Age and growth properties of Carassius gibelio (Cyprinidae) living in Aksu River Estuary (Antalya-Turkey)

Transcription

1 Review of Hydrobiology 5,2: (2012) RESEARCH ARTICLE Age and growth properties of Carassius gibelio (Cyprinidae) living in Aksu River Estuary (Antalya-Turkey) DENİZ İNNAL 1* 1 Department of Biology, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, 15030, Burdur, Turkey [ * Corresponding author: Deniz Innal, innald@yahoo.com] ABSTRACT 1. This study concerns an investigation of the age and some growth properties of Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) living in Aksu River (Antalya - Turkey). 2. A total of 128 individuals, ranging in size between 10.3 and 30.5 cm total length, 25 and 607 g total weight, were examined. 3. The scales indicated the presence of six age classes. 4. The overall sex ratio of males to females was 0.58:1. 5. The length weight relationship for all individuals was described by the following parameters: a = and b = Mean condition factor of the combined sexes was calculated as The Von Bertalanffy growth parameters based on the data from the scales were L = cm, k = year 1 and t 0 = for males and L = cm, k = year 1 and t 0 = for females and L = cm, k = year 1 and t 0 = for all individuals. KEY WORDS: Age, Aksu River, Carassius gibelio, estuary, growth ratios. 97

2 Review of Hydrobiology 5,2: (2012) RESEARCH ARTICLE Aksu Nehri (Antalya-Türkiye) acısu zonunda yaşayan Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) nun (Cyprinidae) yaş ve büyüme özellikleri DENİZ İNNAL 1* 1 Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, 15030, Burdur, Türkiye [ * İletişim: Deniz İnnal, innald@yahoo.com] ÖZ 1. Bu çalışma Aksu Nehri nde (Antalya Türkiye) yaşayan Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) nun yaş ve bazı büyüme özelliklerinin araştırılması ile ilişkilidir cm total uzunluk ve g total ağırlık dağılımına sahip toplam 128 birey incelenmiştir. 3. Pullar 6 farklı yaş varlığını işaret etmiştir. 4. Erkek-Dişi eşey oranı 0.58:1 dir. 5. Tüm bireylerin Boy-ağırlık ilişkisi sıralanan şekilde tanımlanmıştır: a = ve b = Her iki eşeyin ortalama kondisyon faktörü 1.96 olarak hesaplanmıştır. 7. Von Bertalanffy büyüme parametreleri erkek bireyler için L = cm, k = yıl 1 ve t 0 = 0.882, dişi bireyler için L = cm, k = yıl 1 ve t 0 = ve tüm bireyler için L = cm, k = yıl 1 ve t 0 = dir. ANAHTAR KELİMELER: Acısu, Aksu Nehri, büyüme oranları, Carassius gibelio, yaş. 98

3 Age and growth properties of Carassius gibelio (Cyprinidae) living in Aksu River Estuary (Antalya-Turkey) INTRODUCTION Estuaries and coastal lagoons are used by large numbers of fish as nursery sites, migration routes, feeding and/or breeding areas. For these reasons, they represent important environments, which support high levels of fish production (Malavasi et al. 2004). Estuary zone of Aksu River supports commercial and sport fisheries and serves as an important nursery area for marine fish species. Fish fauna of Aksu River Estuary comprises of 26 species. Five alien species have successfully established breeding populations. Among these species, gibel carp (Carassius gibelio Bloch 1782) are especially numerous (Innal 2008). Gibel carp belong to the family Cyprinidae, which contains numerous endemic species of fish present in Turkey. Date and agent of first introduction of gibel carp in Aksu River System is unknown. Gibel carp has been reported in aquatic systems in terms of introduction or distribution (Economidis et al. 2000, Sası and Balık 2003, Ozulug et al. 2004, Ilhan et al. 2005, Vetemaa et al. 2005, Tsoumani 2006, Ozcan 2007, Verreycken et al. 2007, Grabowska et al. 2010, Musil et al. 2010, Perdikaris et al. 2011), morphology and hybrids (Penaz and Dulmaa 1987, Prokes and Barus 1996, Stranai 1999, Papousek et al. 2008, Boron et al. 2011) and growth properties (Penaz and Kokes 1981, Balık et al. 2004, Tarkan et al. 2006, Cınar et al. 2007, Sarı et al. 2008, Tsoumani 2006, Leonardos et al. 2008, Sası 2008) of C. gibelio. Growth has been one of the most intensively studied aspects of fish biology. It is a good indicator of the health of individuals and populations (Shamsan and Ansari 2010). Due to the lack of information about sex, age composition and growth parameters information on fish species in Aksu River Estuary, this study aimed to investigate age and sex compositions, growth in length, weight and growth rates of C. gibelio in Aksu River Estuary. The growth properties have been obtained and compared with other studies. MATERIAL AND METHODS Study Site The Aksu River is located in the western part of Taurus Mountains which is the longest tectonic unit extending between the southwest and the southeast of Anatolia. It springs from Isparta and flows to Mediterranean Sea in Antalya. The study was carried out in estuary zones of Aksu River (Kundu and Kumköy Village-Antalya-Turkey). Six sampling stations were selected in different parts of the estuary. During sampling, 99

4 DENİZ İNNAL water temperature and salinity were also measured by WTW Model 340i. Salinity varied according to the station location, ranging from 0,2 to 17,5 ( ). Temperature was remarkably different between months, with higher values in Summer months (26,4 C) and lower values in Winter months (12 C). Sampling collection and data analysis Fish species were caught monthly with nets of various mesh sizes (10, 17, 23 mm) and fyke nets between October 2006 and March After being caught, the fish samples were transported to the laboratory where their size (total length; cm, referred to as L in the text and weight; g, referred to as W in the text) were measured and weighed to the nearest 1.0 mm and 0.1 g, respectively. The scales of individuals were used for age determination (the roman numerals indicate a subjective classification of ages). Proportional growth in weight and length between the ages were calculated from the Relative growth (RW and RL) equations; RW = [(W t+1 W t ) / W t ) x 100], RL = [(L t+1 L t ) / L t ) x100] respectively, where W t+1 are the weight in grams and L t+1 length in cm at age t+1, W t is weight in grams and L t is length in cm at age t. Length-weight relations of investigated samples of the population were calculated by W=aL b. Where W = mass in grams; L = total length in centimeters. a=constant; b=constant described as isometric or allometric growth type. The condition factor was calculated by the Formula Condition Factor (CF) = 100 W/L 3. Von Bertalanffy growth equations were calculated according to; Lt= L [1-e -k(t-to) ] in length and Wt= W [1-e -k(t-to) ] b in weight, where Lt is the fish length (cm) at age t, e is the base of natural log ( ) t the fish age (as year), to the hypothetical time at which the length of the fish is zero, k is a relative growth coefficient. Wt is the fish weight (g) at age t (Avşar 1998). Munro s phi prime index (growth performance index) was estimated by Formula Ø =log(k)+2log(l ) (Munro and Pauly, 1983). Differences between size frequency distributions of males and females were tested by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Growth in males and females within the same age groups was tested by Student s t test (P> 0.05). RESULTS Sex and Age Compositions The sex and age compositions of C. gibelio were shown in Table 1. The 128 individuals of C. gibelio used for the age determination consisted of 47 (36,7%) males and 81 (63,3%) females. The male female ratio for all fish combined was 0,58:1 and differed statistically from the expected 1:1 (P<0.05). The ages of the captured specimens ranged from I to VI and the second group was dominant in the population. 100

5 Age and growth properties of Carassius gibelio (Cyprinidae) living in Aksu River Estuary (Antalya-Turkey) Table 1. The sex and age compositions of C. Gibelio. Female Male All individuals Age N % N % N % I II III IV V VI Total Age-Length and Weight Composition Length frequency distribution of C. gibelio was given in Table 2. Table 2. Length frequency distribution of C. gibelio. Length Age groups (in years) intervals (cm) I II III IV V VI Total Total % Range TL Mean TL±SD 12.16± ± ± ± ± ± ±4.5 Range TW Mean TW±SD 40.71± ± ± ± ± ± ± The specimens of C. gibelio ranged from 10,3 to 30,5 cm in total length and from 25 to 607 g in total weight. Among the C. gibelio caught 64.84% were cm, 10.16% were shorter than 16 cm and 25% were longer than 24 cm. Weights of C. gibelio ranged between 25 g and 607 g., the majority being (50.78%) g. Adult males ranged from 11.3 to 29.5 cm TL and females ranged from 10.3 to 30.5 cm TL. The length frequency distributions of males and females were not significantly different (Kolmogorov Smirnov two-sample test, P>0.10). 101

6 DENİZ İNNAL Length and weight distribution of C. gibelio were given in Figure 1 and N(%) Total Length (cm) Figure 1. Length distribution of C. gibelio N(%) Figure 2. Weight distribution of C. gibelio Total Weight (g) Mean condition values for age groups of C. gibelio were given in Figure 3. Mean condition factor of the combined sexes was calculated as 1.96 and ranged from 1.43 to 2.68 cm. Differences in mean condition factors of males and females were not statistically significant. 102

7 Age and growth properties of Carassius gibelio (Cyprinidae) living in Aksu River Estuary (Antalya-Turkey) 3,00 Mean Condition values 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0, ,00 I II III IV Ages Figure 3. Mean Condition values for age groups of C. gibelio. V VI Length-weight relationships Length-weight relationship of C. gibelio were given in Figure W = L R 2 = Weight(g) Length(cm) Figure 4. Length weight relationship of C. gibelio. 103

8 DENİZ İNNAL Table 3. Some parameters in length-weight relationships and growth rates of C. gibelio in Turkey. Study area References Age groups Sex ratio (M/F) Sex b W (g) L (cm) K (year -1 ) t 0 Ø M F Egirdir Lake Balık et al I-VI 1.15/1 M+F M F Beyşehir Lake Cınar et al V 0.92/1 M+F Buldan Lake Sarı et al I-VI 0.006/1 M+F M Aksu River Estuary Present study I-VI 0.58/1 F M+F

9 Age and growth properties of Carassius gibelio (Cyprinidae) living in Aksu River Estuary (Antalya-Turkey) Length weight relationships were calculated by using the data of 128 C. gibelio specimens. These were found to be W = xL (R 2 =0.975) for females; W= 0.015x L (R 2 =0.977) for males and W = xL (R 2 =0.976) for all individuals. Growth rates Von Bertalanffy growth model of the C. gibelio population in the Aksu River Estuary was described as Lt=36.86[1-e (t+0.791) ] and Wt=1040.8[1-e (t+0.791) ] Growth parameters were L = cm, k = year 1 and t 0 = for males and L = cm, k = year 1 and t 0 = for females and L = cm, k = year 1 and t 0 = for all individuals. The phi-prime test estimations were calculated as in the C. gibelio population. DISCUSSION Gibel carp has the most effective reproductive strategies. A major biological trait responsible for invasiveness in gibel carp is its reproduction. The sex composition in present study of C.gibelio populations was 81 for female and 47 for male. There were significant differences (p<0.05) between sexes in favour of the females. Invading populations are often triploid and composed of almost exclusively females, which show apomictic (gynogenetic) reproduction - using the sperm of other species to activate (but not fertilize) their own eggs (Vetemaa et al. 2005). Except Lake Eğirdir population, freshwater populations of gibel carp in Turkey consisted exclusively of females. Similar results were reported for C. gibelio populations in Estonia (Vetemaa et al. 2005). The age composition in present study of C.gibelio populations was I-VI. Similar results between the present and previous studies (Balık et al. 2004, Tarkan et al. 2006, Sarı et al. 2008, Leonardos et al. 2008) were also found in the oldest maximum age recorded. In European waters, lifespan of C.gibelio is rarely exceeding 7 years (Leonardos et al. 2008). The maximum length and weight values of C.gibelio (Table 3) showed great variation between different habitats. These diffences are attributes to sampling differences, feeding habitats, population density, ecological conditions, parasite load and sexual maturity age as well as the differences in habitat. The slope (b) value of the length-weight regression of both sexes combined of C. gibelio populations was The slope (b) values of the length-weight regression of both sexes combined of C. gibelio populations were significantly different from 3. Length-weight relationship showed that the C. gibelio populations show allometric growth (weight showed allometric growth with length). Similar results were reported for C. gibelio population in Eğirdir Lake (Balık et 105

10 DENİZ İNNAL al. 2004) and Beyşehir Lake (Cınar et al. 2007). The b value shows great variation from one population to another of the same species. The b value of C. gibelio in Turkey has been shown to range from 2,87 to 3,24. The estimated L and the asymptotic weight (W ) were calculated as cm and g, respectively, for C. gibelio. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters calculated by using the total lengths at ages were; Lt = 35.96[1-e (t+0.882) ] in males and Lt=37.56[1- e (t+0.767) ] in females. Growth parameters showed that females grew to a greater theoretical maximum length (L ) than males (the k value in males was higher than in females but differences of k value in males and females are very small). It was found that C. gibelio attains its highest relative increase in length and weight during the first year of life, after which a gradual decrease in growth increment is noticed with further increase in age. The high condition factor values of C. gibelio are reported from Egirdir Lake (Balık et al. 2004) and Beyşehir Lake (Cınar et al. 2007). Differences in condition factor values may be attributed to variation in salinity, temperature and possible differences in feeding habits. The phi- prime test estimations provide an indicator of the reliability of estimates since it is suggested that values are similar for the same species and genera. The phi- prime test estimations were calculated as in the C. gibelio population. The phi-prime test estimations of C. gibelio in Turkey have been shown to range from 2.17 to These variations in phi- prime test estimations could be caused by different results obtained in age readings by the different researchers, sampling differences and fish condition The estaury zones of Aksu River seem to meet the habitat requirements of C. gibelio in terms of population establisment and growth capacities. The study has provided basic information on the important biological attributes of species and would be useful for fishery biologists to improve adequate regulations for sustainable fishery management. Descriptive and experimental studies are required on the impact of gibel carp on populations and communities of estuarine fish. 106

11 Age and growth properties of Carassius gibelio (Cyprinidae) living in Aksu River Estuary (Antalya-Turkey) REFERENCES Avşar, Balıkçılık Biyolojisi ve Populasyon Dinamiği, Baki Kitabevi, 303 p. Balık, I., Ozkok, R., Cubuk, H. and Uysal, R., Investigation of some biological characteristics of the silver crucian carp, Carassius gibelio (Bloch 1782) population in Lake Egirdir. Turkish Journal of Zoology 28: Boron, A., Szlachciak, J., Juchno, D., Grabowska, A., Jagusztyn, B. and Porycka, K., Karyotype, morphology and reproduction ability of the prussian carp, Carassius gibelio (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), from unisexual and bisexual populations in Poland. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 41: Cınar, S., Cubuk, H., Ozkök, R., Tumgelir, L., Cetinkaya, S., Erol, K.G. and Ceylan, M., Growth features of sılver Crucıan carp (Carassius gibelio Bloch, 1782) populatıon ın Lake Beysehir. Turkish Journal of Aquatic Life 5: Economidis, P. S., Dimitriou, E., Pagoni, R., Michaloudi, E. and Natsis, L., Introduced and translocated fish species in the inland waters of Greece. Fisheries Management and Ecology 7: Grabowska, J., Kotusz, J. and Witkowski, A., Alien invasive fish species in Polish waters: an overview. Folia Zoologica 59: Ilhan, A., Balık, S., Sarı, H. M. and Ustaoglu, M. R., Carassius (Cyprinidae, Pisces) species in inland waters of Western and Middle Anatolia, Southern Marmara, Thrace and Western Black Sea Regions and their distributions. Ege University Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 22: (In Turkish with English Summary). Innal, D., Comparison of fish species diversity living in estuary zone of Aksu and Köprüçay Rivers, Phd Thesis, Hacettepe University, 191 p Leonardos, I. D., Tsikliras, A. C., Eleftheriou, V., Cladas, Y., Kagalou, I., Chortatou R. and Papigioti, O., Life history characteristics of an invasive cyprinid fish (Carassius gibelio) in Chimaditis Lake (Northern Greece Journal of Applied Ichthyology 24: Malavasi, S., Fiorin, R., Franco, A., Franzoi, P., Granzotto, A., Riccato, F. and Mainardi, D., Fish assemblages of Venice Lagoon shallow waters: an analysis based on species, families and functional guilds. Journal of Marine Systems 51: Munro, J.L. and Pauly, D., A simple method for comparing the growth of fishes and invertebrates. Fishbyte 1: 5-6. Musil, J., Jurajda, P., Adamek, Z., Horky, P. and Slavik, O., Non-native fish introductions in the Czech Republic - species inventory, facts and future perspectives. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 26:

12 DENİZ İNNAL Ozcan, G., Distribution of non-indigenous fish species, Prussian carp Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) in the Turkish Freshwater Systems. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 10: Ozulug, M., Meric, N. and Freyhof, J., The distribution of Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in Thrace (Turkey). Zoology in the Middle East 31: Papousek, I., Vetesnik, L., Halacka, K., Luskova, V., Humpl, M. and Mendel, J., Identification of natural hybrids of gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch) and crucian carp Carassius carassius (L.) from lower Dyje River floodplain (Czech Republic). Journal of Fish Biology 72: Penaz, M. and Kokes, J., Notes on the diet, growth and reproduction of Carassius auratus gibelio in 2 localities in southern Slovakia. Folia Zoologica 30: Penaz, M. and Dulmaa, A., Morphology, population-structure, reproduction and growth in mongolian populations of Carassius auratus gıbelio (Pisces, Cyprinidae). Folia Zoologica 36: Perdikaris, C., Ergolavou, A., Gouva, E., Nathanailides, C., Chantzaropoulos, A. and Paschos, I., Carassius gibelio in Greece: the dominant naturalised invader of freshwaters. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries DOI /s Prokes, M. and Barus, V., On the natural hybrid between common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) in the Czech Republic. Folia Zoologica 45: Sarı, H.M., Balık, S., Ustaoglu, R. and Ilhan, A., Population structure, growth and mortality of Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) Buldan Dam Lake. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 8: Sası, H., The Length and weight relations of some reproduction characteristics of Prussian carp, Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) in the South Aegean Region (Aydın-Turkey). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 8: Sası, H., Balık, S., The distribution of three exotic fishes in Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Zoology 27: Shamsan, E. F. and Ansari Z.A., Study of age and growth of indian sand whiting Sillago sihama (Forsskal) from Zuari Estuary, Goa. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 39,1: Stranai, I., The find of a natural hybrid of Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) x Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758). Czech Journal of Animal Sciences 44: Tarkan, A. S., Gaygusuz, O., Gursoy, C., Acıpınar, H. and Bilge, G., A new predator species Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) in Marmara Region: Succesful or not. In: I. Symposium on Management of Reservoirs and Fish Stocking. MARA, Mediterranean Fisheries, Production and Education Institute, Eds: Y. Emre and 108

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