Seminar Report ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF INLAND AQUACULTURE IN INDIA

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1 Seminar Report On ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF INLAND AQUACULTURE IN INDIA Submitted by P. PASUPATHI MFT (FEC) FEC 591 (1+0) Department of Fisheries Economics, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi , Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Nagapattinam. 2017

2 CONTENTS 1. Introduction to inland fisheries and aquaculture 2. Indian Fisheries Status 3. Inland resources in India and their potential production 4. Inland fish production data and state wise trend 5. Fisheries contribution to the Indian Economy 6. Importance of socio and economic status assessment in fisheries 7. Inland fisheries and aquaculture in Tamil Nadu 8. Ornamental fisheries in India and Tamil Nadu 9. Prospects to inland fisheries in the state (Tamil Nadu) 10. Conclusion 11. References Introduction Aquaculture is the business of farming aquatic animals and plants, under varying degrees of controlled conditions, both in marine and freshwater environments. Inland fisheries are rapidly expanding and competing for natural resources with other uses. Inland fisheries are nothing but fishing done in certain reservoirs, tanks, ponds, lakes etc., If water resources are utilized properly, more revenue will be generated in Fisheries sector. India is the second largest country in the world to produce fish from aquaculture (42.10 lakh tones). It contributes about 6.3 % in global aquaculture. Fisheries not only a source of livelihood for over 14 million people; but also, needed for socio-economic development of country, it has contributed Rs. 30, (Cr) through export. In Inland Fish Production Andhra Pradesh is showing aggressive growth pattern amongst all states since West Bengal was the top producing state; but now it holds second position and shows a steady growth. Other top producing states are Gujarat, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka indicating flat growth.

3 Thousand tones Status of Indian Fisheries Present fish production Inland Marine Fish seed production MMT 6.59 MMT 3.65 MMT million fry Hatcheries 1070 FFDA 429 BFDA 39 Global position 3 rd in fisheries, 2 nd in aquaculture Contribution of fisheries to GDP (%) 1.1 Contribution to Agri. GDP (%) 5.30 Per capita fish availability (kg.) 9.0 Annual Export earnings (Rs. In Crore) 30, Employment in sector (million) Source: - National fisheries development board & MPEDA ( ) Fish Production on comparison Marine Inland Fish production in India

4 Marine and inland fish production in India Fish Production in India ( 000 Tonnes) Year Marine Inland Total Year Marine Inland Total

5 Inland resources of India RESOURCE LENGTH / AREA Rivers and irrigation canal (km) 1,91,024 Ponds and tanks (million ha) 2.14 Reservoirs (million ha) 3.15 Upland lakes (million ha) 0.72 Brackish water (million ha) 1.24 Flood plain wetlands (million ha) 0.35 Estuaries (million ha) 0.3 Source: National Fisheries Development Board Carp culture in India Indian aquaculture has been growing at a fast pace over the last two decades, with freshwater aquaculture contributing over 95% of the production. The three Indian major carps, namely catla (Catla catla), rohu (Labeo rohita) and mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) contribute to the bulk of production amounting to about two million tonnes annually (FAO, 2003). Silver carp, grass carp and common carp form the second important group for fish production. Average national production from pond fisheries has increased from 0.6 tones/ha/year in 1974 to 2.2 tones/ha/year in 2002 (Tripathi, 2003). (Mean Production level of Indian waters: 600 Kg/ha/year in 1974 to over 2.5 tonnes/ha /year at present or even up to 8 to 12 tonnes / ha / year by several farmers) Carp culture system level in India S.No Culture system Seed stocking level Management level Fish productio n level 1 Low input system (Extensive) /ha No supplementary feeding Use of low cost fertilizer for development of natural food forms Less care on health and growth of fish 2-3 tonnes/ha/ year

6 2 Medium input system (Semi intensive) /ha Medium supplementary feeding Aeration very rare Use of medium fertilizer Normal care on health and growth of fish 4-6 tonnes/ha/ year 3 High input system (Intensive) /ha Higher supplementary feeding Intensive aeration Use of high fertilizers Intensive care on health and growth of fish tonnes/ ha/ year Economics of inland aquaculture farming Total expenditure Total returns Net returns BCR Fish seed production Fish farming Ornamental fish farming Freshwater prawn farming Source: Updated from NABARD Other Types of Fish Culture/Nonconventional culture systems Sewage-fed fish culture In addition, in India, the other types of fish culture also include Sewage fed fish culture which is not new as far as India is concerned. It is estimated that at present there are more than 130 wastewater aquaculture units in India covering about ha. Almost 80 percent of these are located in West Bengal, where sewage is extensively used as a fertilizer for fish pond. One of the major sewage irrigated fisheries is in Kolkata, popularly known as Vidyarthi Spill area, which is presently known as Salt Lake. Simultaneously, sewage fed fish culture started in four sites in India, namely: Nagpur, Bhilai, Chennai and Bhopal. In this culture practice,

7 before stocking, bheries are dried up and sewage is allowed to enter bheri. After stabilization of effluents and after observing the plankton population, the bheries are stocked with advanced /hectare. Normally, multiple stocking and multiple harvesting is adopted in bheries and fish are reared for 3 5 months, depending on the growth of the fish to reach a marketable size of grams. In addition, there is running water fish culture, wherein, the water from hill streams/ rivers are made to flow through a series of dugout embankment ponds constructed along the course of the stream/river using diversion canals/pipes. This helps maintain a mild water flow through the culture ponds. Screens of fine meshed nets are erected at the inlet and outlet of the ponds to prevent the entry and escape of organisms to and from the ponds. While the management of battery ponds is similar to that of still water ponds, that of raceways is more towards cage culture with a near total dependence on artificial feeds and amenability to very high stocking densities Due to their unique taste, catfishes are considered a delicacy for fish consumers. Aquaculture in India has become an important sector that includes carps, catfishes and prawns. Lately, the Government of India has also identified catfish farming as a national priority and has emphasized on diversification of culture practices. The major chunk of catfish, however, comes from capture resources, which includes airbreathing and non-airbreathing varieties. Amongst the catfishes, Clarias batrachus, an obligatory airbreathing catfish known as magur is the most preferred indigenous catfish in India. The culture of magur obtained impetus by the standardization of its breeding and grow out farming techniques at the Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), an ICAR fishery research institute, Bhubaneshwar. The fish is currently propagated on a large scale along the north-eastern regions, mainly the State of Assam. Twelve hatcheries are in place along the region. Of late, Government of India permitted culture of pangassius and tilapia species laying down strict guidelines as an alternative crop to carp fishes. Paddy-cum-fish culture Paddy-cum-fish culture is undertaken in medium to semi deep-water rice paddy fields in lowland areas with fairly strong dykes to prevent the escape of cultivated fish during floods, trenches and pond refuges in the paddy fields provide shelter for the fish. The modern concept of paddy fish integration with rice fish plot, digging of peripheral trenches, construction of dykes, nutrient utilization of pond refuge and sowing of improved varieties of rice and release of fish in trenches he; ped to harvest better yield of rice and fish. Fish ponds receive the crop residues as pond input.

8 Reservoirs in India Type Area (ha) Numbers Production level (Avg) Large > kg/ha Medium kg/ha Small < kg/ha State Wise Fish Yield from Reservoirs of India (in kg per ha) States Small Medium Large Average Andhra Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Rajasthan Kerala Tamil Nadu Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Bihar Uttar Pradesh

9 Actual and potential fish production level in Indian reservoirs Type Area (ha) Present production (T) Potential production (T) Small Medium large , Total State wise inland fish production trend (India)

10 Fund assistance to Develop Inland fisheries & Aquaculture during 11 th and 12 th five-year plan Funds released during 11 th Five Year Plan Period under the Central Statistical Schemes and CS Schemes ( Rs in Lakhs) Funds released during 12 th Five Year Plan Period under the Central Statistical Schemes and CS Schemes ( Rs in Lakhs) Importance of Socio and economic status assessment in fisheries Needed for the development of country Recognized as a powerful income and employment generator Stimulates growth of a number of subsidiary industries Source of cheap and nutritious food besides being a foreign exchange earner

11 Source of livelihood for a large section of economically backward population of the country Inland Fisheries and aquaculture in Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu possesses 3.83 lakh ha of effective inland water resources comprising of reservoirs, major irrigation tanks, minor irrigation tanks and short seasonal tanks and ponds, rivers, backwaters and derelict water bodies. These water bodies mainly depend on the seasonal rains and the water retention period of most of the water bodies in Tamil Nadu is very short. Poor and erratic rain fall, less retention of water in the water bodies, mismatch of breeding season of fishes with limited water availability for quality fish seed production, unavailability of low cost and quality feed are the factors responsible for limited inland fish production. The inland fisher population is about 2.28 lakh. The short water retention period in ponds and tanks due to erratic and scanty rain fall necessitates promoting and stocking of fast growing fish species in short duration such as Amur Carp, Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT), Jayanthi Rohu, Pangassius sp., etc. Inland Fisheries Statistics Inland Fishery Resources. Reservoirs (78 Nos*) Large irrigation and short seasonal tanks 3.83 lakh ha 62,015 ha. 2,65,819 ha. Brackish water spread area Population of Inland Fishers (projected) 56,000 ha lakh Fish seed production centres i) Government Fish farm 8 ii) Private Fish farm 49 Fish seed rearing centres i) Government Fish farm 34 ii) Private Fish farm 180 Inland Fish Production lakh tons.

12 Fish Seed Production in Tamil Nadu The Inland fisheries sector of the State has the potential to contribute 4.50 lakh tonnes of fish production in times of normal rainfall, for which 70 crore fingerlings are required. The Government through various schemes such as National Agriculture Development Programme (NADP), National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB), Irrigated Agriculture Modernization and water bodies Restoration and Management (IAMWARM), Western Ghats Development Programme (WGDP), National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) etc., has improved the Government fish farm facilities as well as encouraged the private farmers to create fish seed production / rearing farms. An additional rearing area of 34.8 ha has been created both in Government and private sector which led to achievement of an all-time high fish seed production of crore during , thereby reducing the fish seed gap from 25 to 8.73 crore. Fish Seed Production in Tamil Nadu Seed production crore in numbers

13 Inland fish production of Tamil Nadu Inland fish production of Tamil Nadu (in lakh tones to ) Tamil Nadu fisheries budget an overview TAMIL NADU - FISHERIES BUDGET AN OVERVIEW budjet

14 Ornamental fisheries In recent years, ornamental fishes are receiving increased attention due to local and global demand and the consequent growth of the export market and trade. Since 1985 the value of international trade in exports of ornamentals has increased at an average growth rate of approximately 14% per year. Developing countries account for about two thirds of the total export value. The entire industry, when non-exported product, wages, retail sales and associated materials are considered, has been estimated to be worth around US$15 billion (FAO, 2014). About 7.2 million homes in the USA and 3.2 million homes in European union have aquaria. European nations and Japan are the largest markets for ornamental fish but more than 65% of the exports to these countries come from Asia (Felix, 2009). The increasing demand for aquarium fishes gradually paved the avenue towards global trade of ornamental fishes. World trade of ornamental fish is estimated to be about Rs crores, but, India's share is only Rs. 15 crores, which is very insignificant. The trade however is dominated by fresh water ornamental fishes (90%) as the technology for culture in several species is available and fishes produced considerably. In India among the fresh water ornamental fish trade 98 % are cultured and 2% captured wild. The rest of the 2% percent of total ornamental fish trade are from marine fish of which 98% are capture and 2% from cultured stock. In the case of marine ornamental fishes, culture and hatchery technologies are yet to be developing and hence the trade of these fishes has not yet taken off in any significant manner. Small numbers collected from the wild are being exported from developed countries. The marine ornamental species have greater potential for export trade because of their most exquisite colours and attention grabbing behaviour, but there are apprehensions pertaining their collection from the natural environment, biodiversity and sustainability perspectives. Fresh water ornamental fishes India is blessed with a rich diversity of freshwater fishes both in the Western Ghats and North-Eastern hills. The Western Ghats of India is one of the 34- Biodiversity hotspot areas of the World (Anna Mercy, 2007). Among the 300 species of freshwater fishes in the Western Ghats, 155 are considered ornamental fishes of which 117 are endemic to the Western Ghats. At present, only a small fraction of the endemic fish diversity is utilized in ornamental fish trade. All the ornamental fishes marketed in India are exotic. Even though there are quite a lot of indigenous fishes, having high potential as ornamental fishes, they have not been properly exploited. The fish fauna of the Western Ghats

15 includes variety of barbs, rasboras, killifishes, glass fishes, catfishes, catopra, hill trouts, and danios, which are ideal candidates for ornamental fish industry. In India reservoir fisheries, carp farming, prawn farming, shrimp farming and hatchery production fish and shrimp seeds are aquaculture based research activities (Sundararaj et, al.2007). More than 100 varieties of indigenous freshwater ornamental fish species are known in Indian waters. Some of the species fetch high price in the world market and support trade outside the country. This ornamental fishes due to the nature of breeding are broadly classified as live bearers and the egg layers. Mollies, Platies, Guppies and Swordtails are typical examples of live bearers. Gold fish, tiger barbs, golden rosi barbs Koi carp Gouramies and fighters are egg layers. Kerala has rich resources of indigenous ornamental fish in various river systems that have the potential to earn income to the state In Kerala, 21 rivers surveyed in 2010, 142 species were reported, out of which 72 (51%) are considered as possible ornamentals. Among these fishes a few like puntius denisonii are very valuable in the international market Ornamental in Tamil Nadu In Chennai, many farmers grow fish in their backyards and sell the stock to firms, which are engaged in the export business. Ornamental Fish culture and trade in Tamil Nadu especially at Kolathoor village on the outskirts of Chennai (Red hills, Devanpattu, etc.) is famous for ornamental fish culture by small scale producers. There are about 600 families earning their livelihood through ornamental fish culture in Kolathoor and on an average each household in the village earns over Rs. 5,000 to 10,000 per month through ornamental fish farming. Other ornamental fish culture areas in Tamil Nadu - Thoothukudi, Thirunelveli, Madurai & Kaniyakumari, etc. Prospects of Inland Fisheries in the State Proper utilization with adoption of technology in the fish farming (open waters) - yield as high as 2 tonnes fish per ha 0.40 MT of fish production per annum is possible from the available resources Short and long term seasonal tanks available in the State are the major contributors for fish production (up to 82%) wherein cage farming is possible for increasing the fish production to 0.3 million tonnes 2.28 lakh fisher folk depend on the inland fisheries in Tamil Nadu Provided with assured revenue and employment by adopting fish farming in the inland water bodies

16 Supply of fish for food can be assured thereby the malnutrition can be prevented or minimized Conclusion Increase in Inland fish production was due to increased schemes pertaining to development in Indian production sector In recent trend, reservoirs were facing exotic shift (Tilapia) from IMC. Still there is a need for effective utilization of resources (in special reference to B/W aquaculture, ornamental) Complete utilization of available resources in Indian waters

17 REFERENCES Annual Report, Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries Goswami. C. and Dr. Zade. V.S., Statistical Analysis of Fish Production in India, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology.4(2), Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation, Govt. of India. (ON965) & Lok Sabha Starred Question No. 222, dated on Policy notes, Govt. of Tamil Nadu, p-175 Policy Notes preparation Of Animal Husbandry, dairying and Fisheries. Government of India. Raja, S., Babu, T.D., Nammalwar, P., Thomson Jacob, C. and Dinesh, K.P.B., Potential of Ornamental Fish Culture and Marketing Strategies for future prospects in India. International Journal of Biosciences and Nano sciences, 1(5), pp Web sources:

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