Power System Protection. Dr. Lionel R. Orama Exclusa, PE Week 8
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1 Power System Protection Dr. Lionel R. Orama Exclusa, PE Week 8
2 Distance Relays Mason Chapter 4, pgs Copyright L.R. Orama
3 Objectives R-X Diagrams Operating Principles of: Impedance Admittance (Mho) Reactance Memory Action Copyright L.R. Orama
4 Distance Relays Respond to phasor ratio of input voltage & input current to relay (V/I) They are directional They have high speed Used to protect transmission lines Usually induction cup design Copyright L.R. Orama
5 Construction Copyright L.R. Orama
6 R-X Diagram Can use impedance or R-X diagram to analyze relay operation 1. Plot relay characteristic 2. Plot impedance seen by the relay (Z relay) Copyright L.R. Orama
7 Copyright L.R. Orama
8 Copyright L.R. Orama
9 Copyright L.R. Orama
10 Copyright L.R. Orama
11 Copyright L.R. Orama
12 Impedance Relay Copyright L.R. Orama
13 Admittance (Mho) Relay Copyright L.R. Orama
14 Offset Mho Copyright L.R. Orama
15 Offset Mho Copyright L.R. Orama
16 Angle Impedance Relay Non-Directional Not appropriate to work alone Copyright L.R. Orama
17 Reactance Relay Non-Directional Copyright L.R. Orama
18 Operating Time Induction Cup: High Speed Adjustments Reach: Tapped Transformer Distance Relays Rises or lowers voltage on restraining coil Range of Z to cover down the line Offset: Tapped Reactor For offset Mho, adjust Z T Copyright L.R. Orama
19 Application of Distance Relays to Transmission Line Protection Phase distance relays Ground distance relays (will not be covered) Step distance relays Usually 3 zones Distance better than overcurrent Faster Easier coordination Permit higher line loading Copyright L.R. Orama
20 System Impedance on Relay Base Copyright L.R. Orama
21 System Impedance on Relay Base Copyright L.R. Orama
22 PT Connections-Phase Distance Relays PTR LL = V V LLin LLout 115 kv = = V PTR LG = V V LGin LGout = 66.4kV 115V = Copyright L.R. Orama
23 CT Connection to Op Coils Copyright L.R. Orama
24 Impedances Detected by Phase Relays 3 Phase Fault Phase-Phase Fault Relay setting based on Positive Sequence Impedance (Z 1 ) Copyright L.R. Orama
25 Step Distance Relaying Zones of protection Objectives Effect of arc resistance Effect of infeed Methods to reduce size of distance relay characteristic Copyright L.R. Orama
26 Zones of Protection-3 Zones Zone 1 3 zones (Primary & Backup) Purpose: Provide high speed tripping for internal faults Relay must be set to underreach Does not cover entire line Zone 1 settings: Reach:80-90% Time: No time delay Copyright L.R. Orama
27 Zones of Protection Zone 2 Purpose: Cover remaining 10-20% of AB segment Zone 2 must reach beyond B Will detect faults on CD segment Must have time delay Zone 2 settings: Reach:120% Time: seconds Copyright L.R. Orama
28 Zones of Protection Zone 3 Equivalent Relays at B and D looking on the other direction Purpose: Provides Backup protection for faults on adjacent line Do not set such that load can cause a trip Zone 3 settings: Reach:120% of Z AB +Z CD Time: seconds Copyright L.R. Orama
29 Three Zones of Protection Using Mho Relays GCY - GE Mho Advantage Lots of fault coverage Disadvantage Characteristic gets close to Z LOAD Copyright L.R. Orama
30 Relay Characteristic Vs Arc Resistance illustrates increase R F coverage with mho relay (GCY) & reactance relay (GCX) O1 & M3 operate - Zone 1 O2 & M3 operate Zone 2 M3 operate Zone 3 M1 Zone1 using mho Copyright L.R. Orama
31 Zone 3 Setting with Infeed Copyright L.R. Orama
32 Zone 3 Setting with Infeed danger Copyright L.R. Orama
33 Use of Blinders where Impedance may cause incorrect tripping Zone 3 so big that Z LOAD gets inside of it Angle Impedance relays to blind Copyright L.R. Orama
34 Reverse Third Zone Z AB +Z CD I F /I A Copyright L.R. Orama
35 Reverse Third Zone Load Copyright L.R. Orama
36 Admittance Relay Settings Reach: Diameter of Mho Circle Maximum Z that makes relay operate Copyright L.R. Orama
37 Admittance Relay Settings t varies from 0.10 to 1.00 (t higher, smaller circle) k is called Basic Minimum Reach is adjustable Angle of maximum torque is adjustable Offset is adjustable Copyright L.R. Orama
38 Impedances Detected by all Relays During B-C Fault B-C Relay A-B Relay C-A Relay Copyright L.R. Orama
39 Impedances Detected by all Relays During B-C Fault Copyright L.R. Orama
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