Aquaculture in the Pacific Northwest: Benefits and Drawbacks OCTOBER 11, 2018 DOUGLAS J. STEDING
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1 Aquaculture in the Pacific Northwest: Benefits and Drawbacks OCTOBER 11, 2018 DOUGLAS J. STEDING
2 Not just net pens! Salmon ranching: 83 hatcheries operated by WDFW 45 operated by the NWIFC 3 Colville Confederated Tribes 3 Yakama Nation 12 Federal hatcheries Significant hatchery production in Alaska, Russia, Japan, and Canada Oyster/geoduck/clam production Steelhead/Rainbow Trout
3 But you probably want to talk net pens... Not just Atlantic salmon: Salmon enhancement pens Trout production in the Columbia River Black cod (in development)
4 Why Aquaculture? World Resources Institute, Installment 5 of Creating a Sustainable Food Future
5 Wild catch is flat
6 Fisheries are overfished
7 Why farm salmon?
8 Why farm salmon?
9 Why farm Atlantic salmon in Pacific waters? Local source of year-round protein: Chile/Norway/Canada other producers of Atlantic salmon consumed in Washington Washington-grown fish serves Western United States markets Brood stock has been developed over many generations: Docile, generally good performers with respect to feed conversion Animal health and welfare well-developed Poor performers in the wild No ability to interbreed with native stocks The farming of salmon should be consistent with the locally-sourced, low carbon, low impact ethos of many metropolitan areas in the Pacific Northwest
10 History of farming Atlantic salmon in Washington NMFS s Northwest Fisheries Science Center begins tests raising New England Atlantic salmon in net pens in Puget sound (goal was to provide eggs for New England salmon restoration projects) Washington farms have grown to commercial scale Conrad Mahnken and NMFS establish first Atlantic salmon farm in Washington. Eggs were from Canada and Wizard Falls Hatchery in Oregon
11 Regulatory oversight of farms Multiple layers of regulatory oversight: 1) Water quality: Washington Department of Ecology through NPDES permitting process 2) Fish health/disease: WDFW and federal government (USDA) 3) Structural and lease compliance: DNR/Ecology/WDFW 4) ESA: EPA/NMFS
12 Common concerns 1) Invasive 2) Colonization 3) Disease 4) Water quality 5) Competition
13 Invasive? Risk of colonization? California BC: 8.6 million by 1935 ODFW/Wizard Falls hatchery Last WDFW efforts Juvenile feral salmon in BC DFO surveys BC streams s Washington Brown Trout successfully introduced to BC Hosmer Lake, Oregon Escapes in BC and Washington Smolts released from hatchery Cypress Island No established populations despite millions of fish and deliberate attempts
14 Disease? Sea lice - varying effects on wild and farmed fish based on geography and environmental conditions: Puget Sound: low enough salinities that sea lice are not a problem in farms BC: famous prediction of collapse of Broughton Archipelago Pink salmon (did not come to pass), Marty et. al. (2010) looked at trends in pink salmon populations and fish farming no association Viruses/bacteria: Atlantic salmon susceptible to endemic diseases in the Pacific Farmers are proactive with fish health Scientific consensus is virus transmission risk to wild fish is low
15 Water quality Ecology-issued NPDES permits: Sediment sampling (grain size, TOC, copper/zinc) Dissolved oxygen (surface, half depth and within one meter of bottom) Photographic survey Exceedance monitoring Closure monitoring Operational requirements: Feed Disease control chemicals Sea lice monitoring Preparation and implementation of plans
16 Competition/Predation Farmed Atlantic salmon are poor predators: Habituated to feed Stomach analyses from past escapes show low (single digit percentage) stomach contents Cypress Island escapees: NWIFC examined fish stomach contents, none reported WDFW examined fish stomach contents; one fish backbone in Skagit River fish recovered early 2018 Presumably WFC examined fish stomach contents, no reports of contents Cooke examined ~500 stomachs and found them all empty Only alleged picture of a fish in stomach turned out to have been lifted from blog of anti-salmon activist, and was published in 2007 (not Cypress escapee)
17 Why do some people care so much? Doug s opinion: Salmon are sacred to tribes Salmon are revered by many in the Pacific Northwest Significant fear on part of fisheries when fish farming started Misconceptions regarding impacts
18 Questions?
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