WITNESS. A Hugkpapha Historian's Strong-Heart Song of the Lakotas * JOSEPHINE WAGGONER* Edited and with an introduction by. Foreword by.

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1 SUB Hamburg WITNESS V A Hugkpapha Historian's Strong-Heart Song of the Lakotas * JOSEPHINE WAGGONER* Edited and with an introduction by EMILY LEVINE Foreword by LYNNE ALLEN University of Nebraska Press Lincoln & London

2 ^ CONTENTS * List of Illustrations xi Foreword by Lynne Allen xvii Acknowledgments xix Editor's Introduction by Emily Levine Editorial Policy xliii Lakota Phonology and Pronunciation Josephine Waggoner's Family Tree xxv xlix li Ethnography, History, Her Story Introduction byjosephine Waggoner 3 Life Sketch 6 PART 1. Dakota/Lakot'a Ethnography, Culture, and Society 1. Creation as told by Makhula The Origin of Fire by Makhula Makhula's Dream Sioux Legends and Traditions and Their Origins Ancient Legends of the Sioux The Arrow Makers Dakota and Lakota Oyate Band Organization Some Cultural Miscellany Language Meaning of Names Some Dakota Geography Buffalo Hunt The White Buffalo 65 PART 2. Tribal History/Her Life 14. The Cramping Death The Mackinaw (Mackinac) Attack Near Burnt Wood Creek (Charjguyapi) The Grattan Massacre Fort Laramie and Horse Creek, VLL

3 i8. The Wagon Box Fight Early Life: Grand River Apple Creek Standing Rock, c West to Powder River, Standing Rock, Winter Tliahaqska Thagka, John Bruguier Standing Rock and Montana, The Surrender Life on the Reservation Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, Hampton and Back to Standing Rock: Working with Missionaries, After Sitting Bull's Death: Wounded Knee, Stock Rustling on the Reservation Married Life 233 Lives of the Chiefs and Other Biographies Acknowledgments byjosephine Waggoner 240 PART 1. Isaqyathi, Santee Dakota 1. Tamahe, the One-Eyed Sioux Istahba, Sleepy Eye Irjkpaduta, Scarlet Point Thaoyateduta, Little Crow Thiwakftar), Holy House 287 PART 2. Ihaqktfiuqwaq/IhaqktHuqvvaqna, Yankton/Yanktonai 6. Pfialaniyaphapi, Struck by the Ree Tliathaqkapha, Bull Head Sr Nasunatfiagka, Big Head Matho Gnaskigyag, Mad Bear Charjhpi'luta, Red Tomahawk Tfiathagkapha, Lieutenant Henry Bull Head Jr. 310 PART 3. Thftfiuqwai], Teton Lakota SECTION 1. Sihasapa, Blackfeet 12. Wakutemani, Shoots Walking Matlio Wathakpe, John Grass Chaqtehi, Goose Charjte Plieta, Fire Heart 328 SECTION 2. Oohenuqpa, Two Kettle 16. Matlio Thuchuhu, Bear Ribs Miwatani Haqska, Tall Mandan 337 Vlll

4 I8. Zirjtkalakirjyar), Swift Bird Matlio Topa, Four Bear Suggleskasapa, Black Spotted Horse 343 SECTION 3. Itazipcho, Sans Arc 21. Waanataij, Charger Kliaggf Wfyaka, Crow Feather Hewagzica, One Horn Warjbh'gleska, Spotted Eagle 354 SECTION 4. Mnikhowozu, Miniconjou 25. Magaska, White Swan II Thalicahuste, Lame Deer Uqphangleska, Spotted Elk (Big Foot) Chaqhaliake, Hump Magaska, White Swan IV Matho Cfk'ala, Little Bear Kirjyar) Hiyaya, Flying By Thasuqkezi, Yellow Horse Mastfrjcalagleska, Spotted Rabbit 379 SECTION 5. Hugkpaptia, Hunkpapa 34. Tliathoka Iqyaqke, Running Antelope Wichalipi Maza, Iron Star Matho Ite, Bear Face Tfiatliai]ka Iyotake, Sitting Bull Chetai] Wakigyag, Thunder Hawk Phizf, Gall Thathagka Hegleska, Spotted Horn Bull Hohii Chaqfipf, Bone Club Matfio Oci'ijsi'ca, Cross Bear Ituqkasaq Matho, Weasel Bear Iteomagazu, Rain in the Face Wagbh'liota, Gray Eagle Heyokliahmi, Real Buffalo 442 SECTION 6. Oglala, Oglala 47. Mahpfyaluta, Red Cloud Thasugke Kfiokipfiapi, They Are Afraid of His Horses Thaopicfk'ala, Little Wound Wasfcu Thasugke, American Horse II Thasiigke Witko, Crazy Horse 461 SECTION 7. Sichaqgu, Brule 52. Thukfmaza, Iron Shell 465 IX

5 53- Matfio Ofi'agkfio, Swift Bear Nugpa Kapha, Two Strike Sigte Gleska, Spotted Tail Surjka Bloka, He Dog Matho Kawfrjge, Turning Bear Wagleksuij Tfiarjka, Big Turkey Matfiohefilogeca, Hollow Horn Bear Tnasurjke Wagkatuya, High Horse 491 Afterword: History of the Manuscripts 493 Appendix 1: The Chiefs Who Fought and Surrendered 517 Appendix 2: The Keepers of the Peace Pipe Since Brought by the Buffalo Maiden 523 Appendix 3: Police at Sitting Bull Fight 525 Appendix 4: Josephine Waggoner's Bibliography 527 Appendix 5: Winter Counts 529 Appendix 6: Poems 577 Appendix 7: Lakota Land Dispossession 581 Notes 587 Bibliography 703 Index 727 x

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