral inome oeffiients. Figure 4 sos tat te total inome redistribution effet as 0.28 trillion yen. From Tables 2 and 3, it sould be noted tat te diret labor ompensation relating to te intermediate treatment ativities is 0.23 trillion yen. Te important ting is tat even if te diret labor ompensation as employed as an eonomi indiator representing te maro-eonomi impat of aste reyling market, tis as only 45 perent of te total inome distribution effet i amounts to 0.51 trillion yen at least in If te ouseold inome-onsumption struture signifiantly affets aste alloation patterns and onseuently brings about eonomi benefit and environmental loads, te proposed model ould be very useful in empirially investigating te strutural anges under Material Cyle Oriented Soiety. 4. Conlusion Te present paper ontributes to modeling te aste input-output model onsidering te dependent relationsip beteen inome distribution (ouseold 17

18 onsumption) and ouseold aste generation. Te model larified te idden money flo resulting from te ouseold aste disposal beaviour. Te empirial analysis reveals tat te endogenous inome propagation effet resulting from te ouseold aste treatments indued by unit ouseold onsumption (one million yen) as only a 220 yen and remarkably small, omparing it tat for ordinary ommodity produtions (753 tousand yen). We also find tat te ontribution of industrial and ouseold aste treatment and reyling ativities to te 1995 Japanese eonomy as about one trillion yen (0.1% of te gross domesti output), onsidering te endogenous inome propagation effets indued by te onsumption beaviour of labors engaging in te aste treatments. 18

19 Referenes Batey, Peter W. J. and Adam Z. Rose Extended input-output models: progress and potential, International Regional Siene Revie, 13, Batey, Peter W. J., Moss Madden and M Weeks Houseold inome and expenditure in extended input-output models: a omparative teoretial and empirial analysis, Journal of Regional Siene, 27, Kagaa, Sigemi, Siniiro Nakamura and Hajime Inamura Measuring spatial reperussion effets of regional aste management, Disussion paper0403. Madden, Moss and Peter W. J. Batey Linked population and eonomi models: some metodologial issues in foreasting, analysis and poliy optimization, Journal of Regional Siene, 23, Miyazaa, Kenii and Singo Masegi Interindustry analysis and te struture of inome distribution, Metroeonomia, 15, Nakamura, Siniiro and Yasusi Kondo Input-output analysis of aste management, Journal of Industrial Eology, 6, Pyatt, Graam and Jeffery I. Round Aounting and fixed prie multipliers in a soial aounting matrix frameork, Eonomi Journal, 89,

20 Figures Industrial final demand Oter exogenous ouseold inome Exogenous Inputs Waste reyling (treatments) + Employment Industrial + + Houseold Goods + Inome Inter-Industry + output transations + To Intensive + Houseold Inome + + To Houseold Inome + To Houseold Inome Employment Eonomi Ativity Levels Demograpi Ativity Levels Figure 1. Te proposed frameork 20

21 ( 0 ) (i) B S A ( 0 ) (ii) B S l ( 0) (iii) B S K l B S A ( 0 ) (iv) B S K l B S l ( 0 ) Treatment levels for te industrial aste generations indued by te ommodity produtions Treatment levels for te ouseold astes indued by te onsumption beaviour of labors engaging in te goods and servie prodution ativities Treatment levels for ouseold astes indued by te onsumption beaviour of labors relating to te industrial aste treatment ativities Treatment levels for ouseold astes indued by te onsumption beaviour of labors relating to te ouseold aste treatment ativities ( 0 ) (v) B A ( 0) Commodity produtions indued by te intermediate inputs for te aste treatments ( 0 ) (vi) B K l B A (vii) B l ( 0 ) ( 0 ) Commodity produtions indued by te onsumption beaviour of labors engaging in te intermediate ommodity produtions for te aste treatments Commodity produtions indued by te onsumption beaviour of labors relating to te aste treatments ( 1 ) (viii) B K l B l ( 0 ) Commodity produtions troug te inome propagations indued by te onsumption beaviour of labors relating to te aste treatment ativities () 1 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( r - 1 ) ( r - 1 ) ( r ) (r ) Figure 2. Te propagation meanism 21

22 (Unit: million yen) 300, , , , ,000 50, ,605 Commodity output multiplier type (v) 258,153 Commodity output multiplier type (vi) 260,635 Commodity output multiplier type (vii) Total impat: 0.99 trillion yen 196,275 Commodity output multiplier type (viii) Unlassified Servies Publi administration Communiation and broadasting Transportation Real estate Finane and insurane Commere Eletriity, eat supply and ater supply Constrution Manufauring goods Mining Agriulture Figure 3. Commodity gross output multiplier effets indued by te aste treatment ativities (Unit: million yen) 100,000 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10, ,245 Commodity output multiplier type (v) 69,466 70,134 Commodity output multiplier type (vi) Commodity output multiplier type (vii) Total impat: 0.28 trillion yen 52,816 Commodity output multiplier type (viii) Unlassified Servies Publi administration Communiation and broadasting Transportation Real estate Finane and insurane Commere Eletriity, eat supply and ater supply Constrution Manufauring goods Mining Agriulture Figure 4. Setoral inome redistribution effets indued by te aste treatment ativities 22

23 Oter onsumption ex penditure 18.4 Gov ernment onsumption ex penditure 69.0 Fix ed apital formation (publi) 39.7 Fixed apital formation (private) (25.0) (136.2) 76.3 (64.0) (149.8 ) Inter-industry effet for ommodity produtions (441.0) ( ): Endogenous Inome propagation effet for ommodity produtions Waste treatment multiplier type (i) 128,518 Waste treatment multiplier type (ii) 29,665 Waste treatment multiplier type (iii) 12 Commodity prodution multiplier type (v) 227,542 42, Commodity prodution multiplier type (vi) 221,539 36, Commodity prodution multiplier type (vii) 163,970 96, Exports (66.0 ) Waste treatment multiplier type (iv) 7 Commodity prodution multiplier type (viii) 123,480 72, Unit: trillion yen Unit: tousand ton Unit: million yen Figure 5. Te inter-industry propagation effets 23

24 Tables Table labor inome for te industrial aste treatment ativities Number of days orked Number of labors (persons) Average age (tousand yen) Labor inome (million yen) Inineration 300 1,364 6,780 9,247 Deydration 300 3,358 6,780 22,767 Sun-drying , Maine-drying , Oil-ater separation , Waste-neutralizing ,780 2,416 Waste-sredding 250 4,950 5,650 27,966 Waste-ompressing , Waste-lassifying ,650 1,613 Waste-melting , Waste-utting , Waste-omposting , Oter treatments ,236 6,780 76,178 Waste landfill ,780 6,590 Total - 22, ,764 Note: Aording to te 1996 Establisment and Enterprise Census, te number of labors engaging in te industrial aste treatment industries is 57,005 (persons) and inludes te number of labors engaging in te industrial aste olletion servie industry. Sine e treat te olletion servie industry as a transportation industry in te present study, e exluded te labors engaging in te industrial aste olletion servie industry by assuming te perentage of tem is 40%. Table labor inome for te MSW treatment ativities Number of days orked Number of labors (persons) Average age (tousand yen) Labor inome (million yen) Inineration ,887 6,599 71,844 Deydration ,599 0 Sun-drying ,599 0 Maine-drying ,599 0 Oil-ater separation ,599 0 Waste-neutralizing ,599 0 Waste-sredding ,599 5,492 Waste-ompressing ,599 0 Waste-lassifying ,599 0 Waste-melting ,599 0 Waste-utting ,599 0 Waste-omposting ,599 1,919 Oter treatments 292 1,498 6,599 9,886 Waste landfill 292 1,158 6,599 7,643 Total - 14,666-96,784 Note: Aording to te 1996 Establisment and Enterprise Census, te number of labors engaging in te MSW aste treatment industries is 106,546 (persons) and inludes te number of labors engaging in te MSW olletion servie industry. Subtrating te number of labors engaging in te MSW aste treatment plants diretly obtained from te regular survey report on te MSW treatments from 106,546, e an indiretly estimate te number of labors engaging in te MSW olletion servie industry as 106,546-14,666=91,880 (persons). 24

25 Table 3. Inter-industry multiplier effets by te final demand impulse (unit: trillion yen) Commodity final demand impulse Indiret inter-industry effet for ommodity produtions Endogenous inome propagation effet for ommodity Produtions Sub-total Indiret inter-industry effet resulting from intermediate goods produtions for aste treatments (multiplier type (v)) Endogenous inome propagation effet resulting from intermediate goods produtions for aste treatments (multiplier type (vi)) Endogenous inome propagation effet 1 for aste treatments (multiplier type (vii)) Endogenous inome propagation effet 2 for aste treatments (multiplier type (viii)) Sub-total 0.99 Total

26 Appendix A. Table A1. Waste lassifiation odes 21 industrial astes 59 industrial astes 21 industrial astes 59 industrial astes 1. Waste ative arbon aste arbon 34. Waste residuals of animals 1. Inineration as 10. Waste residuals of 2. Unlassified inineration as 35. Waste residuals of plants animals and plants 3. Seerage sludge 36. Unlassified aste residuals of animals and plants 4. Oter organi sludge 11. Waste rubber 37. Waste rubber 2. Sludge 5. Constrution sludge 12. Waste metal 38. Waste metal 6. Waterorks sludge 39. Waste glasses 7. Oter inorgani sludge 40. Waste eramis 13. Waste glass and 8. Mineral oil 41. Plaster board eramis 9. Oils and fats of animals and plants 42. Asbestos et. 10. Benzene 43. Unlassified aste glass and eramis 11. Unlassified general aste fluid 44. Waste sand 3. Waste oil 12. Waste solvents 45. Blast furnae slag 14. Slag 13. Solid oil 46. Slag 14. Oil mud 47. Unlassified slag 15. Clotes inluding oil 48. Waste onrete 16. Inorgani aid aste fluid 15. Constrution astes 49. Waste aspalt 17. Waste fluid from potograpi fixing 50. Oter onstrution astes 4. Aid aste fluid 16. General aste 18. Corrosive aste fluid partiles 51. General aste partiles 19. Strong aid aste fluid 17. Dung and urine of 20. Alkaline aste fluid animals 52. Dung and urine of animals 5. Alkaline aste 18. Infetious medial 21. Developing solution of potograp fluid astes 53. Infetious medial astes 22. Strong alkaline aste fluid 19. Solid onrete astes 54. Solid onrete astes 23. Synteti fiber 20. Oters 55. Sredder dust 24. Fiber reinfored plasti 56. Unlassified astes 25. Plastis plastiized by ig eat 57. Melting astes 6. Waste plastis 26. Resins reinfored ig eat 21. Cinders 58. Cinders 27. General srap plastis 28. Synteti rubber 29. Agriultural plasti astes 30. Waste tires 7. Waste papers 31. Waste papers 8. Wood ips 32. Wood ips 9. Waste fiber 33. Waste fiber 26

27 Table A2. Commodity lassifiation odes (13 and 41 setors) 41 ommodity setors 13 ommodity setors 41 ommodity setors 13 ommodity setors 1. Agriulture 1. Agriulture 22. Heavy eletrial euipment 2. Mining 2. Mining 23. Automobile 3. Food and tobao produts 3. Manufaturing 24. Oter transportation euipment 4. Apparel and textile produts 25. Preision instrument 5. Lumber and ood produts 26. Oter manufaturing 6. Furniture and fixtures 27. Constrution 4. Constrution 7. Pulp, paper and paper produts 28. Eletriity supply 5. Eletriity, eat supply 8. Printing and publising 29. Gas and eat supply 9. Cemial and allied produts 30. Wolesale and retail 6. Commere 10. Petroleum and oal produts 31. Finanial servie and insurane 7. Finane and insurane 11. Plasti produts 32. Real estate 8. Real estate 12. Rubber produts 33. Transportation servie 9. Transportation 13. Leater and leater produts 34. Communiation and Broadasting 10.Communiation and Broadasting 14. Stone, lay and glass produts 35. Publi administration 11. Publi administration 15. Primary metal produts 36. Eduation and resear 12. Servies 16. Nonferrous metal produts 37. Medial servie and soial insurane 17. Metal produts 38. Oter publi servie 18. Industrial mainery and euipment 49. Servie for business 19. Offie maines and mainery 40. Servies for people 20. Houseold eletri appliane 41. Oters 13. Oters 21. Eletri and ommuniation euipment 27

28 Appendix B. 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Waste lassifiation odes Waste landfill Oter aste treatments Waste-omposting Waste-utting Waste-melting Waste-separating and lassifying Waste-ompressing Waste-rusing sredding Waste-neutralizing Oil-ater separation Maine-drying Sun-drying Deydration Inineration Figure B1. Te alloation patterns of industrial aste 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Waste lassifiation odes Waste landfill Oter aste treatments Waste-omposting Waste-utting Waste-melting Waste-separating and lassifying Waste-ompressing Waste-rusing sredding Waste-neutralizing Oil-ater separation Maine-drying Sun-drying Deydration Inineration Figure B2. Te alloation patterns of ouseold aste 28

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