Tim King, US DOI, USGS Barbara Lubinski, US DOI, USGS Tim Sheehan, US DOC, NOAA Fisheries Dave Reddin, CA, DFO

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1 Determining the continent-of-origin and regionof-origin for Atlantic salmon collected at West Greenland from : A review of the findings and a look at what the future holds for molecular genetic methods of mixed-fishery assessment (in 15 minutes?) Tim King, US DOI, USGS Barbara Lubinski, US DOI, USGS Tim Sheehan, US DOC, NOAA Fisheries Dave Reddin, CA, DFO

2 Determining the continent-of-origin and regionof-origin for Atlantic salmon collected at West Greenland from : A review of the findings and a look at what the future holds for molecular genetic methods of mixed-fishery assessment Tim King, US DOI, USGS Barbara Lubinski, US DOI, USGS Tim Sheehan, US DOC, NOAA Fisheries Dave Reddin, CA, DFO

3 Presentation Objectives Briefly review the phylogeographic patterns observed among Atlantic salmon populations from mtdna and ndna Discuss the results of west Greenland mixed-fishery analysis at two scales: continent-of-origin (COO) & region-of-origin (ROO) Compare the results of individual assignment (IA) with mixedstock (MSA) analyses Test the temporal robustness and allele frequency stability of the Atlantic salmon baseline database at assigning populations represented in the West Greenland mixed-fishery to COO

4 Metric Tons Historic Commercial Atlantic Salmon Fishery at Greenland ( ) 3,000 Catch Quota 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, Year

5 mtdna Control Region (CR) Haplotype Networks A, G, I, J, K CR more variable in western Atlantic populations I ND1 haplotypes also observed in these populations by Verspoor et al and Nilsson et al I I A B A, C B, C, E, I, J A, B, C, D, E, F G D A F C B E H I J K I

6 Western Atlantic NJ Tree - D a Distance Range-wide Perspective from 11 microsatellite DNA loci Eastern Atlantic/Baltic

7 Summary of Phylogeographic/Population Studies Over 5,000 Atlantic salmon have been genotyped at 12 microsatellite loci Western Atlantic populations of salmon are genetically distinct from Eastern Atlantic populations. Microsatellite DNA results confirm findings from mtdna and other nuclear markers (e.g., alloyzmes, mini-satellite DNA) Wild salmon in Maine are genetically distinct from Canadian salmon Genetic divergence exists among populations of wild salmon in Maine rivers and among Canadian Provinces; similar patterns exist among eastern Atlantic populations (3 major regions) Independent management complicated by the fact that Eastern and Western Atlantic populations share some foraging range (e.g., West and East Greenland, Faroe Islands).

8 GSI of Mixed Fisheries Microsatellite DNA allows clear delineation of continent-of-origin for Atlantic salmon harvested in the Greenland mixed-fishery. What about the mtdna haplotype variation that suggests incomplete separation between eastern and western Atlantic salmon?

9 1 Multidimensional Scaling (1-D a ) SP-2 FR-1 SP-4 SP-3 NB-1 NB-3 NB-4 0 SC-1 IR-1 SC-2 IR-2 EN-1 QB-2 NS-1 NF-3 QB-1 NF-1 ME-6 LA-1 LA-2 NO-2 NO-1 IC-1 FI-1 RU-2 Kachkovka RU-1 Pecha IC-2 NF-2 Bristol Cove NF-7 NF-6 Ouananiche Beck NF-5 Trepassey ME-1 ME-2 ME-3 ME-4 ME-5 ME-7 ME-8 ME-9 ME-10 ME-11 ME

10 ME MEL NB NS QB NF LB IC NO FN SC IR SP Total Assignment Tests - COO Population ME MEL NB NS QB NF LB IC NO FN SC IR SP Percent correctly assigned to region

11 North American Continent of Origin - Baseline European

12 West Greenland Fishery Since 1995, over 12,500 salmon have been sampled for scale and genetic analysis during the Fall fishery. 0A 1A 1B Qeqertarsuaq Ilulissat Sisimiut Sarfannguaq Collections have ranged from Sisimiut (NW) to Qaqortoq (S). 1C Kangaamiut Maniitsoq Atammik Genetics used to verify scale results. Thus, the need for individual-based assignment. 0B 1D Nuuk Qeqertarsuatsiaat Paamiut Salmon were genotyped at 4-11 loci for continent-oforigin (COO) assignment. 2G 1E 1F Arsuk - Kangilinnguit Qassimiut Narsaq Qaqortoq

13 Continental Composition of West Greenland Catch 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% North American European

14 Assignment to COO 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% European North American 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% European North American

15 Individual Assignment (Geneclass) Individual Assignment and Mixed-Stock Assignment of West Greenland Atlantic Salmon to Continent-of-Origin 1.00 r = 0.98; t = 6.95; p < Mixed-Stock Allocation (ONCOR)

16 Individual Assignment Robustness West Greenland Atlantic Salmon to Continent-of-Origin Year Eastern Atlantic Ratio Western Atlantic Ratio

17 Summary of COO Assignments Over 12,500 Atlantic salmon sampled from the West Greenland mixed-fishery have been genotyped Majority of the catch consisted of fish from the western Atlantic although spatial differences exist in the make-up of the fishery IA and MSA results are highly correlated (at COO) The proportions of the fishery appear to be temporally stable throughout the sampled areas Baseline is robust a decade after establishment

18 D i m e n s i o n 2 ROO - Multidimensional Scaling (1 - D a ) Western Atlantic Eastern Atlantic/Baltic 2 2 NS QB2 LB2 QB1 LB1 NB1 NB2 NF2 NF1 ME NS2 MEL2 MEL1 D i m e n s i o n FN1 IC1 IC2 NO2 NO1 SC1 SC2 IR2 IR1 SP4 SP3 SP Dimension Dimension 1

19 ME MEL NB NS QB NF LB IC NO FN SC IR SP Total Assignment Tests - ROO Population ME MEL NB NS QB NF LB IC NO FN SC IR SP Percent correctly assigned to region

20 Summary of ROO Assignments Mixed-Stock Analysis Gauthier-Ouellet, M, M Dionne, F Caron, TL King, and L. Bernatchez Spatiotemporal dynamics of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Greenland Fishery inferred from mixed-stock analysis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 66: Individual Assignment Sheehan, TF, CM Legault, TL King, and AP Spidle Probabilistic-based genetic assignment model: assignments to subcontinent of origin of the West Greenland Atlantic salmon harvest. ICES Journal of Marine Science 67:

21 Other Molecular Approaches for COO Several loci have been shown to exhibit high resolution of COO: SS1 SSOSL438* SsaD486 Ssa202* SsaA86 Ssa289* SsaA119 SsaA124 SSOSL311* Combination - microsatellite locus (SS1) & mtdna RFLP (ND 1) See Gilbey J. et al Novel DNA markers for rapid, accurate and costeffective discrimination of continental origin of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). ICES. Emerging molecular techniques - Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) Massively parallel (or next generation) sequencing

22 Acknowledgements NOAA Fisheries and USGS provided funding for the research The following provide tissue or DNA KNAPK Tom Cross Albert Pendas Eric Verspoor John Taggart Andrew Ferguson Jose Sanchez Prado Fiona O Flynn John Bailey G.W. Friars T. Rex Porter Gil Farmer Terry Goff Trevor Goff Doug Aitkin Tony Mills Spurgeon Lloy Staff from the Greenland Nature Institute Participants in the West Greenland Program Aquatic Ecology Branch Leetown Science Center Biological Resources Division

23 Continent of Origin PGA Methods Sub-continent of Origin US Partitioning EUR NA CAN US PN CT MK DPS OTH 1. COO assignment 2. Binomial assignment for unsampled individuals 3. Binomial assignment via standardized probabilities 4. Misclassification adjustment 5. Binomial assignment for unsampled individuals 6. Multinomial assignment via adult returns 7. Adjust migration M (10 months)

24 ROO Summary PGA Model We have developed and applied a method to estimate sub-coo partitioning of catch Probabilistic approach incorporates the uncertainty of fine-scale genetic assignments and sampling Provides estimated US take at West Greenland Results Among fish identified as being of western Atlantic origin, the majority of the catch originates from Canada Within the US, the majority of the catch comes from the Penobscot The effect of the West Greenland harvest on individual US stocks varies annually Even a relatively small harvest could have significant impacts on stocks experiencing periods of low abundance

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