6/23/2010. Characteristics of Invasive Species
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1 Aquatic Nuisance Species Aquatic Invasive Species Exotic Aquatics Biological Roulette By the end of the 21st century, biological invasions [will] become one of the most prominent ecological l issues on Earth. OTA Report The Invasive Species Problem As of 1990, at least 4,500 nonindigenous species have established free-living populations in the U.S. Significant risk: agriculture, horticulture, fisheries, human health Compromise biological integrity - cause ecological instability 15% have caused severe harm to agriculture, industry, human health, and the environment Cost of damages and cost to control invasive estimated at up to $123 Billion annually (Pimentelle 1999) Purple loosestrife $45 Million/yr (CRS 1999) Zebra mussels > $1.5 Billion since 1989 (NANSC 2003) Fire ant $2 Billion/yr (CRS 1999) Characteristics of Invasive Species High abundance / high fecundity Short generation time Ability to occupy broad diversity of habitats wide range of food High genetic variability Proximity to transmittal vector The natural barrier that prevented many exotics from entering the upper Great Lakes How do exotic species get into the Great Lakes? Ballast Water Dumping 1
2 1959: St. Lawrence Seaway Doorway to the Heartland Ballast water introductions increase dramatically More international vessels Larger vessels > 50% ( 42) of introductions from result of international freshwater ballast dumping Welland Canal Opened access to upper lakes Some exotic fish and plants are released by people and fishery biologists Zebra & Quagga Mussels Zebra & Quagga Mussels 2
3 Unique Life History Microscopic free living larval stage Easily transported by currents, ships Produce up to 1.6 million eggs Zebra & Quagga Mussels Lake St. Clair Arrived 1988 Impacts of Zebra Mussels They don t clean the water, they just make it more clear. Can increase bioaccumulation of contaminants like PCBs, PAHs, and metals in fish and ducks Sea Lamprey Vampire of the Great Lakes! Sea Lamprey Lake Ontario 1830 Lake Erie 1921 Parasitic feeding - death from fluid loss or infection (1 in 7 survival rate) 3
4 Round Goby Lamprey Control Ballast water introduction in 1990 St. Clair River Displaces native fish Multiple spawnings per year Outcompetes native fish Back Round Goby Impacts Lake Trout Round Goby Round Goby Lake Sturgeon Smallmouth Bass They also eat eggs and larvae of other fish Look for the fused fins Round gobies eat zebra and quagga mussels Spiny Waterflea First seen in Great Lakes in 1984 Competition for food with zooplankton 4
5 Fishhook Waterflea A new invader Fishhook Waterflea First seen in Great Lakes in late-1990s Compete with zooplankton Spiny Waterflea 1/2 inch long Why fishermen do not like water fleas Invader vs. Native bloody-red mysid shrimp opposum shrimp European River Ruffe Ballast water introduction in Eats the eggs and young of other fishes. High reproductive rate,- rapid growth. Displace native fish Ruffe have sharp spines that keep other fish from eating them. 5
6 Silver Carp Imported from Asia by fish farmers to control algae blooms and as a food fish Spreads via pond escapement or by deliberate release Grows very quickly and feeds voraciously on plankton Can reproduce only in rivers Known for great jumping ability General Characteristics - head and opercle scaleless with relatively large upturned mouth without teeth - body deep, laterally compressed, usually olive-green dorsally to silver laterally, but sometimes bronze to red - eyes far forward along midline and project somewhat downward - dorsal and anal fin first ray spine-like Back Asian Carp: Bighead and Silver (not yet in Great Lakes) Bighead carp caught in Mississippi River Significant threat to the Great Lakes because of size, fecundity, and ability to consume large amounts of food Displacing valuable species Causing injury to boaters and anglers by jumping high out of the water flying Purple Loosestrife Highly invasive Outcompetes native cattails Little food value for animals Good News!! MB National ANS Clearinghouse ON NBNS QE Galerucella weevil - 5 species approved for release Feeds on leaves and growing shoots Defoliates, reduces flowering, can kill plant Releases could reduce loosestrife by 80-90% 60 Eurasian Watermilfoil Forms thick mats that choke out other plants New Zealand Mudsnail Concern that they will impact the food chain Spreads via fish stocking, recreational anglers waders, aquarium releases, ballast water Found in lakes and rivers Can close operculum to avoid desiccation Reproduces asexually - easily spread Thunder Bay 2001 Ballast Water? General Characteristics - range in size from a grain of sand to 1/8 long - color brownish to bluish-green - operculum covers opening of shell, which is on left - densities reported over 750,000 per square meter! 6
7 Water Chestnut Spreads by rosettes, on currents and waves, overland via transport on boats, motors, trailers, fishing nets, and other gear, and aquarium or water garden release Spreads also by sharply spined seeds, which wash ashore and can be a hazard for people stepping on them Quickly takes over shallow lakes and rivers by forming dense mats, which can prevent boating, fishing, hunting, and swimming 7
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