Apogonid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes) of Yaku-shima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture, southern Japan

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1 H. Motomura and K. Matsuura (eds) Fishes of Yaku-shima Island National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, 10 March 2010 pogonid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes) of Yaku-shima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture, southern Japan Tomohiro Yoshida 1*, Shigeru Harazaki 2 and Hiroyuki Motomura 1 1 Kagoshima University Museum, Korimoto, Kagoshima , Japan 2 Diving Service Mori to Umi, Miyanoura, Yakushima, Kumage, Kagoshima , Japan * Corresponding author: k @kadai.jp bstract Forty five species of apogonid fishes were confirmed to occur at Yaku-shima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture, Kyushu, southern Japan. Of these, 27 species represent the first records from the island, including the first Japanese record of pogon chrysotaenia. new Japanese name, kafujitenjikudai, is proposed for pogon crassiceps. Each species account provides a synonym list, material examined, descriptions based on collected specimens, distribution in Japanese waters, taxonomic and nomenclatural remarks, and ecological notes from Yaku-shima Island. Key words: pogonidae, cardinalfishes, distribution, Yaku-shima Island, Japan. Introduction The family pogonidae, characterized by having two separated dorsal fins, the first with 6 8 spines and the second with 1 spine and 8 14 soft rays, anal fin with 2 spines and 8 18 soft rays, and usually 24 vertebrae, consists of about 23 genera and roughly 273 species (Nelson, 2006). Of these, about 15 genera and 94 species have been recorded from Japanese waters (Matsuura and Tachikawa, 1994; Hayashi, 2002, 2004; Mabuchi et al., 2003, 2004; Yoshigou and Yoshino, 2004; Miyahara et al., 2005; Shibukawa et al., 2007; Fraser and llen, 2010). The first apogonid fish reported from Yakushima Island was pogon notatus in Jordan and Starks (1906) gave an illustration of this species (as mia notata) by Mr. W. S. tkinson on the basis of a single specimen from the island. The specimen is now missing from collections of the California cademy of Sciences, San Francisco, or the Museum Support Center of the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Suitland. Subsequently, rai and Ida (1975) reported two genera with four species of the family from Kusugawa on the northeast coast of Yakushima Island on the basis of collected specimens, which are deposited at the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo. Ichikawa et al. (1992) listed three genera with 10 species from the island, and Kuniyasu (1999) listed two genera with 12 species from Kurio on the southwest coast, both being based only on underwater observations. In addition to the previous records, our Yakushima Island ichthyofaunal surveys in (see Motomura et al., 2010) and the second author s underwater observations over the last six years resulted in 11 genera with 45 species of apogonid fishes occurring off Yaku-shima Island. This paper provides an annotated checklist of these species, along with color photographs if available. Materials and methods Counts and measurements generally follow Fraser (2005). Counts of longitudinal stripes on the lateral surface of the body begin with the uppermost stripe, including a stripe running along the dorsal-fin bases. Measurements were made to 27

2 T. Yoshida et al. the nearest 0.1 mm. Unless specified otherwise, the length of specimens listed throughout this paper is the standard length (abbreviated as SL). Identifications are generally based on llen et al. (2005), Greenfield, (2001, 2007a, b), Gon (1993), Gon and Randall (2003), Fraser (2005, 2008), Fraser and llen (2010), Hayashi (2000, 2002), Mabuchi et al. (2003, 2004), Randall (2005), and Randall et al. (1997a). Randall (2005) reclassified the genus pogon and divided it into four genera, pogon, Ostorhinchus, Pristiapogon, and Zoramia, but we use pogon rather than these generic names. Scientific names are arranged alphabetically for each genus. The synonym lists contain only the original description citation and papers related to Yaku-shima Island, viz., Jordan and Starks (1906), rai and Ida (1975), Ichikawa et al. (1992), Kuniyasu (1999), and Yoshida and Motomura (2009). Descriptions are based on specimens collected from Yaku-shima Island during ichthyofaunal surveys of the island (Motomura et al., 2010) and four specimens of. taeniophorus reported by rai and Ida (1975). photograph of. indicus is based on a preserved specimen; other specimen photographs were taken when fresh. Underwater photographs were taken by the second author (SH) and I. Takaku (Yakushima-Diving-Life) around the island. Underwater observations have been made by SH for more than six years, and ecological notes on each species at Yaku-shima Island are given on the basis of his observations. cronyms of the following institutions are used in the text: ustralian Museum, Sydney (MS); ernice Pauahi ishop Museum, Honolulu (PM); Laboratory of Marine iology, Kochi University, Kochi (SKU); Fisheries Research Laboratory, Mie University, Shima (FRLM); Institute of Oceanic Research and Development, Tokai University, Shimizu (IORD); Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima (KUM); Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, Odawara (KPM); Department of Plant and nimal Sciences, Faculty of griculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki (MUFS); and National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo (NSMT). Color photographs of fresh specimens are deposited at SKU, KUM, and KPM. List of species of pogonidae pogon amboinensis leeker, 1853 [Japanese name: mami-ishimochi] (Figs. 1, ) pogon amboinensis leeker, 1853: 329 (type locality: mbon, Moluccas, Indonesia); Yoshida and Motomura, 2009: 96, fig. 1 (mouth of mbo River, Yaku-shima Island). Material examined. KUM I , 53.5 mm SL, mouth of mbo River; KUM I , 49.0 mm SL, mouth of mbo River. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VI-I, 9; analfin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 14; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 24; predorsal scales 7; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 21 22, developed gill rakers 19 20; body light brown, with two black stripes, one from snout to opercular margin through eye, and the other on anterior portion of lateral line; anterior part of first dorsal fin blackish; and a distinct black spot on caudal-fin base. Remarks. Yoshida and Motomura (2009) reported two specimens (KUM I , 21589) of. amboinensis as the first records from Yakushima Island and the northernmost records of the species. They considered. amboinensis to reproduce in the mouth of the mbo River on Yakushima Island because one of the two specimens (KUM I ) had about 3,000 eggs in his mouth. Subsequently, this species was also confirmed by the second author to occur in the mouth of the Isso River on the northern coast of the island on 24 Oct and the mouth of the mbo River on 8 Jan (Fig. 1). pogon amboinensis is distributed in the western Pacific, from Papua New Guinea to Japan (llen et al., 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from Yaku-shima Island (Yoshida and Motomura, 2009; this study) and the Ryukyu Islands [mami-oshima Island (Schmidt, 1930; Okada, 1938; Matsubara, 1963; Yoshigou et al., 2001), Okinawa Island (Yoshigou et al., 2005), Kume-jima Island (Yoshigou and Nakamura, 2003; Yoshigou, 2007), Miyako-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2005), Ishigaki-jima Island (Sakai 28

3 pogonid fishes in Yaku-shima Island et al., 2001), Iriomote-jima Island (Hayashi and Kishimoto, 1983; Yoshigou et al., 2001), and Yonaguni-jima Island (Sakai et al., 2001)]. t Yakushima Island, the species inhabits river mouths on substrates mixed with mud and deciduous leaves in depths of 1 2 m. Fig. 1. pogon amboinensis., KUM I , 49.0 mm SL, mouth of mbo River;, mouth of mbo River, 1 m, 8 Jan. 2010, S. Harazaki. stripe) reaching a black spot on caudal-fin base; and caudal-fin base spot subequal in size to pupil. Remarks. pogon angustatus is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific where it ranges from the Red Sea to ustralia and Japan (llen et al., 2005; Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from Hachijojima Island (Senou et al., 2002) and the Ryukyu Islands [mami-oshima Island (Hayashi, 2002), Okinoerabu-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2005), Ie-jima Island (Senou et al., 2006a), Okinawajima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2005), Sesoko-jima Island (Hayashi, 2002), Tokashiki-jima Island (Watai et al., 2009), Miyako Group (Senou et al., 2007), and Iriomote-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2001; Yoshigou and Nakamura, 2002)]. t Yaku-shima Island, specimens of. angustatus were collected only from Kurio, representing the first reliable records of. angustatus from the island. This solitary species (not forming schools) lives in the shade of rocky reefs at depths of less than 15 m at Yaku-shima Island; it can be observed in coastal areas of the island throughout the year. pogon angustatus (Smith and Radcliffe, 1911) [Japanese name: Usujima-ishimochi] (Fig. 2) mia angustata Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1911: 253, fig.1 (type locality: Malanipa Island, east of Zamboanga in Mindanao, Philippines). Material examined. KUM I , 17.8 mm SL, Kurio; KUM I , 14.3 mm SL, Kurio. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VII-I, 9; analfin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 14; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 24; predorsal scales 4; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 19, developed gill rakers 14; white body, with five poorly defined dark brown stripes on lateral surface of body, posterior end of third stripe (middle Fig. 2. pogon angustatus. Off Isso, 15 m, 16 Oct. 2009, S. Harazaki. pogon apogonides (leeker, 1856) [Japanese name: ohana-tenjikudai] (Fig. 3) Cheilodipterus apogonides leeker, 1856a: 37 [type locality: Manado, Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia]. 29

4 T. Yoshida et al. Remarks. The photographed individual (Fig. 3) is herein identified as pogon apogonides on the basis of the following combination of characters: pinkish orange body, with brassy yellow abdomen; two blue lines from front of snout to opercular margin; bluish spots in three rows on mid-lateral surface of body; and no black markings on caudal peduncle. Specimens have not been collected from Yaku-shima Island. pogon apogonides is widely distributed in the Indo Pacific where it ranges from the Red Sea east to the Society Islands, and north to Japan (llen et al., 2005; Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from the Izu Islands [Miyake-jima Island (Hayashi, 2002) and Hachijo-jima Island (Senou et al., 2002) ], the Sagami Sea (Senou et al., 2006b), Shikoku [Oshima Island (izawa and Senou, 1991) and Kashiwa-jima Island (Hirata et al., 1996)], and the Ryukyu Islands [Ie-jima Island (Senou et al., 2006a), Okinawa-jima Island (Hayashi, 2002), and Miyako Group (Senou et al., 2007)]. Figure 3 represents the first confirmed record of. apogonides from Yaku-shima Island. This species is always observed in aggregations with pogon notatus throughout the year around a wreck at a depth of 15 m off Isso, Yaku-shima Island; it was not observed elsewhere around the island. Off Isso, the spawning period of the species is from July to ugust. Fig. 3. pogon apogonides. Off Isso, 18 m, 15 Sept. 2009, S. Harazaki. pogon aureus (Lacepède, 1802) [Japanese name: osuji-tenjikudai] (Figs. 4, ) Centropomus aureus Lacepède, 1802: 253, 273 (type locality: Mauritius). pogon aureus; Ichikawa et al., 1992: 9 (Yakushima Island, Japan). Material examined. SKU 96634, 63.3 mm SL, Isso. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VII-I, 9; analfin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 14; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 25; predorsal scales 5; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 24, developed gill rakers 21; no oblique dark bars on cheek; yellowish orange body, with two blue stripes from snout to opercle through eye; and a broad, black band, its width subequal to pupil diameter, on caudal-fin base. Remarks. pogon aureus is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific where it ranges from the east coast of frica east to Tonga, and north to Japan (llen et al., 2005; Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from the Izu Islands [Miyake-jima Island (Ida and Moyer, 1974; Hayashi, 2002) and Hachijo-jima Island (Senou et al., 2002)], the Sagami Sea (Senou et al., 2006b), Shikoku [Oshima Island (izawa and Senou, 1991) and Kashiwa-jima Island (Hirata et al., 1996)], Yaku-shima Island (Ichikawa et al., 1992), and the Ryukyu Islands [Ie-jima Island (Senou et al., 2006a), Miyako Group (Senou et al., 2007), and Iriomote-jima Island (Hayashi and Kishimoto, 1983)]. t Yaku-shima Island, only a single specimen of. aureus was collected off Isso, but it has also been observed at depths of 6 30 m off the island throughout the year, sheltering among rocky reefs. t Yaku-shima Island, spawning of. aureus begins in early June and ends in July. lthough juveniles aggregate, adults usually behave as a pair at the island. pogon caudicinctus Randall and Smith, 1988 [Japanese name: Koyari-ishimochi] (Fig. 5) pogon caudicinctus Randall and Smith, 1988: 2, fig.1 (type locality: south side of Mei Point, Rapa). 30

5 pogonid fishes in Yaku-shima Island information on. caudicinctus at Yaku-shima Island is unknown since it is difficult to distinguish the species from other small reddish species of pogon during underwater observation. Fig. 5. pogon caudicinctus. KUM I , 33.8 mm SL, Kurio. Fig. 4. pogon aureus., SKU 96634, 63.3 mm SL, Isso;, off Isso, 18 m, 22 pr. 2005, S. Harazaki. Material examined. KUM I , 33.8 mm SL, Kurio. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VI-I, 9; anal-fin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 12; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 24; predorsal scales 7; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 16, developed gill rakers 10; second spine length of first dorsal fin 1.8 in head length; reddish body, with a broad, black circumpeduncular bar, its width greater than orbit diameter; and edges of scales on dorsal body dark. Remarks. pogon caudicinctus has been known from Réunion, the Marquesas Islands, the Pitcairn Islands, Rapa, Fiji, and the Ryukyu Islands (Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from the Ogasawara Islands (Randall et al., 1997b; Hayashi, 2002) and the Ryukyu Islands [mami-oshima Island (Hayashi, 2002), Ie-jima Island (Senou et al., 2006a), Kume-jima Island (Yoshigou and Nakamura, 2003), and Ishigaki-jima Island (Hayashi, 2002)]. t Yaku-shima Island, a single specimen of. caudicinctus was collected at a depth of less than 3 m in Kurio, representing the first reliable records of. caudicinctus from the island and the northernmost record for the species. Ecological pogon chrysotaenia leeker, 1851 [Japanese name: None] (Fig. 6) pogon chrysotaenia leeker 1851: 168 [type locality: Jakarta (atavia), Java, Indonesia]. Remarks. The photographed individual (taken off Isso) is identified as pogon chrysotaenia on the basis of the following characters reported for adults of the species: a yellowish orange body, with several faint brownish stripes dorsally; 6 fluorescent blue stripes radiating from front of head; and tip of second dorsal fin elongated. pogon chrysotaenia has been reported only from the South China Sea, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and ustralia (llen, 2000; llen et al., 2005), and no records of the species have been published from Japanese waters. Thus, the photographed individual represents the first record of the species from Japan. Specimens of the species from Yaku-shima Island are required to confirm this new record. The second author (SH) first observed a single individual of the species at a depth of 20 m off Isso, Yaku-shima Island, on 5 July 2004, and he photographed that individual on 11 July 2004 (Fig. 6). Subsequently, SH found a pair of adult and subadult individuals at a depth of 30 m off Isso on 21 November These individuals usually shelter under or behind large rocks but are often forced into open water by strong unidirectional currents around the rocks. 31

6 T. Yoshida et al. Fig. 6. pogon chrysotaenia. Off Isso, 20 m, 11 July 2004, S. Harazaki. pogon cookii Macleay, 1881 [Japanese name: Suji-ishimochi] (Figs. 7 C) pogon cookii Macleay, 1881: 344 (type locality: Endeavour River and Darnley Island, ustralia). Material examined. KUM I , 27.3 mm SL, Kurio; KUM I , 31.0 mm SL, Kurio; KUM I , 28.0 mm SL, Kurio; KUM I , 22.0 mm SL, Kurio; KUM I , 18.0 mm SL, Kurio; NSMT P 91664, 76.0 mm SL, Kurio. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VII-I, 9; anal-fin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 14; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 24; predorsal scales 3 4; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 18 20, developed gill rakers 12 13; body white, with six dark brown stripes on lateral surface of body; third stripe beginning from upper eye, ending at middle of body (below second dorsal-fin origin); fourth stripe (middle stripe) posteriorly reaching to a black spot on caudal-fin base; and caudal-fin base spot subequal in size to pupil diameter. Remarks. pogon cookii is similar to. nigrofasciatus, but the former differs in having (vs in the latter) developed gill rakers, 15 (vs. usually 14) pectoral-fin rays, and a postocular stripe (vs. no stripe) (Gon and Randall, 2003). pogon cookii is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific where it ranges from the Red Sea and east coast of frica east to New Caledonia and Japan (llen et al., 2005; Randall, 2005). 32 In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from the Sagami Sea (Senou et al., 2006b) and the Ryukyu Islands [mami-oshima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2001), Ie-jima Island (Senou et al., 2006a), Okinawa-jima Island (Yoshigou and Nakamura, 2002, 2003; Yoshigou et al., 2005), Sesoko-jima Island (Yoshigou and Nakamura, 2003), Ou-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2005), Kume-jima Island (Yoshigou and Nakamura, 2003), Tokashiki-jima Island (Watai et al., 2009), Minamidaitou-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2005), Shimoji-shima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2005), Miyako Group (Senou et al., 2007), Iriomote-jima Island (Hayashi and Kishimoto, 1983), and Yonaguni-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2001)]. t Yaku-shima Island, specimens of. cookii were collected only from Kurio and these specimens represent the first reliable records of. cookii from the island. This solitary species (not forming schools) lives in the shade of rocky reefs at depths of less than 5 m at Yaku-shima Island; it can be observed in coastal areas of the island throughout the year. C Fig. 7. pogon cookii., KUM I , 27.3 mm SL, Kurio;, off Isso, 5 m, 22 May 2007, S. Harazaki; C, off Isso, 3 m, 14 pr. 2005, S. Harazaki.

7 pogonid fishes in Yaku-shima Island pogon crassiceps Garman, 1903 [New Japanese name: kafuji-tenjikudai] (Figs. 8, ) pogon crassiceps Garman, 1903: 230 (type locality: Suva Reef, Viti Levu, Fiji). Material examined. SKU 96552, 27.2 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 37.4 mm SL, Isso; KUM I , 20.3 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 42.5 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 22.8 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 17.0 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 24.9 mm SL, Kurio; KUM I , 34.3 mm SL, Isso; KUM I , 29.2 mm SL, Kurio; KUM I , 27.2 mm SL, Kurio; KPM NI 22513, 24.4 mm SL, Yudomari; KPM NI 22546, 28.4 mm SL, Kurio. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VI-I, 9; anal-fin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 13; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 24 ; predorsal scales 5 6; large scale between first dorsal fin and lateral line 1 (often with a smaller second scale at base of dorsal fin); circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 15 16, developed gill rakers 8 9; full scale between the first dorsal fin and the lateral line 1, often with a smaller second scale; a free edge of skin near the anterior nasal opening; and body semitransparent red, with a thin, dark red stripe on mid-lateral surface of body when alive. Remarks. The pogon coccineus complex, comprising. campbelli Smith 1949,. coccineus Rüppell 1838,. crassiceps Garman 1903,. kautamea Greenfield and Randall 2004, and. kominatoensis Ebina, 1935 (see Greenfield, 2001; Greenfield and Randall, 2004), was defined by Greenfield (2001) as having a free edge of skin near the anterior nasal opening, and a single, large, full scale (often a smaller second scale) between the lateral line and the dorsal fin. Our specimens from Yaku-shima Island is herein identified as. crassiceps of the. coccineus complex and differ from. campbelli and. kautamea in having 13 pectoral-fin rays (vs. 14 rays in the latter two species; Greenfield and Randall, 2004) and from. kominatoensis in lacking numerous small brownish spots scattered on the body (vs. having the spots in. kominatoensis; Ebina, 1935). pogon coccineus is an Indian Ocean species (Randall, 2005). ll previous records of. crassiceps kanetenjikudai in Japanese waters (e.g., Masuda et al., 1984; Hayashi, 2000, 2002) were based on misidentifications of a species of the. talboti group (sensu Greenfield, 2007b). Comparisons of. crassiceps from Yaku-shima Island with kanetenjikudai (=. crassiceps in Japanese literature) from Ie-jima and Iriomote-jima Islands revealed that the former differs from the latter in having a semitransparent red body (vs. opaque dark red), a thin, dark red stripe on the mid-lateral surface of the body (vs. stripe absent), 15 or 16 total gill rakers (vs. 18 or 19), and a single full scale (often with a smaller second scale) between the first dorsal fin and lateral line (vs. 2 large full scales, with 1 smaller third scale) (this study; Hayashi, 2000, 2002). In addition,. crassiceps attains 5 cm SL (Randall, 2005), whereas kane-tenjikudai reaches 12 cm SL (Hayashi, 2000, 2002). kane-tenjikudai is most similar to. talboti Smith, 1961 in overall body appearance and sharing the following characters ( kanetenjikudai vs.. talboti): dorsal-fin rays VI-I, 9 (vs. VI-I, 9); anal-fin rays II, 8 (II, 8); pectoral-fin rays 13 or 14 (13); pored lateral-line scales 24 (24); total gill rakers 19 (20 or 21), developed rakers 18 (16 19); and supraneural bones 3 (3) [data for kane-tenjikudai were based on KPM NI 2524 (79.9 mm SL, Ie-jima Island, Japan, 16 m depth, coll. by H. Senou et al., 17 Jan. 1996), Masuda et al. (1984), and/or Hayashi (2000, 2002), and data for. talboti were based on Gon and Randall (2003), Greenfield and Randall (2004), and Greenfield (2007b)]. ccordingly, we tentatively identify kane-tenjikudai as. talboti, and propose a new standard Japanese name, kafujitenjikudai, for. crassiceps. pogon crassiceps is widely distributed in the western Pacific where it ranges from the Line Islands and Tauamotu east to ustralia, and north to Japan (llen et al., 2005; Randall, 2005; this study). t Yaku-shima Island, specimens of. crassiceps were collected from Isso, Kurio, and Yudomari in depths of less than 5 m, representing the first reliable records of. crassiceps from the island. The photographed individual (Fig. 8) 33

8 T. Yoshida et al. is herein identified as. crassiceps by having a body semitransparent red, with a thin, dark red stripe on the mid-lateral surface of the body. Fig. 8. pogon crassiceps., KUM I , 34.3 mm SL, Isso;, off Isso, 8 m, 22 Oct. 2009, S. Harazaki. pogon doederleini Jordan and Snyder, 1901 [Japanese name: Osuji-ishimochi] (Figs. 9, ) pogon doederleini Jordan and Snyder, 1901: 901, fig. 6 (type locality: Nagasaki, Japan); Ichikawa et al., 1992: 9 (Yaku-shima Island, Japan); Kuniyasu, 1999: 12 (Kurio, Yakushima Island, Japan). Material examined. FRLM 34706, mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 99.2 mm SL, mbo; KUM I , 46.5 mm SL, Isso; KUM I , 47.5 mm SL, Isso; KUM I , 46.5 mm SL, Isso; KUM I , 52.7 mm SL, Isso; KUM I , 44.5 mm SL, Isso; KUM I , 48.7 mm SL, Isso; KUM I , 43.9 mm SL, Isso; KUM I , 41.2 mm SL, Isso; KUM I , 41.5 mm SL, Isso; KUM I , 51.6 mm SL, Isso; KUM I , 52.1 mm SL, Isso; KUM I , 51.9 mm SL, Isso; KUM I , 85.7 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 62 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 56 mm SL, Isso; KUM I , 91.9 mm SL, mbo; KUM I , 78.1 mm SL, mbo; MUFS 25446, 92.7 mm SL, mbo; MUFS 25447, 85.4 mm SL, mbo; MUFS 25448, 70.9 mm SL, mbo; MUFS 25449, 69.2 mm SL, mbo; MUFS 25450, 69.4 mm SL, mbo. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VII-I, 9; analfin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 15; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 24 ; predorsal scales 3; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 18, developed gill rakers 12; body pinkish brown, with four dark brown stripes on lateral surface of body; third stripe (middle stripe) posteriorly not reaching to a black spot on caudal-fin base; and caudal-fin base spot subequal in size to pupil diameter. Remarks. pogon doederleini is distributed in the Indo-West Pacific where it ranges from Western ustralia east to the Kermadec Islands, and north to Japan, but no records from Indonesia or New Guinea (Randall et al., 1997a; Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from the Izu Islands [Hachijo-jima Island (Senou et al., 2002)], the Ogasawara Islands (Kuwamura et al., 1983; Sato, 1991; Randall et al., 1997b), Tateyama ay (Hagiwara and Kimura, 2005), the Sagami Sea (Senou et al., 2006b), Shikoku [Oshima Island (izawa and Senou, 1991), Kochi (Kamohara, 1964), and Kashiwajima Island (Hirata et al., 1996)], Nagasaki (Jordan and Snyder, 1901), Yaku-shima Island (Ichikawa et al., 1992; Kuniyasu, 1999), and the Ryukyu Islands [mami-oshima Island (Yamakawa, 1969), Yagaji-shima Island (Yoshigou and Nakamura, 2002; Yoshigou et al., 2005), Ie-jima Island (Senou et al., 2006a), Okinawa-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2001; Yoshigou et al., 2005), and Iriomotejima Island (Hayashi and Kishimoto, 1983)]. t Yaku-shima Island, specimens of. doederleini were collected from mbo, Isso, Kurio and Yudomari. The species has been observed at depths of less than 10 m in coastal areas of the island throughout the year, usually sheltering among rocky reefs in the daytime. lthough juveniles form small aggregations, the adults are usually solitary. 34

9 pogonid fishes in Yaku-shima Island species has been reported from the Ogasawara Islands (Randall et al., 1997b), Tateyama ay (Hagiwara and Kimura, 2005), Sagami ay (Senou, 1999), the Sagami Sea (Senou et al., 2006b), Shikoku [Kochi (Kamohara, 1964) and Kashiwajima Island (Hirata et al., 1996)], Yaku-shima Island (rai and Ida, 1975; Ichikawa et al., 1992; Kuniyasu, 1999), and the Ryukyu Islands [mami-oshima Island (Kamohara and Yamakawa, 1965) and the Kerama Islands (Hayashi, 2002)]. t Yaku-shima Island, specimens of. endekataenia were collected only from Isso. This species is always observed in aggregations of about 10 individuals in depths of m off Isso throughout the year; not observed elsewhere around the island. Fig. 9. pogon doederleini., KUM I , 99.2 mm SL, mbo;, off Isso, 5 m, 26 Jan. 2005, S. Harazaki. pogon endekataenia leeker, 1852 [Japanese name: Kosuji-ishimochi] (Figs. 10, ) pogon endekataenia leeker, 1852: 449 [type locality: angka (anka) or Lepar Island, Indonesia]; rai and Ida, 1975: 192 (Kusugawa, Yaku-shima Island, Japan); Ichikawa et al., 1992: 9 (Yaku-shima Island, Japan); Kuniyasu, 1999: 12 (Kurio, Yaku-shima Island, Japan). Material examined. KUM I , 26.8 mm SL, Isso. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VII-I, 9; anal-fin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 14; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 24 ; predorsal scales 3; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 17, developed gill rakers 12; body white, with about seven yellowish brown stripes on lateral surface of body; fifth stripe (middle stripe) posteriorly reaching to a black spot on caudal-fin base; caudal-fin base spot subequal in size to pupil diameter. Remarks. pogon endekataenia is widely distributed in the western Pacific (Randall et al., 1997a; Hayashi, 2002). In Japanese waters, this Fig. 10. pogon endekataenia., KUM I , 26.8 mm SL, Isso;, off Isso, 30 m, 16 Sept. 2009, S. Harazaki. pogon exostigma (Jordan and Starks, 1906) [Japanese name: Yukata-ishimochi] (Figs. 11, ) mia exostigma Jordan and Starks, 1906: 238, fig. 31 (type locality: pia, Upolu Island, Western Samoa). Material examined. SKU 96553, 45.8 mm SL, Yudomari; KPM NI 22551, 28.1 mm SL, Kurio. 35

10 T. Yoshida et al. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VII-I, 9; analfin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 14; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 23; predorsal scales 4; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 16 17, developed gill rakers 10 12; no dark saddle on body below second dorsal-fin base; body depth in SL; body whitish silver, with a middle stripe extending from front of snout to a black spot, smaller than pupil diameter, at caudalfin base; and lower margin of caudal-fin base spot on lateral line. Remarks. pogon exostigma is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific where it ranges from the Red Sea east to the Line and Pitcairn Islands, and north to Japan (llen et al., 2005; Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported only from the Ryukyu Islands [mami-oshima Island (Kamohara and Yamakawa, 1968), Ie-jima Island (Senou et al., 2006a), Okinawa-jima Island (Yoshigou and Nakamura, 2002), Tokashiki-jima Island (Watai et al., 2009), Miyako Group (Senou et al., 2007), Ishigaki-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2001), and Iriomote-jima Island (Hayashi and Kishimoto, 1983)]. Two specimens of. exostigma, collected from Kurio and Yudomari, represent the first reliable records of the species from Yaku-shima Island and the northernmost records for the species. This solitary species lives in the shade of rocky reefs in depths of less than 10 m at Yaku-shima Island; it can be observed in coastal areas of the island throughout the year (relatively common). Fig. 11. pogon exostigma., KPM NI 22551, 28.1 mm SL, Kurio;, off Isso, 12 m, 21 Sept. 2009, S. Harazaki. pogon fasciatus (White, 1790) [Japanese name: Furai-ishimochi] (Fig. 12) Mullus fasciatus White, 1790: 268, pl. 53, fig. 1 (type locality: Port Jackson, New South Wales, ustralia). Remarks. Many Japanese authors (e.g., Hayashi, 2000, 2002; Senou et al., 2006b) have used a name, pogon quadrifasciatus Cuvier, 1828, for this species. However, Randall and Lachner (1986) and Fraser (2005) regarded. quadrifasciatus as a junior synonym of. fasciatus. The photographed individual (Fig. 12) is identified as pogon fasciatus on the basis of the following combination of characters: a semitransparent body, with two black stripes on the lateral surface of the body, the upper stripe extending from the snout to the dorsal portion of the caudalfin base via above the eye, the lower stripe from the snout to the caudal-fin margin via the middle of the eye; and two whitish stripes (or dotted stripes) running above and below each black stripe. pogon fasciatus is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific where it ranges from the Red Sea east to ustralia, and north to Japan (llen et al., 2005; Fraser, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported as. quadrifasciatus from the Sagami Sea (Senou et al., 2006b), Nagasaki Prefecture and southward (Hayashi, 2002), including the Ryukyu Islands [Okinawajima Island (Yoshigou and Nakamura, 2003) and Iriomote-jima Island (Hayashi and Kishimoto, 1983)]. Figure 12 represents the first confirmed record of. fasciatus from Yaku-shima Island. The second author observed this species forming a school with five or six individuals behind a big piece of driftwood over a sandy bottom at a depth of m off Isso, Yaku-shima Island. No other individuals have recently been confirmed around Yaku-shima Island; it seems to be very rare in the island. Specimens have not been collected from Yaku-shima Island. 36

11 pogonid fishes in Yaku-shima Island lthough juveniles ca. 3 4 cm SL are common in the island, adults over ca. 10 cm SL are relatively rare. Fig. 12. pogon fasciatus. Off Isso, 20 m, 10 Sept. 2005, S. Harazaki. pogon fraenatus Valenciennes, 1832 [Japanese name: Hitosuji-ishimochi] (Figs. 13, ) pogon fraenatus Valenciennes, 1832: 57, pl. 4, fig. 4 (type locality: New Guinea). Remarks. Photographed individuals (Figs. 13, ) are identified as. fraenatus on the basis of the following combination of characters: a pinkish silver body with a dark black stripe on lateral surface of body, middle stripe posteriorly reaching to a black spot on caudal-fin base; and caudal-fin base spot subequal in size to pupil diameter. Specimens have not been collected from Yaku-shima Island. pogon fraenatus is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific where it ranges from the Red Sea and Gulf of Oman east to the Line Islands and Tuamotu rchipelago, and north to Japan (llen et al., 2005; Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from the Izu Islands [Miyake-jima Island (Hayashi, 2002) and Hachijo-jima Island (Senou et al., 2002)], Wakayama Prefecture (Hayashi, 2002), Kashiwajima Island (Hirata et al., 1996), and the Ryukyu Islands [mami-oshima Island (Kamohara and Yamakawa, 1965), Ie-jima Island (Senou et al., 2006a), Okinawa-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2005), Miyako Group (Senou et al., 2007), and Iriomote-jima Island (Hayashi and Kishimoto, 1983; Yoshigou et al., 2001; Yoshigou and Nakamura, 2002)]. Figure 13 represents the first confirmed record of. fraenatus from Yaku-shima Island. This species is always observed in aggregations, sheltering among rocky reefs, throughout the year around Yaku-shima Island at depths of less than 20 m. Fig. 13. pogon fraenatus., off Isso, 25 m, 15 Sept. 2009, S. Harazaki;, off Isso, 10 m, 14 Jan. 2010, S. Harazaki. pogon indicus Greenfield, 2001 [Japanese name: Ryukyu-ishimochi] (Fig. 14) pogon indicus Greenfield, 2001: 465, figs. 2, C (type locality: off le Morne, passe de l mbulante, southwestern coast of Mauritius). Material examined. NSMT P 95448, 32.9 mm SL, Haruo. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VI-I, 9; anal-fin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 13; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 23; predorsal scales 6; large scales between first dorsal fin and lateral line 2, with a smaller third scale at base of dorsal fin; circumpeduncular scales 14; total gill rakers 15, developed gill rakers 7; no free edge of skin near anterior nasal opening; and body whitish, with black pigments scattered on anterodorsal portion of body and caudal-fin base when preserved. Remarks. Many Japanese authors (e.g., Hayashi, 2000, 2002) have used a name, pogon erythrinus Snyder, 1904, for this species. However, Greenfield (2001) reviewed the pogon 37

12 T. Yoshida et al. erythrinus complex and reclassified. erythrinus into four species:. erythrinus, endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston toll;. marquesensis Greenfield, 2001, endemic to the Marquesas Islands;. indicus, widespread in the Indo Pacific; and. susanae Greenfield, 2001, restricted to the Pacific Ocean. The. erythrinus complex is characterized by the following two characters: skin at the end of the snout covering the nasal bones and over the ascending processes of the premaxilla smooth with no free edge near the anterior nasal opening, and two large full scales (often a smaller third scales at base of first dorsal fin) between the lateral line and the third spine of the first dorsal fin (Greenfield, 2001). pogon indicus is distinguished from other members of the complex by having 12 or 13 pectoral-fin rays (vs. usually 14 rays in the latter; Greenfield, 2001). Yoshigou et al. (2005) reported eight specimens of the species (2 specimens from Okinoerabu-jima Island, 1 specimen from Irabujima Island, and 5 specimens from Okinawa-jima Island) from Japan as. indicus (instead of. erythrinus) for the first time. pogon indicus has been known from Mauritius, Vietnam, Philippines, Palau, Mariana Islands, New Caledonia, Tonga, and merican Samoa (Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported as. erythrinus [except for Yoshigou et al. (2005, as. indicus)] from Hachijo-jima Island (Senou et al., 2002), Kashiwajima Island (Hirata et al., 1996), and the Ryukyu Islands [Okinoerabu-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2005), Ie-jima Island (Senou et al., 2006a), Okinawa-jima Island (Yoshigou and Nakamura, 2002, 2003; Yoshigou et al., 2005), Tokashikijima Island (Watai et al., 2009), Irabu-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2005), Miyako Group (Senou et al., 2007), and Iriomote-jima Island (Hayashi and Kishimoto, 1983; Yoshigou et al., 2001)]. t Yaku-shima Island, a single specimen of. indicus was collected at a depth of 4 m off Haruo, representing the first reliable record of. indicus from the island. Ecological information on. indicus at Yaku-shima Island is unknown since it is difficult for us to distinguish it from other reddish species of pogon during underwater observation. Fig. 14. pogon indicus. NSMT P 95448, 32.9 mm SL, Haruo. pogon kallopterus leeker, 1856 [Japanese name: Kasuri-ishimochi] (Fig. 15) pogon kallopterus leeker, 1856a: 33 [type locality: Manado, Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia]; Kuniyasu, 1999: 12 (Kurio, Yaku-shima Island, Japan). Remarks. The photographed individual (Fig. 15) is identified as pogon kallopterus on the basis of the following combination of characters: a pale pinkish brown body, with an indistinct, broad, black stripe on lateral surface of body; anterior part of first dorsal fin yellowish; and poorly defined black spot, its size greater than pupil diameter, above middle of caudal-fin base. pogon kallopterus is widely distributed in the Indo Pacific where it ranges from the Red Sea and the east coast of frica to the Hawaiian and Pitcairn Islands, including Japan (llen et al., 2005; Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from Hachijo-jima Island (Senou et al., 2002), the Ogasawara Islands (Randall et al., 1997b; Hayashi, 2002), Wakayama Prefecture and southward (Hayashi, 2002), including Yaku-shima Island (Kuniyasu, 1999), and the Ryukyu Islands [Ie-jima Island (Senou et al., 2006a), Okinawa-jima Island (Yoshigou and Nakamura, 2003; Yoshigou et al., 2005), Tokashikijima Island (Watai et al., 2009), Miyako Group (Senou et al., 2007), and Iriomote-jima Island (Hayashi and Kishimoto, 1983)]. pogon kallopterus lives solitarily (not forming schools) in the shade of rocky reefs at depths of less than 10 m at Yaku-shima Island; it can be 38

13 pogonid fishes in Yaku-shima Island observed in coastal areas of the island throughout the year. lthough it is common around the island, no specimens were collected during this study. Fig. 15. pogon kallopterus. Off Isso, 6 m, 11 Sept. 2009, S. Harazaki. pogon kominatoensis Ebina, 1935 [Japanese name: Kominato-tenjikudai] (Fig. 16) Material examined. SKU 96655, 29.7 mm SL, Isso; FRLM 34709, 38.3 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 29.0 mm SL, Kurio; KUM I , 37.7 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 42.3 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 27.9 mm SL, mbo; KUM I , 40.2 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 39.3 mm SL, Kurio; KUM I , 41.3 mm SL, Kurio; KUM I , 41.2 mm SL, Kurio; KUM I , 32.7 mm SL, Kurio; KUM I , 35.4 mm SL, Isso; KUM I , 27.1 mm SL, Kurio; NSMT P 91356, 40 mm SL, Yudomari; NSMT P 91357, 37 mm SL, Yudomari; NSMT P 95461, 36.7 mm SL, Haruo. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VI-I, 9; anal-fin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 13; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 22 ; predorsal scales 5 6; large full scale between first dorsal fin and lateral line 1, often with a smaller second scale at base of dorsal fin; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 15 16, developed gill rakers 8; a free edge of skin near the anterior nasal opening; body semitransparent red, with numerous brownish spots scattered on head and body when alive, and without a thin, dark red stripe on mid-lateral surface of body; and no black mark on caudal peduncle or lower lobe of caudal fin. Remarks. Many Japanese authors (e.g., Hayashi, 2000, 2002) have used a name, pogon coccineus Rüppell, 1838, for this species. However, Randall (2005) has recently regarded that. coccineus is distributed only in the western Indian Ocean. Our specimens from Yaku-shima Island appear to be identical with. kominatoensis, a species of the. coccineus complex (see Remarks of. crassiceps). ecause previous Japanese records of. coccineus may include more than one species, the reliable distributional range of. kominatoensis in Japan is unknown. t Yaku-shima Island, specimens of. kominatoensis were collected from Isso, mbo, Haruo, Yudomari, and Kurio, at depths of less than 5 m. pogon kominatoensis Ebina, 1935: 212, fig.1 [type locality: tidepools at Kominato, Chiba, (Toba-ken: probably Chiba-ken), Japan]. Fig. 16. pogon kominatoensis. KUM I , 35.4 mm SL, Isso. pogon moluccensis Valenciennes, 1832 [Japanese name: Sehoshi-tenjikudai] (Figs. 17, ) pogon moluccensis Valenciennes, 1832: 54 [type locality: mbon, Moluccas, Indonesia]. Material examined. SKU 96640, 46.8 mm SL, Isso; KUM I , 43.1 mm SL, Isso. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VII-I, 9; analfin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 14; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 24; predorsal scales 3; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 22 23, developed gill rakers 19 21; body yellowish brown, with 2 reddish stripes, upper narrower stripe along anterior portion of lateral line, and 39

14 T. Yoshida et al. lower broader stripe from snout to opercular margin through eye; about 7 vertical, brownish bars on lateral surface of lower body, a small white spot at posterior end of second dorsal-fin base; and no black spot on caudal peduncle. Remarks. Many Japanese authors (e.g., Hayashi, 2000, 2002) have used a name, pogon ventrifasciatus llen, Kuiter and Randall, 1994, for this species. However, Fraser et al. (2002) regarded. ventrifasciatus as a junior synonym of. moluccensis. pogon moluccensis is widely distributed in the western Pacific, from ustralia to Japan (Hayashi, 2002; Randall et al., 1997a). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported as. ventrifasciatus from the Ryukyu-Islands [Okinawa-jima Island (Hayashi, 2002) and Iriomote-jima Island (Hayashi and Yano, 1996; Hayashi, 2002)]. t Yaku-shima Island, two specimens of. moluccensis were collected from Isso, representing the first reliable records of. moluccensis from the island and the northernmost records for the species. This species is always observed in aggregations (ca. 20 individuals) throughout the year around a wreck at a depth of 4 m off Isso, Yaku-shima Island; no other localities confirmed from the island. Fig. 17. pogon moluccensis., KUM I , 43.1 mm SL, Isso;, off Isso, 20 m, 18 Sept. 2007, S. Harazaki. pogon nigrofasciatus Lachner, 1953 [Japanese name: Minami-futosuji-ishimochi] (Figs. 18, ) pogon nigrofasciatus Lachner, 1953: 466, fig. 81, pl. 37C, D (type locality: Yuro Island, ikini toll, Marshall Islands); Kuniyasu, 1999: 12 (Kurio, Yaku-shima, Japan). pogon aroubiensis (not of Hombron and Jacquinot); Ichikawa et al., 1992: 9 (Yaku-shima Island, Japan). Material examined. SKU 96605, 58.9 mm SL, Kurio. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VII-I, 9; analfin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 14; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 24; predorsal scales 4; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 24, developed gill rakers 18; snout pointed; body white, with 5 broad, dark reddish brown stripes on lateral surface of body; middle stripes broader than pale interspace; and stripes not extending onto caudal fin. Remarks. pogon nigrofasciatus is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific where it ranges from the Red Sea and Gulf of den east to the Marshall Islands and Tuamotu rchipelago, and north to Japan (llen et al., 2005; Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species (as. aroubiensis or. nigrofasciatus) has been reported from Hachijo-jima Island (Senou et al., 2002), the Ogasawara Islands (Randall et al., 1997b), the Sagami Sea (Senou et al., 2006b), Kashiwa-jima Island (Hirata et al., 1996), Yaku-shima Island (Ichikawa et al., 1992; Kuniyasu, 1999), and the Ryukyu Islands [mami-oshima Island (Kamohara and Yamakawa, 1965; Yoshigou et al., 2001), Okinoerabu-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2005), Ie-jima Island (Senou et al., 2006a), Okinawa-jima Island (Yoshigou and Nakamura, 2002, 2003; Yoshigou et al., 2005), Tokashiki-jima Island (Watai et al., 2009), Miyako Group (Senou et al., 2007), and Iriomote-jima Island (Hayashi and Kishimoto, 1983)]. t Yaku-shima Island, only a single specimen of. nigrofasciatus was collected off Kurio, but it has been observed at depths of m throughout the year, sheltering among rocky reefs. t 40

15 pogonid fishes in Yaku-shima Island Yaku-shima Island, spawning of. nigrofasciatus begins in early pril and ends in May. Remarks. lthough the specimen s whereabouts is unknown, Jordan and Starks figure (fig. 4 as mia notata) clearly shows it to be identified as pogon notatus in having a black band from the snout to the eye, a distinct spot on the nape, a black spot on the caudal-fin base, a black blotch on the first dorsal fin distally, and blackish bands along the bases of second dorsal and anal fins. The photographed individual (Fig. 19) is also herein identified as. notatus. pogon notatus is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific, from ustralia to Japan (llen et al., 2005; Randall et al., 1997a). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from Hachijo-jima Island (Senou et al., 2002), Sagami ay (Senou, 1999), the Sagami Sea (Senou et al., 2006b), Shikoku [Oshima Island, (izawa and Senou, 1991) and Kashiwa-jima Island (Hirata et al., 1996)], Yaku-shima Island (Jordan and Starks, 1906; Ichikawa et al., 1992), and the Ryukyu Islands [Ie-jima Island (Senou et al., 2006a), Miyako Group (Senou et al., 2007), and Iriomotejima Island (Hayashi and Kishimoto, 1983)]. pogon notatus has been observed only at two diving spots at a depth of 20 m off Isso. single school usually comprises more than 1,000 individuals, the number of individuals decreasing to ca. 100 in winter. t Yaku-shima Island, the spawning period of the species is from May to July. Fig. 18. pogon nigrofasciatus., SKU 96605, 58.9 mm SL, Kurio;, off Isso, 15 m, 11 Sept. 2009, S. Harazaki. pogon notatus (Houttuyn, 1782) [Japanese name: Kurohoshi-ishimochi] (Fig. 19) Sparus notatus Houttuyn, 1782: 320 (type locality: Japan) mia notata: Jordan and Starks, 1906: 698, fig. 4 (Yaku-shima Island, Japan). pogon notatus: Ichikawa et al., 1992: 9 (Yakushima Island, Japan). Fig. 19. pogon notatus. Off Isso, 20 m, 20 June 2005, S. Harazaki. pogon novemfasciatus Cuvier, 1828 [Japanese name: Tasuji-ishimochi] (Fig. 20) pogon novemfasciatus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828: 154 (type locality: Timor and Guam); Kuniyasu, 1999: 12 (Kurio, Yakushima Island, Japan). Material examined. KUM I , 33.7 mm SL, mbo. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VII-I, 9; analfin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 14; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 24; predorsal scales 4; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 41

16 T. Yoshida et al. 20, developed gill rakers 16; snout pointed; body white, with five poorly defined dark brown to black stripes on lateral surface of body; and third stripe (middle stripe) uneven in width, reaching caudal fin, but not ending a spot. Remarks. pogon novemfasciatus is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific where it ranges from the Cocos Keeling Islands east to the Line Islands, and the islands of Micronesia, and north to Japan (llen et al., 2005; Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from the Ogasawara Islands (Randall et al., 1997b), the Sagami Sea (Senou et al., 2006b), Shikoku [Kochi (Kamohara, 1964) and Kashiwa-jima Island (Hirata et al., 1996)], Yakushima Island (Kuniyasu, 1999), and the Ryukyu Islands [mami-oshima Island (Kamohara and Yamakawa, 1965; Yoshigou et al., 2001), Ie-jima Island (Senou et al., 2006a), Okinawa-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2001; Yoshigou and Nakamura, 2002, 2003), Sesoko-jima Island (Yoshigou and Nakamura, 2003), Tokashiki-jima Island (Watai et al., 2009), Miyako Group (Senou et al., 2007), Ishigaki-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2001), Iriomote-jima Island (Hayashi and Kishimoto, 1983), and Yonaguni-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2001)]. t Yaku-shima Island, a single specimen of. novemfasciatus was collected off mbo. This species lives solitarily in the shade of rocky reefs (not forming schools) at depths of less than 1 m at Yaku-shima Island; it can be observed in coastal areas of the island throughout the year. Fig. 20. pogon novemfasciatus. KUM I , 33.7 mm SL, mbo. pogon parvulus (Smith and Radcliffe, 1912) [Japanese name: Neon-tenjikudai] mia parvula Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1912: 432, pl. 34, fig. 2 (type locality: Tataan Pass, Tawi Tawi Group, Philippines). pogon parvulus: Ichikawa et al., 1992: 9 (Yakushima Island, Japan). Remarks. The identification of Ichikawa et al. s (1992) pogon parvulus is uncertain. The second author has dived to observe fishes around Yaku-shima Island almost everyday for six years, but has never seen this species. pogon parvulus is distributed in the western Pacific, from Kalimantan to Japan (llen et al., 2005); known only from Iriomote-jima Island (Hayashi and Kishimoto, 1983) in Japanese waters. pogon cf properuptus (Whitley, 1964), dotted type [Japanese name: kinsen-ishimochi, dotto-gata ] (Figs. 21, ) Lovamia properupta Whitley, 1964: 167, pl. 10 (type locality: Frederick Reef, Coral Sea). Material examined. KUM I , 37.8 mm SL, Isso; KUM I , 40.2 mm SL, Isso; KUM I , 36.6 mm SL, Isso; KUM I , 35.1 mm SL, Isso. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VII-I, 9; analfin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 14; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 24; predorsal scales 3; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 21, developed gill rakers 18; white body, with 6 yellowish brown stripes on lateral surface of body, posterior end of fourth stripe (middle stripe) reaching to caudal-fin margin; and a whitish interspace, between fifth and sixth stripes, on cheek and flank, with a series of white spots. Remarks. In Japanese waters, Kinsen-ishimochi,. properuptus has long been regarded to exhibit two color forms (e.g., Masuda and Kobayashi, 1996; Hayashi, 1997). Recently, Mabuchi et al. (2003) verified that Kinsen-ishimochi,. properuptus in Japanese waters contained two distinct species, named as dotted and lined types, on the basis of examination of nucleotide 42

17 pogonid fishes in Yaku-shima Island sequence data of approximately 650 bp from the anterior half of the mitochondrial 16S rrn gene. Their dotted type is characterized by a series of white spots on a whitish interspace, between the fifth and sixth body stripes, and on the cheek and flank, whereas the lined type has a narrow stripe on a whitish interspace on the cheek and flank. Twelve specimens of dotted type of Kinsen-ishimochi,. properuptus were reported by Mabuchi et al. (2003) from Japan: 3 specimens from jiro, Kochi; 3 from Okinoshima Island, Fukuoka; 3 from Tatsunokuchi, Nagasaki; and 3 from onotsu, Kagoshima). Senou (1999) reported the dotted type as. properuptus from Sagami ay. Kuiter and Kozawa (1999) published underwater photographs of this species as pogon sp. 9 from Shizuoka, Mie, Kochi, and Kagoshima Prefectures. Hagiwara and Kimura (2005) listed this species as. properuptus (dotted type) from Tateyama ay. lthough Ichikawa et al. (1992) and rai and Ida (1975) listed Kinsen-ishimochi as. cyanosoma from Yaku-shima Island, and Kuniyasu (1999) listed it as. properuptus from the island, the taxonomic status of each of their Kinsen-ishimochi is unknown. Mabuchi et al. (2003) suggested that the name. properuptus cannot be applied to either dotted or lined types because. properuptus (type locality: Frederick Reef, Coral Sea) is most likely to be restricted to the southwestern Pacific, as Randall et al. (1997a) stated. We tentatively identified here the dotted type of Kinsen-ishimochi in Japanese waters as. cf properuptus, dotted type. Comparisons of underwater photographs of. cf properuptus, dotted type from Yaku-shima Island and published underwater photographs of. holotaenia Regan, 1905 (e.g., Kuiter and Kozawa, 1999) showed that their overall body appearance and color pattern, including lines and spots, were indistinguishable. However, comparison of the preserved specimens from Yaku-shima Island with a specimen of. holotaenia from its type locality (PM34498, 37.6 mm SL, Muscat, Oman, coll. by J. E. Randall, 13 May 1990) shows that the pigmentation of the fourth stripe on the caudalfin membrane is different (barely remained faint stripe in the former vs. distinct black stripe in the latter), suggesting that the two may be distinct species. t Yaku-shima Island, only four specimens of. cf properuptus, dotted type were collected off Isso, but it has been observed in depths of more than 25 m throughout the year, usually sheltering among rocky reefs. t Yaku-shima Island, spawning of this species begins in early summer. Fig. 21. pogon cf properuptus, dotted type., KUM I , 40.2 mm SL, Isso;, off Isso, 30 m, 13 Dec. 2004, S. Harazaki. pogon cf properuptus (Whitley, 1964), lined type [Japanese name: kinsen-ishimochi, rain-gata ] (Figs. 22, ) Lovamia properupta Whitley, 1964: 167, pl. 10 (type locality: Frederick Reef, Coral Sea). Material examined. KUM I , 32.3 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 31.7 mm SL, Yudomari; KPM NI 22506, 41.1 mm SL, Yudomari. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VII-I, 9; analfin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 14; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 24 ; predorsal scales 3; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 22 23, developed gill rakers 19; white body with 6 yellow stripes on lateral surface of body, posterior end of forth stripe (middle stripe) reaching on caudal fin margin; a narrow stripe on whitish interspace on cheek and flank. 43

18 T. Yoshida et al. Remarks. Taxonomic remarks are given under species account of. cf properuptus, dotted type. Nine specimens of lined type of Kinsenishimochi,. properuptus, were reported by Mabuchi et al. (2003) from Japan: 3 specimens from jiro, Kochi; 3 from Kuchinoerabu-jima Island; and 3 from Iriomote-jima Island. izawa and Senou s (1991: pl. 8, C). cyanosoma from Oshima Island, Tokushima Prefecture is herein identified as. cf properuptus, lined type in having a narrow stripe on the cheek and flank. Kuiter and Kozawa (1999) published underwater photographs of this species as pogon sp. 12 from Iriomote-jima Island. lthough Ichikawa et al. (1992) and rai and Ida (1975) listed Kinsenishimochi as. cyanosoma from Yaku-shima Island, and Kuniyasu (1999) listed it as. properuptus from the island, taxonomic status of their Kinsen-ishimochi are unknown. pogon cf properuptus, lined type is similar to. properuptus in overall appearance. However, although. properuptus from the southwestern Pacific (see e.g., Randall et al., 1997a: 145) has a white line below the eye not extending beyond the opercular margin, the Japanese population of. cf properuptus, lined type has the white line extending onto near the anal-fin base. t Yaku-shima Island, three specimens of. cf properuptus, lined type were collected off Yudomari, but it has been observed at depths of less than 25 m (vs. more than 25 m in. cf properuptus, dotted type ) throughout the year, usually sheltering among rocky reefs. t Yakushima Island, spawning of this species begins in early summer. pogon selas Randall and Hayashi, 1990 [Japanese name: Nagareboshi] pogon selas Randall and Hayashi, 1990: 399, figs. 1 2 (type locality: Tripod Reef, off Nagada Harbor, Madang, Papua New Guinea); Kuniyasu, 1999: 12 (Kurio, Yaku-shima, Japan). Remarks. pogon selas was originally described by Randall and Hayashi (1990) on the basis of 25 specimens, including 18 paratypes Fig. 22. pogon cf properuptus, lined type., KUM I , 32.3 mm SL, Yudomari;, off Isso, 20 m, 13 Dec. 2004, S. Harazaki. ( mm SL) from Japan (Iriomote-jima Island in the Ryukyu Islands). pogon selas has been known from Japan, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and New Caledonia (llen et al., 2005; Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported only from the Ryukyu Islands [mami-oshima Island (Hayashi, 2002), Miyako Group (Senou et al., 2007) and Iriomote-jima Island (Hayashi and Kishimoto, 1983, as pogon sp.; Randall and Hayashi, 1990; Hayashi, 2002)]. Identification of Kuniyasu s (1999). selas is uncertain as the second author has dived to observe fishes around Yaku-shima Island almost every day for six years, but has never seen this distinct species. pogon seminigracaudus Greenfield, 2007 [Japanese name: Oguro-tenjikudai] (Fig. 23) pogon seminigracaudus Greenfield, 2007a: 362, figs. 1 4 (type locality: north shore of Vanua Levu, Fiji). Material examined. KUM I , 26.8 mm SL, Isso. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VI-I, 9; anal-fin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 14; pelvic-fin rays I, 44

19 pogonid fishes in Yaku-shima Island 5; pored lateral-line scales 24 ; predorsal scales 6; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 17, developed gill rakers 10; body reddish; and lower caudal-fin lobe blackish distally. Remarks. The Yaku-shima Island specimen and other Japanese specimens, previously identified as pogon fuscus Quoy and Gaimard, 1825 (or Nectamia fusca), agree with. seminigracaudus (see Greenfield, 2007a), with the exception of the number of pectoral-fin rays (14 in Yaku-shima Island specimen vs. 13 rays in type specimens; Greenfield, 2007a). pogon fuscus is currently considered to be a valid species of the. bandanensis group (T. Fraser, pers. comm. in Greenfield, 2007a). pogon seminigracaudus is widely distributed in the western Pacific where it ranges from the Fiji and Tonga Islands north to Japan (Greenfield, 2007a). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported as. fuscus from Tateyama ay (Hagiwara and Kimura, 2005), the Sagami Sea (Senou et al., 2006b), Shizuoka Prefecture (Hayashi, 2002), Shikoku [Ehime Prefecture (Hayashi, 2002) and Kashiwa-jima Island (Hirata et al., 1996)], and the Ryukyu Islands [Ie-jima Island (Senou et al., 2006a), Okinawa-jima Island (Yoshigou and Nakamura, 2003; Yoshigou et al., 2005), and Iriomote-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2001)]. t Yaku-shima Island, a single specimen of. seminigracaudus was collected from Isso, representing the first reliable records of the species from the island. This species lives solitarily (not forming schools) in the shade of rocky reefs at a depth of 20 m off Isso, Yaku-shima Island; no other localities confirmed from the island. pogon semiornatus Peters, 1876 [Japanese name: Yami-tenjikudai] (Fig. 24) pogon semiornatus Peters, 1876: 436 (type locality: Mauritius). Remarks. The photographed individual (Fig. 24) is herein identified as pogon semiornatus on the basis of the following characters: transparent pinkish body, with a broad reddish brown band from the snout to the anal-fin base, and a broad dark brown band at the middle of the body surface. pogon semiornatus is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific where it ranges from the Red Sea and Gulf of Oman east to ustralia and Japan (llen et al., 2005; Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from the Izu Islands [Miyake-jima Island (Ida and Moyer, 1974; Hayashi, 2002) and Hachijo-jima Island (Senou et al., 2002)], Chiba Prefecture and southward (Hayashi, 2002), including Tateyama ay (Hagiwara and Kimura, 2005), the Sagami Sea (Senou et al., 2006b), Kashiwa-jima Island (Hirata et al., 1996), and Ie-jima Island (Senou et al., 2006a). Figure 24 represents the first confirmed record of. semiornatus from Yaku-shima Island, but no specimens have been collected from the island. This species has usually been found hiding in a crack or hole on a large rock at depths of m at Yaku-shima Island. Fig. 24. pogon semiornatus. Off Isso, 15 m, 21 July 2006, S. Harazaki. Fig. 23. pogon seminigracaudus. KUM I , 26.8 mm SL, Isso. 45

20 T. Yoshida et al. pogon taeniophorus Regan, 1908 [Japanese name: Misuji-tenjikudai] (Figs. 25, ) pogon taeniophorus Regan, 1908: 226 (type locality: Maldives, Indian Ocean). pogon endekataenia (not of leeker): rai and Ida, 1975: 192 (Kusugawa, Yaku-shima Island, Japan). Material examined. SKU 96641, 37.8 mm SL, Isso; FRLM 34677, 47.2 mm SL, Kurio; KUM I , 59.3 mm SL, Kurio; KUM I , 76.9 mm SL, Kurio; KUM I , 76.1 mm SL, Kurio; KUM I , 28.2 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 76.8 mm SL, Kurio; KUM I , 90.4 mm SL, Isso; KUM I , 88.8 mm SL, Isso; KUM I , 15.5 mm SL, Kurio; KUM I , 16.6 mm SL, Kurio; KUM I , 14.8 mm SL, Kurio; KUM I , 87.4 mm SL, Nagata; KPM NI 22577, 21.8 mm SL, Isso; KPM NI 22578, 25.8 mm SL, Isso; MUFS 25595, 57.7 mm SL, Kurio; MUFS 25596, 56.6 mm SL, Kurio; MUFS 25597, 63.1 mm SL, Kurio; NSMT P 17846, 4 specimens: mm SL, Kusugawa; NSMT P 91351, 45.9 mm SL, Yudomari; NSMT P 91682, 3 specimens: mm SL, Kurio; NSMT P 95459, 2 specimens: mm SL, Haruo; NSMT P 95463, 87.8 mm SL, Hirauchi. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VII-I, 9; analfin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 14; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 24; predorsal scales 3 4; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 18 20, developed gill rakers 11 13; body white, with 6 distinct dark brown stripes on lateral surface of body; posterior portion of third stripe not reaching to second stripe at below first dorsal fin; posterior end of fourth stripe (middle stripe) forming a poorly defined black spot, less than pupil diameter, at caudal-fin base; and fourth stripe not extending onto caudal-fin membrane. Remarks. Matsuura and Tachikawa (1994) reported. taeniophorus from Chichi-jima Island, the Ogasawara Islands, as the first record of the species from Japan, on the basis of a single specimen (NSMT P 35302, 60.8 mm SL), and proposed a new Japanese name, Misuji-tenjikudai, for the species. Subsequently, Mabuchi et al. (2004) recognized two distinct species in specimens previously identified as. taeniophorus from Japan on the basis of analysis of nucleotide sequence data of approximately 610 bp from the anterior half of the mitochondrial 16S rrn gene. The two species were named by Mabuchi et al. (2004) as Lined type of Misuji-tenjikudai,. taeniophorus and Spotted type of Misuji-tenjikudai,. taeniophorus. The two can be easily distinguished by color patterns on the body and caudal fin (Mabuchi et al., 2004; this study, see Description of each species account). Judging from numerous underwater photographs and published data for. taeniophorus from the Indo Pacific, Mabuchi et al. s (2004) Spotted type of Misuji-tenjikudai is herein identified as. taeniophorus. However, the taxonomic status of Lined type of Misuji-tenjikudai is still unknown. Two syntypes of mia fasciata stevensi McCulloch, 1915 (MS I. 4247, 48.3 mm SL, Fiji; MS I , 59.9 mm SL, Vanuatu) were examined during this study and we confirmed that. fasciata stevensi is a junior synonym of. taeniophorus (= Spotted type of Misuji-tenjikudai ) in having 14 pectoral-fin rays; white body with six dark brown stripes on lateral surface of body; posterior portion of third stripe not reaching to second stripe below first dorsal fin; posterior end of fourth stripe forming a black spot, less than pupil diameter, at caudal-fin base; and fourth stripe not extending onto caudal-fin membrane. ecause Matsuura and Tachikawa s (1994) specimen (NSMT P 35302) from Chichi-jima Island is in very poor condition (lacking most body scales and stripes), it cannot be reliably identified as either. taeniophorus or Lined type of Misuji-tenjikudai. However, in their checklist of fishes of the Ogasawara Islands, Randall et al. (1997b) regarded Kuwamura et al. s (1983). robusta (Smith and Radcliffe, 1911) (currently regarded as a junior synonym of. cookii) and Sato s (1991). cookii (both listed from the Ogasawara Islands) as. taeniophorus. Sato s (1991: fig. 11). cookii is also herein identified as. taeniophorus. In addition, Randall et al. (1997b) listed four newly collected specimens of. taeniophorus (PM 46

21 pogonid fishes in Yaku-shima Island 35092; PM 35125, 2 specimens; PM 35297) suggesting that. taeniophorus is common in the Ogasawara Islands. ccordingly, we regard here that Matsuura and Tachikawa s (1994) specimen is. taeniophorus (not Mabuchi et al. s Lined type of Misuji-tenjikudai ) and the Japanese name proposed by Matsuura and Tachikawa (1994) is applied to. taeniophorus. t Yaku-shima Island,. taeniophorus is most similar to. cookii, but differs in having 14 pectoral-fin rays (vs. 15 rays in. cookii) and an indistinct, smaller caudal-fin base spot (vs. a distinct, larger spot) (Gon, 1987; this study). pogon taeniophorus is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific where it ranges from the east coast of frica east to the islands of Micronesia, the Line Islands, French Polynesia, and north to Japan (llen et al., 2005; Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from the Ogasawara Islands (Matsuura and Tachikawa, 1994; Randall et al., 1997b; Mabuchi et al., 2004), Tateyama ay (Hagiwara and Kimura, 2005), the Sagami Sea (Senou et al., 2006b), and the Ryukyu Islands [Kuchinoerabu-jima Island (Mabuchi et al., 2004), Okinoerabu-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2005), and Tokashiki-jima Island (Watai et al., 2009)]. t Yaku-shima Island, specimens of. taeniophorus were collected from Hirauchi, Isso, Kurio, Kusugawa, Nagata, and Yudomari, representing the first records of the species from the island. This solitary species lives in the shade of rocky reefs at depths of less than 15 m at Yaku-shima Island; it can be observed in coastal areas of the island throughout the year. This species spawns in the early summer at the island. pogon cf taeniophorus Regan, 1908, lined type [Japanese name: misuji-tenjikudai, rain-gata ] (Figs. 26, ) pogon taeniophorus Regan, 1908: 226 (type locality: Maldives, Indian Ocean). Material examined. KPM NI 22579, 25.1 mm SL, Isso. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VII-I, 9; analfin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 14; pelvic-fin rays Fig. 25. pogon taeniophorus., KUM I , 76.1 mm SL, Kurio;, off Kurio, 2 m, 17 Dec. 2009, S. Harazaki. I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 24; predorsal scales 4; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 18, developed gill rakers 12; body white, with 6 dark brown stripes on lateral surface of body; posterior portion of third stripe curving upwardly and reaching to second stripe at below first dorsal fin; posterior end of fourth stripe (middle stripe) reaching on caudal-fin margin. Remarks. The Yaku-shima Island specimen (Fig. 26) and a photographed individual (Fig. 26) are herein identified as Mabuchi et al. s (2004) Lined type of Misuji-tenjikudai,. taeniophorus on the basis of the following combination of characters: a white body, with six dark brown stripes on the lateral surface of the body, the posterior portion of the third stripe curving upwardly and reaching to the second stripe below the first dorsal fin, and the posterior end of the fourth stripe (middle stripe) reaching to the caudal-fin margin. Mabuchi et al. (2004) reported four specimens of the species (2 specimens from Misho, Ehime Prefecture, and 2 specimens from Kuchinoerabu-jima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture) from Japan as. taeniophorus (lined type). The Yaku-shima Island specimen was collected at a depth of 4 m off Isso. nother individual of the species was observed by the second author at a depth of 15 m off Isso. 47

22 T. Yoshida et al. Fig. 26. pogon cf taeniophorus, lined type., KPM NI 22579, 25.1 mm SL, Isso;, off Isso, 20 m, 14 Sept. 2009, S. Harazaki. the east coast of frica and the Red Sea east to ustralia and Japan (llen et al., 2005; Randall et al., 1997a). In Japanese waters, this species (mostly as pogon timorensis) has been reported from the Sagami Sea (Senou et al., 2006b), Shizuoka Prefecture (Hayashi, 2002), Shikoku [Ehime Prefecture (Hayashi, 2002) and Kashiwajima Island (Hirata et al., 1996)], and the Ryukyu Islands [Okinawa-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2005), Tokashiki-jima Island (Watai et al., 2009), and Iriomote-jima Island (Hayashi and Kishimoto, 1983, as. fraxineus)]. t Yaku-shima Island, three specimens of. timorensis were collected in less than 3 m depths off Isso and Yudomari, representing the first reliable records of. timorensis from the island. pogonichthyoides timorensis (leeker, 1854) [Japanese name: Kakure-ishimochi] (Fig. 27) pogon timorensis leeker, 1854b: 207 (type locality: Kupang, Timor, Indonesia). Material examined. KUM I , 59.9 mm SL, Yudomari; KPM NI 22542, 29.0 mm SL, Yudomari; KPM NI 22580, 21.9 mm SL, Isso. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VII-I, 9; anal-fin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 16; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 23 24; predorsal scales 3; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 15, developed gill rakers 8 9; posterior tip of depressed pelvic fin extending beyond origin of anal fin; body yellowish brown, with four broad, vertical, dark brown bands on lateral surface of body, first band from anterior portion of first dorsal fin to pectoral fin, second band between bases of second dorsal and anal fins, third band on middle of caudal peduncle, and fourth band at caudal-fin base; and head with a broad brownish band from posterior margin of orbit to opercular margin, and a narrow brown stripe across cheek. Remarks. Fraser and llen (2010) allocated this species to the genus pogonichthyoides. pogonichthyoides timorensis is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific where it ranges from Fig. 27. pogonichthyoides timorensis. KUM I , 59.9 mm SL, Yudomari. rchamia fucata (Cantor, 1849) [Japanese name: Sumitsuki-atohiki-tenjikudai] (Figs. 28, ) pogon fucata Cantor, 1849: 986 [type locality: Sea of Pinang (Penang), Malaysia]. Material examined. SKU 96549, 50.6 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 49.5 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 53.3 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 73.5 mm SL, Yudomari. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VI-I, 9; anal-fin rays II, 16; pectoral-fin rays 14; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 25; predorsal scales 6; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 20 23, developed gill rakers 20; body pinkish, with numerous narrow, vertical or oblique reddish 48

23 pogonid fishes in Yaku-shima Island orange bars; an indistinct reddish black spot behind opercle; and no black band on cheek;. Remarks. rchamia dispilus Lachner, 1951 was recently synonymized with. fucata by Gon and Randall (2003). lthough the former (with an elongate spot behind head) is likely to be a valid species, we tentatively follow Gon and Randall s (2003) taxonomic decision. rchamia fucata is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific where it ranges from the Red Sea and the east coast of frica east to the Marshall Islands, the Samoa Islands, and Tonga, and north to Japan (llen et al., 2005; Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species (as. dispilus) has been reported from Hachijo-jima Island (Senou et al., 2002), the Ogasawara Islands (Sato, 1991; Randall et al., 1997b), Miyazaki Prefecture (Motomura et al., 2001), Kagoshima Prefecture (Yamada, 2007), and the Ryukyu Islands [Ie-jima Island (Senou et al., 2006a), Okinawa-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2001; Yoshigou and Nakamura, 2002; 2003; Yoshigou et al., 2005), Miyako Group (Senou et al., 2007), and Iriomote-jima Island (Hayashi and Kishimoto, 1983)]. t Yaku-shima Island, specimens of. fucata were collected only from Yudomari, representing the first reliable records of the species from the island. This species forms schools in less than 5 m on muddy substrates in river mouths and fishing ports of Yaku-shima Island; it can be observed there in aggregations throughout the year. Cheilodipterus artus Smith, 1961 [Japanese name: Kasumi-yarai-ishimochi] (Fig. 29) Cheilodipterus artus Smith, 1961: 409, pl. 50, fig. F (type locality: Mahé, Seychelles) Remarks. Hayashi (2002) reviewed the genus Cheilodipterus in Japanese waters and regarded four species as valid (Japanese names in parentheses), i.e., C. artus Smith, 1961 (Sudare-yarai-ishimochi), C. macrodon Lacepède, 1802 (Ryukyuyarai-ishimochi), C. quinquelineatus Cuvier, 1828 (Yarai-ishimochi), and C. subulatus Weber, 1909 (Kasumi-yarai-ishimochi). Incidentally, although Gon (1993) regarded C. subulatus as a junior Fig. 28. rchamia fucata., KUM I , 73.5 mm SL, Yudomari;, off Isso, 4 m, 26 ug. 2006, S. Harazaki. synonym of C. singapurensis leeker, , Hayashi (2002) overlooked Gon s (1993) taxonomic decision. Hayashi and Kishimoto s (1983: pl. 3, figs. 10a b; IORD , 77-20) Cheilodipterus sp., type, and Hayashi s (2002) Sudare-yaraiishimochi, C. artus are herein identified as C. intermedius Gon, 1993 (see Gon, 1993: pl. 1, fig. ). In addition, Hayashi and Kishimoto s (1983: pl. 3, fig. 9; IORD ) C. subulatus, and Hayashi s (2002) Kasumi-yarai-ishimochi, C. subulatus are herein identified as C. artus (see Gon, 1993: pl. 4, fig. C). Thus, the Japanese names Kasumi-yaraiishimochi and Sudare-yarai-ishimochi correspond to C. artus and C. intermedius respectively (Senou et al., 2006a, 2007; this study). lthough C. artus is very similar to C. intermedius in juvenile coloration, C. artus differs from the latter in ontogenetic color changes of the caudal peduncle. lack pigments around a black spot at the caudal-fin base of C. artus increase with growth and the posterior portion of the caudal peduncle finally becomes black, whereas no black pigments usually occur around the caudalfin base spot of C. intermedius and the posterior portion of the caudal peduncle usually becomes whitish (Gon, 1993; H. Senou, pers. comm.). The 49

24 T. Yoshida et al. figured individual (Fig. 29) may be an adult of C. intermedius (rather than C. artus); at this life stage, specimens are required for accurate identification. Cheilodipterus artus is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific where it ranges from the east coast of frica east to the Marshall Islands and Tuamotu rchipelago, and north to Japan (llen et al., 2005; Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, reliable records of the species are from Yaku-shima Island (this study) and the Ryukyu Islands [Ie-jima Island (Senou et al., 2006a), Miyako Group (Senou et al., 2007), and Iriomotejima Island (Hayashi and Kishimoto, 1983, as C. subulatus)]. This species inhabits rocky and coral reefs at depths of less than 20 m at Yaku-shima Island; common in the island and can be observed throughout the year. spot at caudal fin base in adults (Fig. 30) (see Remarks of C. artus). Cheilodipterus intermedius is widely distributed in the western Pacific where it ranges from the Solomon Islands to the South China Sea and Japan (llen et al., 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from the Sagami Sea (Senou et al., 2006b, as C. artus) and the Ryukyu Islands [Sesoko-jima Island (Gon, 1993), Ie-jima Island (Senou et al., 2006a), and Miyako Group (Senou et al., 2007)]. This species is solitary on rocky and coral reefs at depths of less than 20 m at Yaku-shima Island; common in the island throughout the year. Fig. 29. Cheilodipterus cf artus. Off Isso, 8 m, 11 June 2005, S. Harazaki. Cheilodipterus intermedius Gon, 1993 [Japanese name: Sudare-yarai-ishimochi] (Figs. 30, ) Cheilodipterus intermedius Gon, 1993: 19, pl. 1, figs. 3, 8 (type locality: east side of Marine lab., Sesoko-jima Island, Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, Japan). Remarks. Photographed individuals (Figs. 30, ) are identified as C. intermedius on the basis of the following combination of characters: nine blackish brown broad and narrow stripes on lateral surface of body; a black spot, surrounded by yellow, at midbase of caudal fin in young (Fig. 30); and no black vertical bar or distinct black Fig. 30. Cheilodipterus intermedius., off Isso, 10 m, 5 Nov. 2005, S. Harazaki;, off Isso, 10 m, 5 Nov. 2005, S. Harazaki. Cheilodipterus macrodon (Lacepède, 1802) [Japanese name: Ryukyu-yarai-ishimochi] (Figs. 31, ) Centropomus macrodon Lacepède, 1802: 252, 273 (type locality: Mauritius or Réunion Island). Cheilodipterus lineatus; rai and Ida, 1975: 184, pl. 17, fig. 1 (Kusugawa, Yaku-shima Island, Japan). Cheilodipterus macrodon; Ichikawa et al., 1992: 9 (Yaku-shima Island, Japan); Kuniyasu, 1999: 12 (Kurio, Yaku-shima Island, Japan). 50

25 pogonid fishes in Yaku-shima Island Material examined. SKU 96548, 58.7 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 70.5 mm SL, Isso. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VI-I, 9; anal-fin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 12; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 25; predorsal scales 6; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 20, developed gill rakers 9; large canine-like teeth on jaws; preopercular margin serrated; body white, with nine poorly defined dark brown stripes on lateral surface of body; a broad, black band on caudal-fin base in young. Remarks. Cheilodipterus macrodon is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific where it ranges from the Red Sea and east coast of frica east to French Polynesia (expect for the Marquesas Islands), and the Pitcairn Islands, and north to Japan (llen et al., 2005; Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from the Izu Islands [Hachijo-jima Island (Senou et al., 2002)], the Ogasawara Islands (Kuwamura et al., 1983; Sato, 1991; Randall et al., 1997b), Tateyama ay (Hagiwara and Kimura, 2005), the Sagami Sea (Senou et al., 2006b), Shikoku [Kochi (Kamohara, 1964, as Jadamga quinquelineatus) and Kashiwajima Island (Hirata et al., 1996)], Yaku-shima Island (Ichikawa et al., 1992; Kuniyasu, 1999), and the Ryukyu Islands [mami-oshima Island (Kamohara and Yamakawa, 1968), Ie-jima Island (Senou et al., 2006a), and Tokashiki-jima Island (Watai et al., 2009)]. t Yaku-shima Island, two specimens of C. macrodon were collected from Isso and Yudomari. This species occurs in less than 20 m at rocky or coral reefs at Yaku-shima Island throughout the year. Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Cuvier, 1828 [Japanese name: Yarai-ishimochi] (Figs. 32, ) Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828: 167 (type locality: ora ora, Society Islands); Ichikawa et al., 1992: 9 (Yaku-shima Island, Japan); Kuniyasu, 1999: 12 (Kurio, Yaku-shima Island, Japan). Fig. 31. Cheilodipterus macrodon., SKU 96548, 58.7 mm SL, Yudomari;, off Isso, 8 m, 22 June 2004, S. Harazaki. Material examined. KUM I , 50.0 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 80.3 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 85.8 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 42.0 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 65.5 mm SL, Yudomari; KPM NI 22511, 40.0 mm SL, Yudomari. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VI-I, 9; anal-fin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 12; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales ; predorsal scales 6; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 18, developed gill rakers 12; large canine-like teeth on jaws; preopercular margin serrated; body white, with five black stripes on lateral surface of body, posterior end of third stripe (middle stripe) reaching a black spot on caudal-fin base; and a caudal-fin base spot, less than pupil diameter, surrounded by poorly defined yellow blotch. Remarks. Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus is widely distributed in the Indo Pacific, expect for the Persian Gulf and Hawaiian Islands (llen et al., 2005; Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from the Izu Islands [Miyake-jima Island (Ida and Moyer, 1974) and Hachijo-jima Island (Senou et al., 2002)], the Ogasawara Islands (Kuwamura et al., 1983; Sato, 1991; Matsuura and Tachikawa, 1994; Randall et 51

26 T. Yoshida et al. al., 1997b), the Sagami Sea (Senou et al., 2006b), Shikoku [Kochi (Kamohara, 1964) and Kashiwajima Island (Hirata et al., 1996)], Yaku-shima Island (Ichikawa et al., 1992; Kuniyasu, 1999), and the Ryukyu Islands [Yagaji-shima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2005), Ie-jima Island (Senou et al., 2006a), Okinawa-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2001; Yoshigou and Nakamura, 2002; Yoshigou et al., 2005), Tokashiki-jima Island (Watai et al., 2009), Miyako Group (Senou et al., 2007), and Iriomote-jima Island (Hayashi and Kishimoto, 1983; Yoshigou et al., 2001)]. t Yaku-shima Island, specimens of C. quinquelineatus were collected from Kurio and Yudomari. This species occurs in less than 20 m on rocky or coral reefs at Yaku-shima Island throughout the year. The population of C. quinquelineatus at Yaku-shima Island is the largest among the four species of Cheilodipterus occurring around the island. Foa brachygramma (Jenkins, 1903) [Japanese name: Taiwan-mato-ishimochi] (Fig. 33) Fowleria brachygrammus Jenkins, 1903: 447, fig. 20 (type locality: Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands). Remarks. The photographed individual (Fig. 33) is herein identified as Foa brachygramma on the basis of the following combination of characters: lateral line incomplete; no large black blotch on opercle; body blackish brown, with numerous small white blotches on head and caudal-fin base; and no vertical bands on lateral surface of body. Foa brachygramma is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific where it ranges from the east coast of frica east to the Hawaiian Islands, and north to Japan (Hayashi, 2002; Randall, 1997a). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from Shimoda ay, Shizuoka (Masuda et al., 1984) to the Ryukyu Islands [Ie-jima Island (Senou et al., 2006a), Okinawa-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2005), Tokashiki-jima Island (Watai et al., 2009), Miyako Group (Senou et al., 2007), and Iriomote-jima Island (Hayashi and Kishimoto, 1983; Yoshigou et al., 2001)]. Figure 33 represents the first confirmed record of F. brachygramma from Yaku-shima Island. This species can be observed in aggregations, each with about 20 individuals, on sandy substrates in less than 20 m off Isso, Yaku-shima Island, throughout the year; no other localities confirmed from the island. Fig. 32. Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus., KUM I , 50.0 mm SL, Yudomari;, off Isso, 8 m, 26 Jan. 2005, S. Harazaki. Fig. 33. Foa brachygramma. Off Isso, 20 m, 15 Sept. 2009, S. Harazaki. 52

27 Fowleria isostigma (Jordan and Seale, 1906) [Japanese name: Naha-mato-ishimochi] (Fig. 34) pogonid fishes in Yaku-shima Island pogonichthys isostigma Jordan and Seale, 1906: 251, fig. 45 (type locality: pia, Upolu Island, Western Samoa). Material examined. SKU 96573, 17.0 mm SL, Yudomari. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VII-I, 9; analfin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 14; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 11; predorsal scales 6; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 4, developed gill rakers 4; palatine without teeth; lateral line incomplete; body whitish brown, without small white blotches; a large ocellated black blotch on opercle; no vertical bands on lateral surface of body; and no spots or lines on fins. Remarks. Two color variations of F. isostigma are known in Japanese waters: one has a round black spot basally on each scale of the lateral surface of the body, the spots forming several longitudinal stripes; the other lacks the spots (Hayashi, 2002). The Yaku-shima Island specimen is identified as Hayashi s (2002) unmarked form. Fowleria isostigma is widely distributed in the western Pacific where it ranges from ustralia east to Mangareva and the islands of Micronesia, and north to Japan (Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from Wakayama Prefecture and southward (Hayashi, 2002), including Kashiwa-jima Island (Hirata et al., 1996) and the Ryukyu Islands [mami-oshima Island (Kamohara and Yamakawa, 1968), Iejima Island (Senou et al., 2006a), Okinawa-jima Island (Yoshigou and Nakamura, 2003; Yoshigou et al., 2005), Ishigaki-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2001), and Iriomote-jima Island (Hayashi and Kishimoto, 1983)]. t Yaku-shima Island, a single specimen of F. isostigma was collected from Yudomari, representing the first reliable record of F. isostigma from the island. Ecological information on the species at Yaku-shima Island is unknown. Fig. 34. Fowleria isostigma. SKU 96573, 17.0 mm SL, Yudomari. Fowleria cf marmorata (lleyne and Macleay, 1877) [Japanese name: Obi-shibori] (Fig. 35) pogonichthys marmorata lleyne and Macleay, 1877: 268, pl. 5, fig. 2 (type locality: Cape Grenville, Queensland, ustralia). Material examined. KUM I , 39.8 mm SL, Isso. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VII-I, 9; analfin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 14; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 6 (7 on right side of body); predorsal scales 6; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 13, developed gill rakers 4; palatine without teeth; lateral line incomplete; body red, with several vertical dark red bars on lateral surface of body; 3 black bands radiating from posterior margin of eye; and a large ocellated black spot on opercle. Remarks. The Yaku-shima Island specimen is herein identified as F. marmorata in having an incomplete lateral line; red body, with several vertical dark red bars on lateral surface of body and a large ocellated black spot on the opercle. However, the number of pored lateral-line scales in the Yaku-shima Island specimen is six (seven on right side of body), whereas those described by Hayashi (2002) and Randall (2005) are 12 and respectively. In addition, the number of developed gill rakers in the Yaku-shima Island specimen is four, whereas those described by Hayashi (2002) is seven. More Yaku-shima Island specimens are required to determine whether these characters represent intraspecific variations or distinct species. 53

28 T. Yoshida et al. Fowleria marmorata is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific where it ranges from the Red Sea east to the Line, Society, and Marquesas Islands, and north to Japan (llen et al., 2005; Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from Kashiwa-jima Island (Hirata et al., 1996) and the Ryukyu Islands [Okinawa-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2005) and Sesoko-jima Island (Hayashi, 2002)]. t Yakushima Island, a single specimen was collected from Isso at a depth of 30 m. to Japan (llen et al., 2005; Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from the Ogasawara Islands (Sato, 1991; Matsuura and Tachikawa, 1994; Randall et al., 1997b) and the Ryukyu Islands [mami-oshima Island (Yamakawa, 1971; Yoshigou et al., 2001), Ie-jima Island (Senou et al., 2006a), Okinawa-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2001; Yoshigou and Nakamura, 2003; Yoshigou et al., 2005), Miyako Group (Senou et al., 2007), and Iriomote-jima Island (Hayashi and Kishimoto, 1983; Yoshigou et al., 2001; Yoshigou and Nakamura, 2002)]. t Yaku-shima Island, two specimens of F. variegata were collected from Yudomari, representing the first reliable records of F. variegata from the island. Ecological information on the species at Yaku-shima Island is unknown. Fig. 35. Fowleria cf marmorata. KUM I , 39.8 mm SL, Isso. Fowleria variegata (Valenciennes, 1832) [Japanese name: Shibori] (Fig. 36) pogon variegata Valenciennes, 1832: 55 (type locality: Mauritius). Material examined. SKU 96547, 33.8 mm SL, Yudomari; KPM NI 22505, 28.8 mm SL, Yudomari. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VI-I, 9; anal-fin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 13; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 10 ; predorsal scales 4 5; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 14 15, developed gill rakers 6 8; palatine without teeth; lateral line incomplete; body blackish brown, with numerous black spots and blotches on lateral surface of body; a large dark ocellated spot on opercle; fins brown, with numerous white spots. Remarks. Fowleria variegata is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific where it ranges from the Red Sea and the east coast of frica, east to the Mariana and Samoa Islands, and north Fig. 36. Fowleria variegata. KPM NI 22505, 28.8 mm SL, Yudomari. Neamia octospina Smith and Radcliffe, 1912 [Japanese name: Yatsutoge-tenjikudai] (Figs. 37, ) Neamia octospina Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1912: 441, pl. 36, fig. 2 (type locality: Rasa Island, off Mantaguin ay, Palawan, Philippines). Remarks. Photographed individuals (Figs. 37, ) are herein identified as N. octospina on the basis of the following combination of characters: a semitranslucent white body, with numerous small reddish spots on the body and fins, and three indistinct reddish bands radiating from the posterior margin of the eye. Specimens have not been collected from Yaku-shima Island. Neamia octospina is widely distributed in 54

29 pogonid fishes in Yaku-shima Island the Indo-West Pacific where it ranges from the Red Sea east to Fiji, and north to Japan (llen et al., 2005; Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from the Ryukyu Islands [Okinawa-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2005) and Ishigaki-jima Island (Ida and Moyer, 1974)]. Figures 37, represent the first confirmed records of N. octospina from Yaku-shima Island and the northernmost records for the species in the western Pacific. The photographed individuals were found among branches of the lcyonacea, Cladiella digitulata, at a depth of 2 m off Motoura each, Isso, Yaku-shima Island on 23 Oct These individual disappeared after C. digitulata death confirmed by the second author; no other individuals have been observed at the island. Fig. 37. Neamia octospina. and, off Isso, 5 m, 23 Oct. 2006, S. Harazaki. Nectamia bandanensis (leeker, 1854) [Japanese name: anda-ishimochi] (Figs. 38, ) pogon bandanensis leeker, 1854a: 95 (type locality: anda Neira, anda Islands, Indonesia). Material examined. SKU 96538, 66.0 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 67.8 mm SL, Yudomari. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VII-I, 9 (one specimen with VII-II, 9); anal-fin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 13; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 24 ; predorsal scales 3 4; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 25 26, developed gill rakers 23; body depth % of SL; body silvery brown, with 3 dark brown bands, widths subequal to pupil diameter, on lateral surface of body; and an oblique, straight, brownish bar from posteroventral margin of eye. Remarks. Fraser (2008) recently allocated this species to Nectamia from pogon. Nectamia bandanensis has been known from the western Pacific from Japan to merican Samoa (Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from the Ogasawara Islands (Matsuura and Tachikawa, 1994, as. bandaensis; Randall et al., 1997b, as. bandaensis) and the Ryukyu Islands [mami-oshima Island (Kamohara and Yamakawa, 1968, as. bandaensis), Ie-jima Island (Senou et al., 2006a, as. bandaensis), Okinawajima Island (Hayashi, 2002, as. bandaensis), Sesoko-jima Island (Fraser, 2008), Tokashiki-jima Island (Watai et al., 2009), Miyako Group (Senou et al., 2007, as. bandaensis), and Iriomote-jima Island (Hayashi and Kishimoto, 1983; Hayashi, 2002, as. bandaensis)]. t Yaku-shima Island, two specimens of N. bandanensis were collected from Isso and Yudomari, representing the first reliable records of the species from the island and the northernmost records for the species. This species is observed in the shade of rocky reefs in the daytime and around the reefs at night; it can be observed in less than 10 m at Yaku-shima Island throughout the year. Pseudamia gelatinosa Smith, 1956 [Japanese name: Numeri-tenjikudai] (Figs. 39, ) Pseudamia gelatinosa Smith, 1956: 690, pl. 18, fig. (type locality: ldabra Islands). Material examined. SKU 96540, 42.9 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 31.2 mm 55

30 T. Yoshida et al. the Izu Islands [Hachijo-jima Island (Senou et al., 2002)], the Sagami Sea (Hayashi, 2002; Senou et al., 2006b), and the Ryukyu Islands [Ie-jima Island (Senou et al., 2006a), Okinawa-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2005), Miyako Group (Senou et al., 2007), Ishigaki-jima Island (Ida and Moyer, 1974), and Iriomote-jima Island (Yoshigou et al., 2001)]. t Yaku-shima Island, specimens of P. gelatinosa were collected from Yudomari, representing the first reliable records of the species from the island. This species is solitary in the shade of rocky reefs (not forming schools) at depths of less than of 10 m off Isso and Yudomari, Yaku-shima Island; no other localities confirmed from the island. Fig. 38. Nectamia bandanensis., KUM I , 67.8 mm SL, Yudomari;, off Isso, 10 m, 22 Oct. 2009, S. Harazaki. SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 16.4 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 21.0 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 14.9 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 16.5 mm SL, Yudomari; KPM NI 22529, 18.7 mm SL, Yudomari. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VI-I, 9; analfin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 15; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 35; predorsal scales 5 6; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 11, developed gill rakers 8; caudal fin lanceolate; anterior nostril with a long flap; semitranslucent slender body, with numerous small blackish spots forming several longitudinal stripes; caudal fin with a large black blotch dorsally; and a black blotch on caudal-fin base. Remarks. Pseudamia gelatinosa differs from its close relative, P. amblyuroptera, in having 8 developed gill rakers and 8 anal-fin rays (vs. 11 rakers and usually 9 rays; Yoshigou and Yoshino, 2004). Pseudamia gelatinosa is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific where it ranges from the Red Sea and east coast of frica, east to the Line Islands, Society Islands and Rapa, and north to Japan (llen et al., 2005; Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from Fig. 39. Pseudamia gelatinosa., SKU 96540, 42.9 mm SL, Yudomari;, off Isso, 10 m, 16 Oct. 2009, I. Takaku. Rhabdamia gracilis (leeker, 1856) [Japanese name: Sukashi-tenjikudai] (Figs. 40, ) pogonichthys gracilis leeker, 1856b: 371 (type locality: Ternate, Moluccas, Indonesia). Remarks. Photographed individuals (Figs. 40, ) are identified as R. gracilis by having a translucent silvery body, with a bluish longitudinal stripe on the middle of the body. No specimens have been collected from Yaku-shima Island. Mabuchi (2001) regarded that R. gracilis contained two distinct species: one has a black spot 56

31 pogonid fishes in Yaku-shima Island on the posteroventral caudal peduncle, and the other lacks the spot. However, because these two have been observed as members of a school (see Fig. 40) and the second author confirmed that they have often paired with each other at Yakushima Island, we tentatively treat them as conspecific in this study. Rhabdamia gracilis is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific where it ranges from the east coast of frica east to the Marshall Islands, Caroline Islands and Fiji, and north to Japan (llen et al., 2005; Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from the Sagami Sea (Senou et al., 2006b), Wakayama Prefecture and southward (Hayashi, 2002), including the Ryukyu Islands [Ie-jima Island (Senou et al., 2006a), Okinawa-jima Island (Ida and Moyer, 1974; Yoshigou et al., 2005), Tokashiki-jima Island (Watai et al., 2009), Miyako Group (Senou et al., 2007), and Iriomote-jima Island (Ida and Moyer, 1974; Hayashi and Kishimoto, 1983; Yoshigou and Nakamura, 2002)]. Figures 40 represent the first confirmed record of R. gracilis from Yaku-shima Island. Rhabdamia gracilis, forming a school of ca. 50 individuals, lives sympatrically with. notatus in depths of m at two diving spots off Isso, Yaku-shima Island; no other localities confirmed from the island. t Yaku-shima Island, the spawning period of the species is in July and ugust. Siphamia majimai Matsubara and Iwai, 1958 [Japanese name: Majimakuro-ishimochi] (Figs. 41 C) Siphamia majimai Matsubara and Iwai, 1958: 603, fig.1 (type locality: Urasokari, mamioshima Island, Japan, ca N, E). Material examined. SKU 96557, 16.9 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 20.3 mm SL, Yudomari; KUM I , 19.3 mm SL, Yudomari; KPM NI 22582, 16.9 mm SL, Isso. Description. Dorsal-fin rays VI-I, 9; analfin rays II, 8; pectoral-fin rays 15; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 23; predorsal scales 6; circumpeduncular scales 12; total gill rakers 13 14, developed gill rakers 7 8; luminous organ Fig. 40. Rhabdamia gracilis., off Isso, 20 m, 15 Sept. 2009, S. Harazaki;, off Isso, 20 m, 15 Sept. 2009, S. Harazaki. inside translucent muscles of ventral body from throat to caudal peduncle; and blackish silver body, with numerous small red spots on body and fins when fresh. Remarks. Siphamia majimai is distributed in the western Pacific from ustralia to Japan (Randall et al., 1997a). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from the Ogasawara Islands (Randall et al., 1997b), Kashiwa-jima Island (Hirata et al., 1996), and the Ryukyu Islands [mami-oshima Island (Matsubara and Iwai, 1958; Hayashi, 2002), Tokashiki-jima Island (Watai et al., 2009), Miyako Group (Senou et al., 2007), and Iriomote-jima Island (Hayashi and Kishimoto, 1983; Hayashi, 2002)]. t Yaku-shima Island, specimens of S. majimai were collected from Isso and Yudomari, representing the first reliable records of the species from the island. Siphamia majimai usually forms a school with five or six individuals and lives among spines of Diadema setosum at depths of less than 15 m at Yaku-shima Island. This species spawns in July and juveniles are observed in the middle of summer at the island. 57

32 T. Yoshida et al. has been reported from Kashiwa-jima Island (Hirata et al., 1996; Hayashi, 2002). Figure 42 represents the first confirmed record of S. tubulata from Yaku-shima Island. Siphamia tubulata is usually solitary in the shade of rocky reefs at depths of m at Yaku-shima Island. school with five or six young individuals was observed around Padina arborescens at depths of m only once over the last six years of underwater observations. C Fig. 42. Siphamia tubulata. Off Isso, 25 m, 28 Oct. 2005, S. Harazaki. Fig. 41. Siphamia majimai., KUM I , 20.3 mm SL, Yudomari;, off Isso, 5 m, 6 June 2005, S. Harazaki; C, off Isso, 5 m, 3 June 2006, S. Harazaki. Siphamia tubulata (Weber, 1909) [Japanese name: Inazuma-hikari-ishimochi] (Fig. 42) pogon tubulatus Weber 1909: 160 (type locality: Sapeh Strait, Sumbawa Island, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia). Remarks. The photographed individual (Fig. 42) is herein identified as Siphamia tubulata on the basis of the unique coloration, viz., body silvery, mottled with reddish brown blotches. Specimens have not been collected from Yaku-shima Island. Siphamia tubulata is distributed in the western Pacific, from Indonesia and ustralia to Japan (Hayashi, 2002). In Japanese waters, this species Siphamia versicolor (Smith and Radcliffe, 1911) [Japanese name: Hikari-ishimochi] mia versicolor Smith and Radcliffe in Radcliffe, 1911: 257, fig. 3 (type locality: Cataingan ay, Masbate, Philippines). Siphamia versicolor: Ichikawa et al., 1992: 9 (Yaku-shima Island, Japan). Remarks. Identification of Ichikawa et al. s (1992) S. versicolor is uncertain. The second author has dived for fish watching around Yakushima Island almost everyday for six years, but has never found the species. Siphamia versicolor is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific where it ranges from the Gulf of Oman and Maldive Islands east to the Caroline Islands, and north to Japan (llen et al., 2005; Randall, 2005). In Japanese waters, this species has been reported from the Izu Islands [Hachijo-jima Island (Senou et al., 2002)], the Ogasawara Islands (Kuwamura et al., 1983; Randall et al., 1997b; Yoshigou and Nakamura, 2002), 58