Article Review and Analysis on. Mass Media and Gender Identity in High Performance Canadian Figure Skating. By Keren McGarry

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1 Article Review and Analysis on Mass Media and Gender Identity in High Performance Canadian Figure Skating By Keren McGarry In Mass Media and Gender Identity in High Performance Canadian Figure Skating, McGarry conducted an anthropological field work between 2000 and 2002 among figure skaters, journalists, sponsors and media. Examining the socially constructed roles of figure skaters in promoting a sense of Canadian national identity, she particularly highlights the significance of 1) the gendered images of men and women presented in their performance, and; 2) how these socially constructed ideologies are presented in the interest of nationalism (97). Followed by an introduction of McGarry s thesis statement, she provides some background information about the history and development of figure skating within the Canadian context. In the third section of his article, she establishes a link between gender presentation in mass media and figure skating. In the end, she problematizes this phenomenon by addressing the various negative consequences induced by these social practices. 1) BACKGROUND (figure skating, media, and Canadian culture) Figure skating, ranked after hockey in terms of government funding, sponsorship and spectatorship, has gained marked popularity since 1940s (McGarry 97). With the rise of a number of national icons, figure skating has been advertised as a Canadian sport, and become a part of Canadians heritage. As Skate Canada receives little financial support from the government, the job of promoting this sport has landed on the shoulders of various nonstate parties, such as sponsors, mass media and advertisers (McGarry 98). As lucrative as these alliances may look, they promote figure skating in a way that appeal to general

2 population s eyeballs in order to magnify the advertising effect (McGarry 97). And one of the best ways is to reinforce the existing gendered ideologies about men and women held by most Canadians. As a result, a highly gendered bodily representation of the nation is produced (McGarry 97). 2) Gender Presentation and Figure Skating Those non-state parties intention in promoting the ideal masculinity and femininity of figure skaters is manifested in three examples recorded by McGarry (first two are regarding masculinity; last one is regarding femininity) (McGarry 99). First of all, the ideology of heterosexuality is the king is demonstrated in figure skaters themselves as well as coaches. Male figure skaters must exhibit their most dominant heterosexual signs in order to achieve success and receive nation-wide attentions. One coach commented: this is not the sort of picture that Skate Canada wants to paint for the country, especially in an international forum, when a famous male figure skater was approached by a gay magazine about doing a feature story on him (McGarry 99). Second, the media reinforces this notion of heterosexuality is equal to masculinity. McGarry records an incident: Instructed to film the figure skater s pre-competition routine, the camera technician started filming only when the skater started jogging, not when he was warming up with balletic exercise. The reason is that balletic exercise does not represent the strength feather of masculinity. And strength in an athlete is important because it correlates with the strength of a nation (McGarry 99). Therefore, efforts were constantly made to maintain their heterosexuality, masculinity and also a superior sense of national identity. Regarding femininity, women cannot escape from these rigid social constructs. Softness and delicacy are highly celebrated. It is expected of female figure skaters to live up these standards in every aspect, from appearance, expression to performance. Some skaters informed McGarry that they would ask the media organizations

3 and agents for advice before they decide on their annual costume (McGarry 99). These gender ideologies are so influential that neither men nor women can escape from their impact. 3) Problematization (Consequences) This phenomenon results in two main consequences. First, skaters who fail to live up to these idealized representations may experience physical and psychological disturbances. A variety of disorders such as anorexia/ bulimia disorder is the result of unattainable idealized sexuality (McGarry 99). Second, the narrowly defined gender identity limits athletes creative talents and restrains their pursuit of artistry (McGarry 100). Coaches, athletes and choreographers will eventually lose the ability to jump out of the box given the limited options available. To the author s surprise, an inflexible definition of gender identity is widely accepted in a multicultural nation like Canada. She believes it is due to the increasing power of mass media in nation building (McGarry 100). Critique McGarry s study provides an invaluable insight into the ideas of gender identity and sexuality. It calls us into questioning what does it mean to be a man? And what does it mean to be a woman? Can biological predisposition account for people s behavior? Or culture and social constructs play a bigger part? People usually fall into the either-or way of thinking, i.e. it is either nature or nurture. It is understandable because this is part of the primitive human responses fight or flight. Each decision will create an emotional response that allows us to fight or flee. Uncertainty would

4 only delay response and decrease chance of survival. Today, we may not face the same environment as our ancestors did. Yet, this intuitive way of thinking passes on. We tend to perceive the material world in a compartmentalized manner: men verses women; masculinity verses femininity. However, human behavior does not always perform according to the eitheror rule. Rather, there are so many variations across culture and over time. Therefore, it is important to be more mindful of our thinking processes so that we will not make faulty assumptions. In the past winter Olympics 2014, the gendered images of figure skaters described in McGarry s study conducted between 2000 and 2002 can still be seen 12 years after. Male and female figure skaters performed their distinct gender identities in much the same way as they did 12 years ago. For instance, female skaters are skinny and have fair skin; male skaters are masculine and strong. The signs of the loosening of these rigid social constructs can yet be observed in this case. Beyond the context of figure skating, these gendered idealizations are prevalent in other aspects of our society as well. For example, thinness remains as the mainstream fashion trend; delicate physical appearance is pursued by the means of cosmetics and plastic surgeries. Personally, media is partly responsible for the prevalence of these gendered idealizations. As technology advances rapidly in this day and age, the influence of media is growing enormously. Hence, it is important to enhance our mindfulness when processing huge amount of information.

5 WORKS CITED McGarry, Karen. Mass Media and Gender Identity in High Performance Canadian Figure Skating. The Sport Journal 8.1 (2005): Print.

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