Early Marine Migrations. General geography Four general patterns Influence of genetics

Transcription

1 Early Marine Migrations General geography Four general patterns Influence of genetics

2 Coastal range of anadromous Pacific salmon and trout

3 Techniques employed to study salmon at sea

4 Recently developed techniques Classification of samples to population of origin by DNA analysis Ultrasonic tagging with miniature transmitters and stationary, datalogging receivers

5 Vancouver Is. Washington Columbia River Oregon Puget Sound California Sacramento River

6 Post-smolt salmon are very similar, as indicated in this photo by Joe Orsi, NMFS, Auke Bay, AK Note also that the scales are deciduous (tend to flake off)

7 Chinook Chinook Chinook Chinook Chinook coho sockeye chum pink

8 Distribution of juvenile salmon on the continental shelf reflects adult distribution Percent of the salmon caught, by species Region Chinook Coho Chum Sockeye Pink Gulf of AK SE AK Central BC WC Van Is WA-OR OR-CA CA Fisher et al AFS Symposium 57

9 General Patterns of Ocean Migration Distance (km) from shore Catch per set Implication: From July to September, there is a band of migrating salmon from about Cape Flattery to the eastern Aleutian Islands. The band is narrow (about 30 km) along the coasts of British Columbia and southeast Alaska but widens as the continental shelf widens in the Gulf of Alaska. However, patterns vary among species and populations. Hartt and Dell INPFC Bulletin 46.

10 Extent of migrations at sea: Pacific salmonids show 4 migration patterns: 1. Post-smolts migrate rapidly northward along the coast during the summer, then move offshore until they mature: sockeye, chum and pink salmon Juvenile sockeye salmon

11 Generalized Sockeye Smolt Migration Route Straty and Jaenicke In: McNeil and Himsworth. Salmonid Ecosystems of the North Pacific. OSU Press

12 Migratory routes of sockeye salmon smolts in the Strait of Georgia Timing: Smolts enter the Fraser River estuary from mid-april through the end of May. Most smolts leave by end of June Northward orientation but movement affected by currents

13 Paired beach seines were deployed, north and south of the point of entry, to assess directionality of pink salmon movements in southeast Alaska by Jaenicke et al. (1984) Year # north # south % north ,675 14,153 82% , %

14 Bering Sea Alaska North Pacific Ocean Gulf of Alaska B.C. Washington Oregon California

15 Marine distributions of North American and Japanese chum salmon

16 Patterns of ocean migrations: 2. Post-smolts migrate slowly along the coast or move offshore until they mature: coho, chinook and masu salmon Adult coho salmon Juvenile sockeye salmon

17 Movement of coho salmon in May-June off Oregon, inferred from purse seine catches with the net set in different directions Catches 76% of the juvenile coho 80% of the juvenile chinook Direction of the net s opening South South Catches 98% of the juvenile coho 72% of the maturing coho Direction of the net s opening South North Top: Miller et al Fish. Res. 2:1-17. Bottom: Pearcy and Fisher Fish. Bull. 86.

18 Juvenile salmon are tagged before they leave freshwater

19 Coho : Catch location, relative to origin

20 Most maturing coho salmon are caught near their area of origin but they may move south or north Catch Area Origin AK B. C. WA OR CA Alaska B. C Washington Oregon California Weitkamp and Neely 2002 (see also Van Doornik et al genetics)

21 % caught by area Location and percentage of hatchery coho salmon caught in relation to origin AK BC WA OR CA AK AK BC WA WA WA OR OR ORCA Weitkamp and Neely 2002 Weitkamp and Neely CJFAS Hatchery of origin (north to south)

22 Estimated catches of coho salmon from Soos Creek Hatchery, Puget Sound, based on coded wire tag data Regions Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec SW VI SJdF Puget S WA CN WA CS

23 Location and percentage of hatchery Chinook salmon caught in relation to Oregon river origin % caught by area Nicholas and Hankin 1989 AK Trask Trask Nestucca Salmon Yaquina AK BC WA OR CA BC OR River of origin (north to south) Alsea Siuslaw Umpqua Coos Elk Rogue Rogue Chetco CA

24 Coho and Chinook salmon: variation on the general patterns Stream-type chinook seem to migrate to offshore waters to a greater extent than ocean-type chinook Coho salmon in the northern part of the range seem to migrate offshore to a greater extent than southern populations Stream-type chinook tend to predominate in the northern part of the species range Resident populations of coho and Chinook exist in protected waters (e.g., Puget Sound)

25 Resident Chinook in Puget Sound Percentage of the annual catch that took place in Puget Sound during the non-migratory and migratory periods Origin Nov - May Aug - Oct Total Soos Cr U of W

26 Patterns of ocean migrations: 3. Post-smolts migrate directly offshore and remain at sea until they mature: steelhead (sea-run rainbow trout) Juvenile sockeye salmon

27 Steelhead trout

28 Purse seine catches per set of juvenile salmonids off Washington and Oregon in 1980, indicating patterns of relative abundance Species May 27 June 7 July 4-15 Aug 28 Sep 8 Chinook Coho Steelhead Miller et al. 1983

29 Catches per set of cutthroat and steelhead, and numbers of purse seine set in WA and OR, indicating patterns of abundance May June July August September cutthroat steelhead sets % cutthroat Pearcy and Fisher 1990

30 Recent ultrasonic tracking of steelhead in British Columbia indicated average travel rates of body lengths per second (Melnychuk et al. 2007) Approach: catch and tag fish, and the transmitter is detected when it swims in the vicinity of a data logger.

31 Patterns of ocean migrations: 4. Marine distribution largely limited to estuarine or coastal waters near the natal stream: cutthroat trout, bull trout (charr), Dolly Varden and Arctic charr Sea-run bull trout Salvelinus confluentus

32 Anadromous cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki

33 Most charr and cutthroat trout tend to spend only one summer at sea 90 Dolly Varden Eva Lake, southeast Alaska % of total leaving cutthroat trout returning returning Armstrong (1964, 1971) % of total leaving 0 Jan Mar May July Sept Nov

34 Anadromous cutthroat trout

35 The length of the summer spent at sea varies with latitude (e.g., cutthroat trout) 60 Eva Lake, Alaska returning % of total % of total Jan leaving Feb Mar Apr May June July leaving Aug Sept Armstrong (1971) Oct Nov Dec % of total Big Beef Creek, returning Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan leaving Sand Creek, Oregon returning Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Washington Sumner (1962) Wenburg (1998) Oct Nov Dec

36 Cutthroat trout smolts tend to be older in coastal populations than those entering protected waters; Johnson (1982) hypothesized that this reflects the more rigorous environment of the coastal ocean. % of smolts at a given age Washington coast Oregon coast Columbia River Puget Sound

37 Genetic control of ocean distribution Brood Year Spring Chinook salmon Recovery Locations Source AK BC WA OR CA Cowlitz- Kalama Snake Percent of fish recovered among locations

38 Genetic control of ocean distribution Fall Chinook salmon Source BC Puget Sound Recovery Locations WA coast OR coast UW Hybrid Elwha Brannon and Hershberger

39 Genetic control of ocean distribution Columbia River coho salmon Recovery Locations Source WA OR CA CR Toutle (S) Cowlitz (N) Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife data

40 Genetic influence on ocean distribution: Chinook salmon Tule Rogue River at Rouge Upriver brights Rogue River at Columbia Frequency CA OR WA BC AK Pascual and Quinn 1994

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42 Recoveries at sea in research sampling of juvenile coho salmon with coded wire tags from hatcheries in different areas ( release locations ) Recovery location Release location Cen AK SE AK N BC Cen BC WC VI WA OR SE AK WC VI Strait of Georgia Fraser River Puget Sound Coastal Washington Lower Columbia River Upper Columbia/Snake R Coastal Oregon Note: Neither tagging nor sampling effort was uniform among areas Morris et al AFS Symposium 57