COPYRIGHT 2016 RANDALL S ADVENTURE TRAINING RANDALL S ADVENTURE & TRAINING TACTICAL ROPE ACCESS

Transcription

1 COPYRIGHT 2016 RANDALL S ADVENTURE & TRAINING

2 COPYRIGHT 2014 COURSE PURPOSE This course is designed to enable law enforcement the ability to select duty grade vertical rope access hardware, and set up / oversee basic vertical rope access operations (urban or rural) in accordance with the Department of Homeland Security & FEMA Tactical Unit / SWAT Level 3 Vertical Rope Access standards. Course Hours: 24 An ATOA Approved Training Course

3 COPYRIGHT 2014 PURPOSE Armed / barricaded suspects in inaccessible locations. Covert entry / access to engage suspect or gather intelligence. First responder rescues.

4 COPYRIGHT 2014 THIS COURSE CONSISTS OF: Safety Equipment Knots Anchors Single Rope Descending Single Rope Lowers Belays Self Rescue Pick-Off Rescues Using A Weapon While On Rope

5 COPYRIGHT 2014 MINIMAL EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS: Personal Protective Equipment: Helmet Gloves Harness Static Kernmantle Rope 1 Webbing (15 ) Locking Carabiners (22kN MBS) Descending Device

6 COPYRIGHT 2014 OPERATING SAFELY Safe rope operations can be divided into four areas: 1) Learning the skills (Getting the basics down correctly!) 2) System setup (Use the best equipment without weak links) 3) Checking (Always double check to prevent mistakes) 4) Belaying (Rigging it properly to catch any mistakes in 1-3 above)

7 COPYRIGHT 2014 SAFETY 1. Work a buddy system. 2. Speak up, regardless of your skill level. 3. Use the Touch System to verify all rigging. 4. Never use questionable equipment. 5. Always use a safety line when working within 10 of the edge. 6. Always consider your margin of safety. (For example, if you weigh 170 pounds and the rope you are rappelling on is only rated for 200 pounds, then your margin of safety is slightly better than 1:1. The slightest increase in load such as a sudden stop may cause the system to fail.) 7. Avoid shock loading the system. 8. Use edge and equipment protection as needed. When working around a high-angle environment, every team member must wear a safety helmet, harness, gloves and safety line. There is ALWAYS time for safety!

8 COPYRIGHT 2014 SAFETY OFFICER DUTIES ALWAYS DESIGNATE A SAFETY OFFICER FOR EACH OPERATION Survey the scene for hazards and work with the team leader to establish safe fall lines. Double check all rescuers PPE before the operation begins. This is usually a visual scan since the touch system has already been employed. During this scan the safety officer is verifying that helmets are secure, and gloves and harnesses are on. He s also looking to see if there is a hazard such as an un-tucked shirt or Prusik dangling dangerously from his gear load. Verify the system is built properly. Verify edge protection. Verify all carabiners are locked and properly oriented. Check for rope and cordage damage. Check for hardware damage. Verify with the team what everyone s job is.

9 COPYRIGHT 2014 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT Helmet Harness Gloves **Knife **When working around load bearing ropes, knives should ONLY be deployed as a last-ditch tool. It is imperative you verify what you are cutting so you do not accidentally cut a load bearing rope or lifeline.

10 COPYRIGHT 2014 HARNESS TYPES Class I Class II Class III

11 COPYRIGHT 2014 IMPROVISED HARNESSES Hasty Harness (Can be made from webbing or rope)

12 COPYRIGHT 2014 SAFETY FACTORS Safety factor is the minimum breaking strength (MBS) divided by the maximum force expected to be applied. For example, if you have a carabiner rated for 5,000 lbf (22.2 kn) MBS and you suspend a 1000-pound load from it, then your safety factor would be 5:1. If you suspend a 5000-pound load, then that factor would decrease to 1:1. At a 1:1 factor the component would be considered having no margin of safety. Any further loading could cause failure. It should also be noted that how a piece of equipment is used will affect the MBS it is rated at. A knot tied in a rope decreases its MBS considerably. Side loading, tri-axial loading or torque loading a carabiner lowers its minimum breaking strength. Avoid Shock Loading!

13 COPYRIGHT 2014 ROPE & WEBBING Static Kernmantle (less than 6% stretch) Dynamic Kernmantle (above 6% stretch) 1 Inch Flat & Tubular Webbing The most commonly used SRT and Rescue rope is 7/16 (11mm) and 1/2 (13mm) diameter Static Kernmantle certified by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 1983/2012 Edition For Technical (or General) Rope Use. Technical Use is rated at no less than 20kN. General Use is rated at no less than 40kN. Technical Use is rated for one person loads at a 15:1 safety factor. General use is rated for two person loads with a 15:1 safety factor (one-person loads are considered to be 300 pounds and two-person loads are considered 600 pounds) Average Load Ratings Per Size: 8.0mm (5/16) 15 kn or 3500 Lbs. 9.0mm (3/8) 20 kn or 4500 Lbs. 11.1mm (7/16) 30 kn or 7000 Lbs. 12.7mm (1/2) 40 kn or 9000 Lbs. 25mm (1.0 Inch) (tubular webbing) 17.8 kn or 4000 Lbs. (1 Kilo Newton equals Lbs.)

14 COPYRIGHT 2014 KERNMANTLE ROPE Kernmantle construction uses a sheath (mantle) and a core (kern). These are the ropes now used for most all rescue, rappelling and single rope technique practitioners. With these types of ropes, the core provides most of the strength (70 to 90 percent depending on the manufacturer and size of the rope) and the sheath adds a protective layer for the core. A Kernmantle rope is built with parallel strands of fibers running through the core. Depending on how much twist these parallel strands have determines how much elongation (stretch) the rope will have. Static ropes, such as those used for rappelling and rescue work, will have less twist in the strands than dynamic ropes that are used for sport climbing and lead climbing. A static rope has a maximum elongation of less than six percent when the road is loaded to ten percent of its minimum breaking strength (MBS). A dynamic rope will stretch six percent or more when loaded at ten percent of its MBS.

15 COPYRIGHT 2014 ROPE CARE Avoid shock loading. Avoid stepping on the rope. Avoid using Chlorine bleach or chemicals. Inspect rope before and after each use. Wash rope after use in dirty environments. Do not dry in a clothes dryer. Store in a rope bag. Don t burn the rope with fast rappels. Always cut out any bad section. Protect the rope from all sharp edges. Never buy a used rope for lifeline purposes.

16 COPYRIGHT 2014 WHEN TO RETIRE A ROPE / WEBBING If the rope has taken a hard fall (shock loaded) or used for some nonstandard use (such as towing a car), it should be retired. Before and after every use, each rope should be inspected along its entire length. Feel the rope for changes in diameter (swelling or shrinking), cuts or extreme abrasion. Any bad spots should be cut out and discarded.

17 COPYRIGHT 2014 STATIC SYSTEM SAFETY FACTOR A rope system should be thought of as a chain that will break at its weakest link. Loads and stresses will be different on each component depending on where it sits in the chain. Each link has to be analyzed for its safety factor in relation to the job it s performing. This is known as a Static System Safety Factor (SSSF). Most rescue teams seek to achieve a 15:1 SSSF even though there is no standard stating what that factor must be.

18 COPYRIGHT 2014 HARDWARE Carabiners Descenders / Lowering Devices

19 COPYRIGHT 2014 CARABINER TYPES D Offset D Oval Preferred Preferred Least Preferred For rescue work, Technical Use carabiners are rated at no less than 27kN on the major axis and 7 kn on the minor axis. General Use carabiners are rated at 40kN on the major axis and 11 kn on the minor axis. Your should always assume damage, and retire from service, any aluminum carabiner that has taken a fall on a hard surface of more than 10 feet. G-Rated steel locking carabiners are the preferred carabiner for main rigging and rescue.

20 COPYRIGHT 2014 TRI-AXIAL LOADING Major Axis Minor Axis Avoid tri-axial loading and never load a carabiner along its minor axis!

21 COPYRIGHT 2014 CARABINER ORIENTATION Gate Up (Horizontal) Gate Down (Vertical) Front tensioning the system may help to keep horizontal anchor carabiners loaded properly against the spine. SCREW GATES VS. AUTO-LOCKERS Anyone can operate a screw gate without much thought. Screw gates can jam easier than auto-lockers from being loaded. Screw gates seem to operate better in muddy or sandy conditions. <Demonstrate how to un-jam a screw gate>

22 COPYRIGHT 2014 DESCENDERS There are numerous descending / lowering devices on the market, including Figure 8 variations, racks, shunts, Grigris, IDs, MPDs, etc. NFPA 1983 (2012) requires the following for descent control devices: Technical Use: MBS not less than 13.5 kn (3,034 lbf) General Use: MBS not less than 22 kn (4,946 lbf)

23 COPYRIGHT 2014 RESCUE 8

24 COPYRIGHT 2014 ATS

25 COPYRIGHT 2014 FIGURE 8 STYLE DESCENDERS Working End to anchor It should be noted that some users of a Figure 8 descender rig the rope with the bight going through the top of the 8 instead of the bottom. The suggested method by CMC Rescue is to start the bight through the bottom of the 8 (as shown in the photo). Attaches to harness with a locking carabiner Brake Hand

26 COPYRIGHT 2014 BRAKE BAR RACK

27 COPYRIGHT 2014 PETZL RIG / ID

28 COPYRIGHT 2014 MUNTER HITCH Note: A Munter Hitch is an improvised technique and should only be used in an emergency rappelling / lowering situation when no other load rated descending device is available. This hitch may wear an aluminum carabiner quickly. Working End Attaches To Harness Or Anchor

29 COPYRIGHT 2014 KNOTS The weakest part of a rope under load is the knot. ALWAYS properly dress and set every knot in the system. An un-dressed knot can reduce the strength of the knot up to 50%. There are numerous knots used in SRT and rescue operations. For the purpose of this course we are only teaching a few basic knots required to complete the job performance requirements of this class.

30 COPYRIGHT 2014 DEFINITIONS Hitch A group of ties that wrap or attach to other objects or ropes. Bend A tie that brings together two rope ends. Bight A doubled section of rope that does not cross itself. Loop A turn of the rope that crosses itself. Dressed A tie with all components properly aligned. Setting Tightening all parts of a tie. Working End End of the rope used to fasten to an anchor Standing End All of the rope not fastened at the rigging point. Running End End of the rope that is not rigged. A knot is not a knot until it is properly dressed and set.

31 COPYRIGHT 2014 BIGHT SIZE Make the bight only as large as needed to attach to the hardware. This helps to keep the bight in the spine of the carabiner, thus avoiding cross loading.

32 COPYRIGHT 2014 FIGURE 8 Photo courtesy The Figure 8 family of knots are the most commonly used in rope work due to their strength and ability to easily untie.

33 COPYRIGHT 2014 FIGURE 8 FOLLOW-THROUGH Photo courtesy For tying a single rope around an anchor or object.

34 COPYRIGHT 2014 FIGURE 8 ON A BIGHT Most commonly used knot to attach rope to anchor points and harness.

35 COPYRIGHT 2014 FIGURE 8 BEND Photo courtesy For tying two ends of the same size rope together.

36 COPYRIGHT 2014 WATER KNOT Photo courtesy Preferred knot for tying two ends of webbing.

37 COPYRIGHT 2014 DOUBLE FISHERMAN Photo courtesy Used to tie two ends together. A secure knot with minimum size. The main use is for tying Prusik loops.

38 COPYRIGHT 2014 PRUSIK HITCH Photo courtesy A friction and clutching knot used as a rope grab.

39 COPYRIGHT 2014 KNOT BREAKING STRENGTH Percentage of Rope Strength Lost* Figure 8 On A Bight 20% Figure 8 Bend 19% Double Figure 8 18% Bowline 33% Double Fisherman 21% *Test results printed in the CMC Rope Rescue Manual

40 COPYRIGHT 2014 ANCHORS

41 COPYRIGHT 2014 Various Anchor Concepts (Concept photo created in vrigger software)

42 COPYRIGHT 2014 TENSIONLESS HITCH (High-Strength Tie Off, Friction Wrap) With the right anchor point, the Tensionless Hitch allows the rope to be tied off without sacrificing rope strength, unlike a knot.

43 COPYRIGHT BIGHT (AKA BASKET ANCHOR) Simple, quick and can be premade using webbing or rope. Be aware of triaxial loading. Use an extra carabiner if needed.

44 COPYRIGHT 2014 COMPOUND ANCHORS Cross Webbing

45 COPYRIGHT 2014 COMPOUND ANCHORS

46 COPYRIGHT 2014 FIGURE 8 FOLLOW-THROUGH Photo courtesy

47 COPYRIGHT 2014 WRAP 3, PULL 2 (Note: water knot should always go against anchor) Caution should be used when using on short anchors such as short tree stumps since movement in the system may cause the webbing to creep upwards.

48 COPYRIGHT 2014 MEAT ANCHORS

49 COPYRIGHT 2014 ANCHOR LOAD RELATIONSHIP With a 1000 pound load, there is a force of 707 Lbs. on each leg at 90 degrees.

50 COPYRIGHT 2014 PRE-TENSIONED BACK-TIES

51 COPYRIGHT 2014 ANCHORS WITH DIRECTION CHANGE If you need need a direction change in your mainline to clear an obstruction or to make the rappel more accessible, rig the direction change the same way you would rig a main anchor. It is important to remember the anchor load relationship and the increased stresses that vectors may apply to the anchor.

52 COPYRIGHT 2014 IMPROVISED ANCHORS

53 COPYRIGHT 2014 IMPROVISED ANCHORS Vehicles Pickets Bushes Climbing Bolts 1 Diameter Picket has an average weight holding of 700 Lbs. In average loamy soil

54 COPYRIGHT 2014 EDGE PROTECTION All places where a rope or webbing touches a sharp or rough edge should be protected with rope pads, clothes, canvas tarps or other materials. This is especially applicable when ascending a rope due to the up and down sawing action caused by your movement up the rope.

55 COPYRIGHT 2014 RAPPELLING

56 COPYRIGHT 2014 ROPE DEPLOYMENT Rig your anchor and then attach rope. Attach yourself to the rope with a prusik hitch (or other rope grab) from your harness to the rope, or attach to a safety tether. Attach your descending device. Verify your belays. Deploy the rope over the edge (rope bags are suggested). If you are unsure if the rope reaches the bottom, tie a stop knot in the running end of the rope so you don t accidentally rappel off the end.

57 COPYRIGHT 2014 SAFETY CHECKOFF BEFORE RAPPEL Gloves and helmet on. Verify your anchor is properly rigged. Verify your rope is secured to the anchor. Verify your harness is secure and properly fastened. Verify your belay. Verify the rope is properly rigged into your descender. Verify that all carabiners are locked. Verify edge protection. There is ALWAYS time for safety!

58 COPYRIGHT 2014 AUDIBLE COMMANDS Rappeller shouts On belay when he/she attaches to the lifeline Belayer responds Belay on Rapeller shouts Rappelling as he/she moves to the edge Belayer responds Rappel on Rappeller shouts Off rappel once he/she detaches from the rope Anyone who sees any object fall from the top shouts Rock!

59 COPYRIGHT 2014 WORKING THE EDGE Going over the edge is the most difficult part of rappelling. The lower your anchor point is in relation to your descender, the more difficult it will be. On narrow edges with low anchors, you may have to roll off the edge. Make sure your descender is clear of the edge and you are holding brake tension before attempting this maneuver.

60 COPYRIGHT 2014 BELAYING

61 COPYRIGHT 2014 BOTTOM BELAY (SRT) This belay system is not a backup for a mainline failure. (Concept photo created in vrigger software)

62 COPYRIGHT 2014 INDEPENDENT BELAYS From Top From Bottom (Concept photo created in vrigger software)

63 COPYRIGHT 2014 SELF BELAYS / AUTO BLOCKS This belay system is not a backup for a mainline failure.

64 COPYRIGHT 2014 TYING OFF A FIGURE 8 Standing Line 1. Grip the Figure 8 with the support hand. 2. With your brake hand bring the rope over the top and between the Figure 8 and the standing line. 3. Wrap at least 2 times. 4. Send bight back through eye of 8 and tie off above Figure 8 to mainline.

65 COPYRIGHT 2014 SELF-RESCUE Stuck Self-Belays Figure 8 Girth Hitching Hair Or Clothing Caught In Device Equipment Jams

66 COPYRIGHT 2014 PICK-OFF RESCUES Pick Off Straps Static Pick-Off Straps Dynamic (Set Of 4s, LRHs) Lowering Rescuer To Victim Rappelling To Victim (SRT) Cutting An Active Rope

67 COPYRIGHT 2014 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS - FIREARMS

68 COPYRIGHT 2014 MORE INFORMATION This PowerPoint and other advanced rigging courses available for download at: