Handbook of Industrial Chemistry

Transcription

1 Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry NINTH EDITION

2 Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry NINTH EDITION Edited by James A. Kent, Ph.D. IniiBI VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD ~ New York

3 Copyright 1992 by Van Nostrand Reinhold Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1992 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number ISBN-13: e-isbn-13: : / All rights reserved. Certain portions of this work 1983, 1974, 1962 by Van Nostrand Reinhold. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems-without written permission of the publisher. Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold 115 Fifth Avenue New York, NY Chapman and Hall 2-6 Boundary Row London, SEI 8HN Thomas Nelson Australia 102 Dodds Street South Melbourne 3205 Victoria, Australia Nelson Canada 1120 Birchmount Road Scarborough, Ontario MIK 5G4, Canada Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Riegel, Emil Raymond, [Handbook of industrial chemistry] Riegel's Handbook of industrial chemistry.-9th ed. / edited by James A. Kent. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Chemistry, Technical. I. Kent, James Albert, II. Title. III. Title: Handbook of industrial chemistry. TP145.R O-dc CIP

4 To my Wife ANITA

5 Contents Preface Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Inks Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 Chapter 31 Index Economic Aspects of the Chemical Industry Pollution Prevention and Waste Minimization Industrial Wastewater and Hazardous Materials Treatment Technology Applied Statistical Methods and the Chemical Industry Safety Considerations in the Chemical Process Industries Managing an Emergency Preparedness Program Wood and Wood Products Animal and Vegetable Fats, Oils and Waxes Sugar and Other Sweeteners Phosphorus and Phosphates Fertilizers Salt, Chlor-Alkali, and Related Heavy Chemicals Industrial Gases Sulfur and Sulfuric Acid Petroleum and Its Products Natural Gas Coal Technology Rubber Synthetic Resins and Plastics The Chemistry of Structural Adhesives Manufactured Textile Fibers Synthetic Organic Chemicals Dye Application, Manufacture of Dye Intermediates and Dyes Industrial Fermentation: Principles, Processes, and Products The Pharmaceutical Industry Soap, Fatty Acids, and Synthetic Detergents Pigments, Paints, Polymer Coatings, Varnishes, Lacquers, and Printing Synthetic Nitrogen Products The Agrochemical Industry Chemical Explosives and Rocket Propellants The Nuclear Industry ix vii

6 Preface The aim of this book is to present in a single volume an up-to-date account of the chemistry and chemical engineering which underlie the major areas of the chemical process industry. This most recent edition includes several new chapters which comprise important threads in the industry's total fabric. These new chapters cover waste minimization, safety considerations in chemical plant design and operation, emergency response planning, and statistical applications in quality control and experimental planning. Together with the chapters on chemical industry economics and wastewater treatment~ they provide a unifying base on which the reader can most effectively apply the information provided in the chapters which describe the various areas of the chemical process industries. The ninth edition of this established reference work contains the contributions of some fifty experts from industry, government, and academe. I have been humbled by the breadth and depth of their knowledge and expertise and by the willingness and enthusiasm with which they shared their knowledge and insights. They have, without exception, been unstinting in their efforts to make their respective chapters as complete and informative as possible within the space available. Errors of omission, duplication, and shortcomings in organization are mine. Grateful acknowledgment is made to the editors of technical journals and publishing houses for permission to reproduce illustrations and other materials and to the many industrial concerns which contributed drawings and photographs. Comments and criticisms by readers will be welcome. James A. Kent Stevensville, Maryland ix