Marine Animals. II. The Chordates. OCN 201 Biology Lecture 7

Transcription

1 Marine Animals II. The Chordates OCN 201 Biology Lecture 7

2 The Animal Family Tree Chordates Arthropods Segmented Worms Mollusks mouth first anus first Echinoderms Cnidarians Round Worms Ctenophores Flatworms Sponges Placozoa Ancestral Protist

3 Sea Stars Echinoderms Sea Cucumbers Brittle Stars Sea Urchins Crinoids Looks like radial symmetry, but is not really

4 Bilateral symmetry echinoderms is more obvious in the larval stages Echinoderm Larva Bilateral symmetry

5 The Animal Chordates Arthropods Segmented Worms Family Tree Mollusks Echinoderms Round Worms Cnidarians Ctenophores Flatworms Sponges Placozoa Ancestral Protist

6 Chordate Tree Invertebrates Vertebrates

7 Chordate Features

8 Chordate Features

9 Chordate Tree Invertebrates Vertebrates

10 Tunicates Pelagic or benthic Often colonial Ascidians (sea squirts) Suspension feeders Salps Larvaceans

11 Small fish-like, No Jaw Suspension feeder Can swim, but usually stays partly buried Lancelets Amphioxus

12 Chordate Phylogeny Invertebrates Vertebrates

13 The Major Fish Groups Jawless fishes (Agnatha) Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) Bony fishes (Osteichthyes)

14 Jawless Fish No jaws No appendages Lamprey (Parasite) Cartilaginous Parasites or Scavengers Hagfish (Scavenger)

15 Jawless Fish Hagfish slime defense

16 Cartilaginous Fish (Chondrichthyes) Sharks, Skates and Rays Skeleton of cartilage Have jaws Carnivores or Planktivores

17 Cartilaginous Fish: Planktivores Planktivores (filter feeders) are largest Gaping mouth with small or no teeth Gill rakers Manta Ray (8 m across!) Whale Shark (up to 17 m long!) Gill Rakers

18 Whale Shark Planktivores Manta Ray

19 Cartilaginous Fish: Carnivores

20 Photo: NOAA Cookie-Cutter Shark

21 Cookie-Cutter Shark Wounds Goblin Shark Photo: Mike Spalding vis WIRED magazine

22 Bony Fish (Osteichtyes) 22,000 species From about <1 cm to 11 m Stout Infantfish Oarfish Surface to 8370 m deep

23 Herbivores (algae) Herbivores

24 Planktivores (Filter Feeders) Anchovies Sardines filter: gill rakers H 2 O mouth gill opening gut Used by the most successful groups

25 Carnivores Parrot Fish Tuna

26 Mola mola Most Massive bony fish: Up to 1300 kg and 3 m tip to tip Feeds on gelatinous zooplankton

27 Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals

28 Sea Turtles LARGEST: Loggerhead Leatherback Hawksbill Olive Ridley Green Sea Turtle (Honu) > 2 m long up to 1300 lbs

29 Other Marine Reptiles Tropical West pacific/indian Ocean Crocodile - one living marine species Snake - 50 species

30 Marine Birds albatross, shearwaters gulls and terns pelicans, cormorants, frigate birds penguins

31 Mammals Features: Endotherms (warm-blooded) Breathe Air Have Hair Live Young Milk Production in Females

32 Marine Mammals (Class Mammalia) Carnivora - polar bears, sea otter, pinnipeds Sirenians - dugongs and manatees Cetaceans - whales and dolphins

33 CARNIVORA Enhydra lutris Pinnipeds (seals and sea lions) Polar Bears Sea Otters Ursus maritimus

34 Sirenians dugongs and manatees Herbivores - eat sea grasses Near shore inhabitants of warm tropical waters About 13,000 alive today - recently taken off the endangered species list

35 Cetaceans Includes the whales, dolphins and porpoises

36 Two Cetacean Suborders: Mysticetes (11 living species) large baleen whales - filter feeders 2 blowhole openings Odontocetes (about 67 species) smaller toothed whales, dolphins, and porpoises 1 blowhole opening

37 Mysticetes (baleen whales) Use complex vocalizations or songs for communication

38 Large mouthfuls of water are filtered through the baleen plates trapping plankton, small fish and other animals Baleen (Mysticetes)

39 Humpback Bubble Net

40 Mysticete Migration patterns Humpback Whale Humpbacks around Hawaii (Mid-December to May) Great whales migrate: - Warm, tropical waters in the winter (for breeding) - Colder, polar waters in winter (for feeding)

41 Odontocetes (toothed whales) Carnivores Use squeals chirps and clicks for communication, echolocation and stunning of prey