Notational Analysis - Performance Indicators. Mike Hughes, Centre for Performance Analysis, University of Wales Institute Cardiff.

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1 Notational Analysis - Performance Indicators Mike Hughes, Centre for Performance Analysis, University of Wales Institute Cardiff.

2 This presentation is based upon:- Hughes, M. and Bartlett, R.(2002). The use of performance indicators in performance analysis. Journal of Sports Science 20, and. Hughes, M.D. & Franks, I.M. (2005) Possession length and goal-scoring in soccer. Journal of Sport Sciences, 23,

3 Introduction What are:- PERFORMANCE INDICATORS? Performance Indicators are a selection or combination of action variable(s) that aim to define some aspect, or all, of a performance.

4 Introduction Why use:- PERFORMANCE INDICATORS? Performance Indicators are used to assess performance either comparatively, with previous performances, or absolutely. E.g. In tennis we may analyse the distribution of winners and errors of a player

5 Introduction Why use:- PERFORMANCE INDICATORS? Performance Indicators are used to assess performance either comparatively, with previous performances, or absolutely. E.g. In soccer we may analyse the ratio of goals to shots for a team or a player.

6 Notational Analysis - Performance Indicators Examples:- SOCCER : Shots, Passes, Passing Accuracy RUGBY : Turnovers, Tackles, Passes/Possession BADMINTON : W/E ratio, shots/rally, Quality serve/return CRICKET : Strike rate, Dismissal rate, Fielding Efficiency

7 Notational Analysis - Performance Indicators Types of Performance Indicators:- SCORING : Goals etc., W, E, W/E, Goals/Shots, Dismissal rate, etc. QUALITY : Turnovers, Tackles, Passes/Possession, shots/rally, Strike rate, etc. POSITIVE or NEGATIVE

8 Notational Analysis - Performance Indicators Dangers of Performance Indicators:- A single action variable, taken in isolation, can give distorted impression of a performance because of other variables, more or less important. E.g. TEAM A: 12 Turnovers; TEAM B: 8 Turnovers TEAM B playing better than TEAM A?

9 Notational Analysis - Performance Indicators Dangers of Performance Indicators:- E.g. TEAM A: 12 Turnovers; TEAM B: 8 Turnovers TEAM B playing better than TEAM A? This will depend upon the possession of both the teams - if TEAM A have had twice as many possessions (48) as TEAM B (24) then their relative performance w.r.t. TURNOVERS/POSSESSION (T/P) will be better than that of TEAM B (T/P) A = 1/4; (T/P) B = 1/3

10 Notational Analysis - Performance Indicators Dangers of Performance Indicators:- Performance Indicators should be normalised or standardised in some way to the respective performance variables, and should also be used comparatively with either your opponents data, previous data of your own performances, or with aggregated data of performances of your own level.

11 Notational Analysis - Performance Indicators Definition of Success:- It could be defined by winning (scoring more goals than the opposition) but it may not. Or a coach may be looking for a qualitative improvement in performance - which could be assessed by a performance indicator.

12 Notational Analysis - Performance Indicators Definition of Success:- Success then is relative - either to your opposition, racket sports - more winners; less errors, invasive games - more points or goals than the opposition or to previous performances of your own team, or individual player, or to aggregated means of peer performances

Notational Analysis - Performance Indicators Dangers of Performance Indicators:- Let us consider a more complex example One of the most quoted

13 Notational Analysis - Performance Indicators Dangers of Performance Indicators:- Let us consider a more complex example One of the most quoted research studies in notation is that of Reep and Benjamin (1968). Most frightening is the effect that this study has had on British soccer and its coaching.

14 Notational Analysis - Performance Indicators Dangers of Performance Indicators:- They found:- 80% of goals resulted from a sequence of three passes or less, 60% of all goals came from possession gained in the final attacking third of the pitch, and a a goal is scored every 10 shots (approximately). Hughes, C. (1985,1990) reinforced these ideas and, as he was the Director of coaching for the English Football Association (F.A.), his influence in the game was considerable. So much so, that these tenets were included in the coaching literature produced by the F.A.

15 Notational Analysis - Performance Indicators Dangers of Performance Indicators:- Patterns of goal scoring with respect to the different lengths of possessions in the 1990 and 1994 world cups for soccer.

16 Notational Analysis - Performance Indicators Dangers of Performance Indicators:- Frequency of each possession string in the two tournaments.

17 Notational Analysis - Performance Indicators Dangers of Performance Indicators:- Analysis of the number of goals scored per 1000 possessions for the 2 world cups.

18 Notational Analysis - Performance Indicators Dangers of Performance Indicators:- Frequency of shots per 1000 possessions of different length for the 1990 and 1994 World Cups.

19 Notational Analysis - Performance Indicators Table 2. The conversion ratios of shots to goals for the 1990 and 1994 World Cups with respect to the length of possession Number of shots per goal per 1000 possessions Possessions Mean passes/possession > Mean 5 8 passes/possession

20 Notational Analysis - Performance Indicators Table 4. A synopsis of the shooting data for successful and unsuccessful teams for different length possessions in the 1990 World Cup. Possession length Shots and goals per 1000 possessions Successful Unsuccessful Shots Shots/ Projected Shots Shots/ Goal Goals Goal > Projected Goals

21 Notational Analysis - Performance Indicators Dangers of Performance Indicators:- The data conforms to that of Reep and Benjamin (1958), but:- *There were more shots per possession and goals per possession at longer possessions strings than in the shorter passing patterns. *The conversion ratio of shots to goals is better for direct play than for possession play. *A comparison of successful and unsuccessful teams in the 1990 world cup showed significant differences between the 2 groups in converting possession into shots on goal. *Both groups produced more shots per possession for longer possessions ssions than for short possessions. *An application of projected conversion ratios of shots/goal indicated icated that longer possession strings should produce more goals than short strings despite the lower goal/shot ratios.

22 Notational Analysis - Performance Indicators Dangers of Performance Indicators:- They found:- 80% of goals resulted from a sequence of three passes or less, 60% of all goals came from possession gained in the final attacking third of the pitch, and a a goal is scored every 10 shots (approximately). NOT SO SIMPLE

23 Notational Analysis - Performance Indicators Dangers of Performance Indicators:- In other areas of science, performance indicators tend to be ratios of variables, or combinations of variables, that then render the final P.I. dimensionless:- E.g. In aerodynamics, Mach No. = Velocity of aircraft In fluid dynamics, Reynolds No. = ρud ν Velocity of sound ρ=density U=velocity ν=viscosity d=size of object

24 Performance Indicators Before moving on to assess some generic ideas about performance indicators.....consider the structure of different sports

25 Performance Indicators Formal Games Net and Wall Games Invasion Games Striking/Fielding Games Score Dependent Time Dependent Innings Dependent

26 Net and Wall Games Net Games Wall Games No Volley Games Bounce and Volley Games No Bounce Games Squash Fives Table Tennis Tennis Badminton Volleyball

27 Invasion Games Goal Throwing Games Try Scoring Games Goal Striking Games Netball Basketball Handball Lacrosse Rugby League Rugby Union Hockey Soccer

28 Striking/Fielding Games Wicket Games Base Running Games Stoolball Cricket Baseball Softball Rounders

29 Examples for squash Rally length Other Winners Errors SUCCESS Serve data Attacking shots Shot distribution Defensive shots

30 Performance Indicators - Example for Net/Wall games Match Classification No. of shots Technical Winners (W) Tactical Shots/rally No. of rallies Scores Serve data { In 1 st serve }Winner { In 2nd serve }Winner etc. Errors (E) W shot Posn E shot Posn Serve Tennis/Bad. Shot types - Posn Long Balls W shot Posn Opponents E shot Posn and vice versa

31 Match Classification No. of shots No. of rallies Scores Performance Indicators - Example for Net/Wall games Serve data { In 1 st serve }Winner Data for both players { In 2nd Means serve of }Winner peer performances etc. performances Technical Winners (W) Errors (E) W shot Posn E shot Posn W/E For both players W-s-p/T-s-p E-s-p/T-s-p Serve Tennis/Bad. Sw/Stot Tactical Shots/rally Shot types - Posn (Stype/Stot)Posn W shot Posn W-s-p/T-s-p Opponents E shot Posn E-s-p/T-s-p and vice versa

32 Examples for soccer Passing Other Tackling Shots SUCCESS Set Pieces Field Position Goals Time in Possession

33 Performance Indicators - Example for Soccer Match Classification Goals { On target Shots } { Off target Corners, etc. Crosses Technical Passes to opposition Tackles won Shots Off Lost Control { Successful Crosses } { Unsucc Tactical Shots Passes/Possn No. of Shots Passes/Possn Long Balls

34 Performance Indicators - Example for Soccer Match Classification Goals { On target Shots } { Off target Corners, etc. Crosses Data for both teams Means of peer performances Technical Passes to opposition Tackles won Shots Off Lost Control Pe/Pt Tw/Tt So/St LC/ LC/Poss { Successful Crosses } Cs/ Cs/Poss { Unsucc Cu/ Cu/Poss Tactical Shots Passes/Possn No. of shots per move Frequency of pass move No. of Shots Passes/Possn Long Balls S/ S/Poss S/G P/Poss Poss (P/Poss) Poss) Av LB/ LB/Poss

35 Examples for cricket Runs Other Wickets Position of shots Types of ball SUCCESS Time at wicket Types of dismissal Field Position success or failure

36 Performance Indicators - Innings games Match Classification Runs Wickets Overs { Batting Individual data {Bowling etc. Technical Types of shot Types of ball Shot Posn Tactical (Types of ball) Shot (Types of shot) Ball Field placing (Shots) Field-Posn/Ball

37 Performance Indicators - Innings Games Match Classification Runs Wickets Overs { Batting Individual data {Bowling etc. Data for both teams Means of peer performances Technical Types of shot Shots/Total For both sets of players Types of ball B-s-p/TB-s-p Shot Posn S-p/T-S-p Tactical (Types of ball) Shot (Types of shot) Ball Field placing (Shots) Field-Posn/Ball

38 Performance Indicators - GENERIC Match Classification Technical Tactical Data for both teams (T Means of peer performances (T V ) N / (T V )TOTAL or (T V ) N / (POSS( n ) TOTAL

39 Notational Analysis - Performance Indicators To differentiate between important data and DIRTY WASHING:- *Choose parameters that relate strongly to outcome or quality of performance. *Can these be related to other variables or previously calculated means? *Are there ways of combining variables in a group that will say more about this performance? *What are the units of your Performance Indicator?

40 Performance Indicators - GENERIC Match Classification Technical Tactical Data for both teams (T Means of peer performances (T V ) N / (T V )TOTAL or (T V ) N / (POSS( n ) TOTAL

41 Notational Analysis - Performance Indicators THANKS for your attention. Mike Hughes, Centre for Performance Analysis, University of Wales Institute Cardiff.

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