WEATHER AND CLIMATE MONITORING AT THE KENYA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT
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1 WEATHER AND CLIMATE MONITORING AT THE KENYA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT By James K. Muhindi Kenya Meteorological Department P.O. Box Nairobi, Kenya Tel: Mobile:
2 ESTABLISHMENT OF KENYA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT (KMD) The present Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) started as a small colonial service for East Africa way back in 1929, called the British East African Meteorological Service (BEAMS), to provide meteorological and climatological services to various sectors of the economy. KMD became a Department of the Government of Kenya in 1977 from the previous East African Meteorological Department (EAMD) after the collapse of the East African Community (EAC). 2
3 The Main Purpose of Kenya Meteorological Department As stated in the WMO Convention, the purpose of a National Meteorological and Hydrological Service (NMHS), like KMD, is in observing and understanding weather and climate and in providing meteorological, hydrological and related services in support of relevant national needs such as: a)safety of life and protection of property; b)safeguarding the environment; c)contributing to sustainable development;
4 METEOROLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE The infrastructure that is necessary for any NMHS to achieve its mandate includes: Data Observational systems and network; Data telecommunication systems and network; Data procession, analysis and forecasting systems; Product and information dissemination systems; Human resource capital 4
5 USER INTERFACE METEOROLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES OBSERVATIONS (AWS, AWOS, RADAR, SATELLITE, BUOYS ETC) AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY TRANSPORT (LAND, SEA AND AIR) TELECOMMU NICATIONS (INTERNET, AMSS, GTS, GSM, VSAT, PHONE, ETC) DATA PROCESSING AND FORECASTING SYSTEMS NATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL CENTRE (NMC) HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT (EXPERTISE, SKILLS & COMPETENCE PRODUCT DISSEMINATI ON WATER RESOURCES HEALTH DISASTER RISK REDUCTION TOURISM CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT IN AGRI. (WEATHER INDEX INSURANCE) CONFLICT EARLY WARNING CC ADAPTATION & MITIGATION 5
6 CURRENT OBSERVATIONAL NETWORK The Department s Current Observational Network consists of: Synoptic Stations: 39 manned 24-hr Synoptic Stations, 14 agro-meteorological stations, Automatic Weather Observing systems: 72 Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs) 3 Airport Weather Observation Systems (AWOSs) at JKIA, Wilson & MIA 17 Hydromet AWSs for Flood Forecasting Rainfall Stations: About 1000 rainfall stations most of which operated by Voluntary Observers are 6
7 Automatic and Manual Station 7
8 CURRENT OBSERVATIONAL NETWORK Contd. Upper Air Station 1 Upper Air Station at Dagoretti Corner Two other stations at Garissa and Lodwar that are currently not operational. Remote Sensing 3 Satellite ground receiving stations (2 for MSG and 1 for NOAA satellite data); 8
9 CURRENT OBSERVATIONAL NETWORK Contd. Pollution Monitoring 1 Global Atmosphere Watch station on Mt. Kenya Two stations at Chiromo and JKIA Ozone measurements One Ozone measuring system in Nairobi (Dagoretti) Seismic Measurements Two Stations in Lodwar and Kibwezi operational 9
10 CURRENT OBSERVATIONAL NETWORK Contd. Tsunami Early Warning Four tidal gauge stations at Lamu, Malindi, Kilifi and Shimoni for multihazard detection, ocean waves, sea level rise, salinity, sea surface temperature and water quality, including tsunami related at the Coast. 10
11 Telecommunications Role Operating and Maintenance of the WMO Regional Telecommunication Hub (RTH) to facilitate the rapid exchange of meteorological data and products; Exchange and transmission of meteorological data nationally, regionally and internationally; 11
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15 Observed Parameters Parameters observed include: Rainfall, Temperature (Actual, Maximum, Minimum, Soil), Atmospheric Pressure, Humidity, Wind speed and Direction, Solar Radiation, Sunshine Hours. Others: Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs) 15
16 Operational Station network in Kenya Northwestern Kenya Lodwar, Lokichoggio, Lokitaung. Northeastern Kenya Marsabit,Moyale, Wajir, Mandera, Garissa. Western Kenya Kitale, Kakamega, Eldoret, Kericho, Kisii, Kisumu, Suba. Central Rift Valley Nyahururu, Nakuru, Kabarak, Nakuru, Narok, Laikipia. Central Kenya and Nairobi Nyeri, Embu, Meru, Thika, Kangema, Dagoretti, Moi Airbase, Wilson Airport, JKIA, Ngong, Southeastern Kenya and the Coastal Strip Machakos, Makindu, Kitui, Voi, Lamu, Malindi, Msabaha, Mtwapa, Mombasa 16
17 Seasonal Rainfall Distribution March-April-May October-November-December 17
18 Daily Rainfall Data March 2017 MAR- STATION TOT LTM- MAR %MAR LTM- MAM %MAM LODWAR MARSABIT MOYALE GARISSA WAJIR MANDERA KITALE KAKAMEGA ELDORET ELDORET AP KERICHO KISII KISUMU NYAHURURU NAKURU
19 Temperature Data March 2017 MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES STATION MMT LTM LODWAR MOYALE WAJIR MANDERA KITALE ELDORET KERICHO KISII NYAHURURU NAKURU NAROK NYERI MERU JKIA THIKA MACHAKOS VOI LAMU MALINDI MOMBASA MINIMUM TEMPERATURES STATION MMT LTM LODWAR MOYALE WAJIR KITALE ELDORET KERICHO KISII NYAHURURU NAKURU NAROK NYERI MERU JKIA THIKA MACHAKOS VOI LAMU MALINDI MOMBASA
20 LODWAR MARSABIT MOYALE GARISSA WAJIR MANDERA KITALE KAKAMEGA ELDORET ELDORET AP KERICHO KISII KISUMU NYAHURURU NAKURU NAROK NYERI EMBU MERU LAIKIPIA M.A.B. DAGORETTI WILSON JKIA THIKA MACHAKOS MAKINDU VOI LAMU MALINDI MSABAHA MTWAPA MOMBASA Rainfall (mm) LODWAR MARSABIT MOYALE GARISSA WAJIR MANDERA KITALE KAKAMEGA ELDORET ELDORET AP KERICHO KISII KISUMU NYAHURURU NAKURU NAROK NYERI EMBU MERU LAIKIPIA M.A.B. DAGORETTI WILSON JKIA THIKA MACHAKOS MAKINDU VOI LAMU MALINDI MSABAHA MTWAPA MOMBASA Rainfall (mm) March 2017 Rainfall TOTAL LTM(MAY) March rainfall against March LTMs 0.0 Stations FIGURE 1A: MARCH 2017 RAINFALL PERFORMANCE TOTAL LTM(MAY) March rainfall against MAM LTMs Stations FIGURE 1B: MAM 2017 RAINFALL PERFORMANCE 20
21 Daily Rainfall Data May 2017 RAINFALL FOR MAY 2017 TOT- STATION MAY LTM- MAY %MAY TOT-MA TOT- MAM LTM- MAM %MAM LODWAR MARSABIT MOYALE GARISSA WAJIR MANDERA KITALE KAKAMEGA ELDORET ELDORET AP KERICHO KISII KISUMU NYAHURURU NAKURU
22 LODWAR MARSABIT MOYALE GARISSA WAJIR MANDERA KITALE KAKAMEGA ELDORET ELDORET AP KERICHO KISII KISUMU NYAHURURU NAKURU NAROK NYERI EMBU MERU LAIKIPIA M.A.B. DAGORETTI WILSON JKIA THIKA MACHAKOS MAKINDU VOI LAMU MALINDI MSABAHA MTWAPA MOMBASA RAINFALL IN MM LODWAR MARSABIT MOYALE GARISSA WAJIR MANDERA KITALE KAKAMEGA ELDORET ELDORET AP KERICHO KISII KISUMU NYAHURURU NAKURU NAROK NYERI EMBU MERU LAIKIPIA M.A.B. DAGORETTI WILSON JKIA THIKA MACHAKOS MAKINDU VOI LAMU MALINDI MSABAHA MTWAPA MOMBASA Rainfall (mm) May 2017 Rainfall TOTAL LTM(MAY) May rainfall against May LTMs Stations FIGURE 1A: MAY 2017 RAINFALL PERFORMANCE TOT-MAM LTM-MAM MAM rainfall against MAM LTMs STATION FIGURE 1: MAM 2017 RAINFALL AS COMPARED TO MAM SEASONAL LTMs 22
23 Monthly Rainfall Totals - EMBU YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANN-TOT JA-TOT MAM-TOT JJA-TOT OND-TOT
24 2015 Monthly and Seasonal Rainfall RAINFALL DURING 2015 STATION JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL JAN-FEB MAM JJA OND LODWAR MARSABIT MOYALE GARISSA WAJIR MANDERA KITALE KAKAMEGA ELDORET KERICHO KISII KISUMU NYAHURURU NAKURU NAROK NYERI EMBU MERU M.A.B DAGORETTI WILSON JKIA THIKA MACHAKOS MAKINDU VOI LAMU MALINDI MSABAHA MTWAPA MOMBASA NATIONAL N-EASTERN WESTERN
25 Example of Computed Averages Rainfall Rainfall in NW Kenya Monthly Av. Totals Unit January Millimetres February Millimetres March Millimetres April Millimetres May Millimetres June Millimetres July Millimetres August Millimetres September Millimetres October Millimetres November Millimetres December Millimetres Seasonal Av. Totals Unit March-April-May Millimetres June-July-August Millimetres Octo-Nove-Dece Millimetres Annual Av. Totals Unit January-December Millimetres
26 National LTMs LONG-TERM MEANS STATION JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL JF MAM JJAS OND LODWAR MARSABIT MOYALE GARISSA WAJIR MANDERA KITALE KAKAMEGA ELDORET KERICHO KISII KISUMU NYAHURURU NAKURU NAROK NAIVASHA NYERI EMBU MERU NANYUKI MOI AIR-BASE DAGORETTI WILSON JKIA THIKA KATUMANI MAKINDU VOI LAMU MALINDI MSABAHA MTWAPA MOMBASA NATIONAL
27 Climate Monitoring and Climate Change Contribution of scientific input to monitoring, prediction, attribution, mitigation and adaptation to climate change issues relevant to Kenya s negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) ; Monitoring environmental pollution, Greenhouse Gases, and other atmospheric constituents including ozone and aerosols over the Kenyan atmosphere; Provide expert advice on environmental audit and impact assessment; 27
28 Seasonal Rainfall trends in Kenya Narok MAM
29 Rainfall in mm National Annual Rainfall Trend (Last 20 years) Years National Annual Rainfall during the last 20 years ( ) 29
30 Annual maximum temperature trends - Narok
31 Thank You For Your Kind Attention
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