8. FISH RESOURCE ASSESSMENT

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1 8. FISH RESOURCE ASSESSMENT 8.1 Introduction Fishes form one of the most important groups of vertebrates, influencing its life in various ways. Millions of human beings suffer from hunger and malnutrition and fishes form a rich source of food and provide a meal to tide over the nutritional difficulties of man. In addition to serving as an important item of food, fishes provide several by-products to us. Fishes have formed an important item of human diet from time immemorial and are primarily caught for this purpose. Fish diet provides proteins, fat and vitamins A and D. A large amount of phosphorous and other elements are also present in it. They have a good taste and are easily digestible (Sarwade and Khillare, 2010). Fish constitutes half of the total number of vertebrates in the world. They live in almost all conceivable aquatic habitats; 21,723 living species of fish have been recorded out of 39,900 species of vertebrates out of these 8,411 are freshwater species and 11,650 are marine. India is one of the mega biodiversity countries in the world and occupies the ninth position in terms of freshwater mega biodiversity (Mittermeier and Mitemeir, 1997). Ichthyodiversity refers to variety of fish species; depending on context and scale, it could refer to alleles or genotypes within fish population to species of life forms within a fish community and to species or life forms across aqua regimes (Burton, et al., 1992). The eastern Himalayan region encompassing the Northeast is considered as one of the hot spots of freshwater fish biodiversity in the world (Kottelat and Whitten, 1996). The north eastern region of India has unique topographical conditions. The eco 167

2 climatic zone of freshwater fishery ranges from warm water drainage system to minus zero degree temperature conditions. As a result, the region is blessed with vast and varied water resources in the form of rivers, reservoirs, beels, lakes, swamps etc. Riverine fishery plays in an important role in the region, which harbours the natural stocks of the fish species. The region is blessed with 56 notable rivers/tributaries and several small rivulets/hill streams. Two major river systems of the region are the Brahmaputra and the Barak along with their tributaries constitute important fishery resources of the region particularly in Assam. The freshwater ichthyodiversity of Assam was reported by various workers. Some of the pioneering works on ichthyofauna of river Brahmaputra were conducted by Hamilton (1814), MeClelland (1839), Beavan (1877), Hunter (1879) and Day (1877 and 1889). Later, during the 20 th century, several workers studied the taxonomy and distribution of fishes in the Brahmaputra river system. Among them De (1910) studied the fishery potentialities of Eastern Bengal and Assam. Hora (1922 and 1936) reported the fish species of the hilly areas of Assam. Sehgal and Motwani et al. (1962) studied the fisheries of river Brahmaputra. There are a few reports available on the hydrobiology and fisheries of the Brahmaputra basin (Dey, 1976 and 1984; Jhingran, 1991; Yadav and Sugunan, 1992; Biswas et al., 1995; Biswas, 1998 and Biswas and Boruah, 2000). Moreover the freshwater ichthyodiversity of Assam was also reported by Dey (1973 b), Dey (1981), Dey (1982), Nath (1987), Boruah (1999), Biswas and Boruah (2002), Das and Biswas (2006), Das (2007) and Das and Biswas (2008). Although survey on ichthyofauna of this region has been carried out by a few workers, but yet in 168

3 Assam, there is no detailed information regarding the diversity, abundance and status of tributaries of the Brahmaputra river system. 8.2 Results: During this investigation 70 fish species belonging to 53 genera, 18 families and 7 orders have been recorded from the five stations of Pagladia (Fig-42). The ichthyo species of the tributary belong to following orders- Osteoglossiformes, Cypriniformes, Siluriformes, Perciformes, Beloniformes, Synbranchiformes and Cyprinodontiformes. Out of these 70 species, 2 belong to family Notopteridae, followed by Cyprinidae (30), Nemacheilidae (3), Cobitidae (3), Bagridae (6), Siluridae (2), Schilbeidae (4), Pangasiidae (1) Sisoridae (2), Olyridae (1), Ambassidae (2), Anabantidae (1), Belontiidae (3),Channidae (4),Gobiidae (1),Belonidae (1), Mastacembelidae (3), Aplochelidae (1).The collected fish species from the five different stations are depicted in table % 23% 1% 4% 1% 3% Osteoglossiformes Cypriniformes Siluriformes Perciformes 52% Beloniformes Synbranchiformes Cyprinodontiformes Fig-42: Percentage contribution of different orders of Fish in Pagladia river 169

4 S- S- S- S- S- Order Family Name of the species Chitala chitala (Hamilton) Osteoglossiformes Notopteridae Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Amblypharygodon mola (Hamilton) Aspidoparia jaya (Hamilton) A. morar (Hamilton Buchanan) Bangana dero (Hamilton) Barilius barila (Hamilton) B. bendelisis (Hamilton) B. vagra (Hamilton Buchanan) Catla catla (Hamilton) Laubuca laubuca (Hamilton) Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) C. reba (Hamilton) Chagunius chagunio (Hamilton) Crossocheilus latius (Hamilton) Cyprinon semiplotum (McClelland) Devario devario (Hamilton) Danio rerio (Hamilton) Esomus danrica (Hamilton) Garra annandalei (Hora) Labeo bata (Hamilton) L. calbasu (Hamilton) L. gonius (Hamilton) L. rohita (Hamilton) Neolissocheilus hexagonolepis (McClelland) Ostreobrama cotio (Hamilton) Pethia conchonius (Hamilton) P. ticto (Hamilton) Puntius. sophore (Hamilton) Raimas bola (Hamilton) Rasbora daniconius

5 Siluriformes Nemacheilidae Cobitidae Bagridae Siluridae Schilbeidae Pangasiidae Sisoridae (Hamilton) Salmophasia bacaila (Hamilton) Acanthocobitis botia (Hamilton) Schistura multifasciata (Day) S. reticulofasciata (Singh & Banarescu) Botia dario (Hamilton) Canthophrys gongota (Hamilton) Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Hamilton) Sperata seenghala (Sykes) Hemibagrus menoda (Hamilton) Mystus cavasius (Hamilton) M. tengara (Hamilton) M. vittatus (Bloch) Rita rita (Hamilton) Ompok pabo (Hamilton) Wallago attu (Bloch Schneider) Ailia coila (Hamilton) Clupisoma garua (Hamilton) Eutropiichthys vacha (Hamilton) Neotropius atherinoides (Bloch) Pangasius pangasius (Hamilton) Gagata cenia (Hamilton) Bagarius bagarius (Hamilton) Olyra longicaudata Olyridae (McClelland) Perciformes Ambassidae Chanda nama (Hamilton) Parambassis ranga (Hamilton)

6 Beloniformes Synbrachiformes Cyprinodontiformes Anabantidae Anabus testudineus (Bloch) Trichogaster fasciata (Bloch Osphronemidae & Schneider) T. lalius (Hamilton) P. chuna (Hamilton) Channa gachua (Hamilton) Channidae C. punctata (Bloch) C. Stewartii (Playfair) C. striata (Bloch) Glossogobius giuris Gobiidae (Hamilton) Xenontodon cancila Belonidae (Hamilton) Macrognathus aral (Bloch & Schneider) Mastacembelidae M. pancalus (Hamilton) Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepède) Aplocheilus panchax Aplochelidae (Hamilton) Note: + present, - Absent Table-43: An account of station wise occurrence of Fish species in Pagladia river An account of station wise occurrence of the fish species revealed that only nine species of fish was reported from station-1 (minimum), 13 species were reported from station-2, 57 were species reported from station-3, 58 were species reported from station-4 (maximum) and 50 were species reported from station-5. An account of station and family wise occurrence of the fish species is presented below- 1. Notopteridae: Two fish species belonging to this family recorded from Pagladia river. Species like Chitala chitala and Notopterus notopterus were reported from 172

7 station-3, 4 and 5. These two species are plain water forms and inhabit in the down stream zones of the tributary. 2. Cyprinidae: Cyprinidae represented maximum number (30) of fish species from Pagladia river. Fish species like Amblypharygodon mola, Aspidoparia jaya, A. morar, Barilius barila, B. bendelisis, Catla catla, Laubuca laubuca, Cirrhinus mrigala, C. reba, Labeo bata, L. calbasu, L. gonius, L. rohita, Pethia ticto Salmophasia bacaila were collected from station-3, 4 and 5. On the other hand species like Bangana dero, Barilius vagra and Cyprinon semiplotum were reported from station-1 and 2. Crossocheilus latius, Devario devario, Danio rerio, Esomus danrica, Ostreobrama cotio and Rasbora daniconius were reported from station-3 and 4. Raimas bola collected from station-2 and 3. Chagunius chagunio and Pethia conchonius were reported from station-4 and 5. Garra annandalei and Neolissocheilus hexagonolepis were only reported from station Nemacheilidae: Nemacheilidae represented only three fish species from Pagladia river. Among these species Acanthocobitis botia repoted from station- 1, 2, 3 and 4 and other two species i.e. Schistura multifasciata and S. reticulofasciata were reported from only station Cobitidae: Cobitidae represented only three fish species from Pagladia river. Among these fish species Canthophrys gongota was reported from station-2 and 173

8 3, while remaining two species i.e. Botia dario Lepidocephalichthys guntea and were reported from station-3, 4 and Bagridae: Six fish species belonging to this family were recorded from Pagladia river. Among all these fishes Sperata seenghala and Hemibagrus menoda were reported from station-2, 3, 4 and 5. Species like Mystus cavasius, M. tengara and M. vittatus were reported from station-3, 4 and 5. Rita rita was the species collected only from station Siluridae: Two fish species belonging to this family were reported from Pagladia river. These two species i.e. Ompok pabo and Wallago attu were collected from station-3, 4 and Schilbeidae: Four fish species belonging to this family were recorded from Pagladia river. Among these species Ailia coila and Eutropiichthys vacha were reported from station-2, 3 and 4. Clupisoma garua was reported from station-4 and 5. Neotropius atherinoides was reported from station-3, 4 and Pangasiidae: Only one species of this family namely Pangasius pangasius was reported from only station-5 of this tributary. 9. Sisoridae: Two species of this family namely Gagata cenia and Bagarius bagarius were recorded from Pagladia river. The first one reported from station- 3 & 4, while the second one reported from station-3, 4 and

9 10. Olyridae: Only one species of this family namely Olyra longicaudata was reported from only station-1 of this tributary. 11. Ambassidae: Two species of this family namely Chanda nama and Parambassis ranga were recorded from Pagladia river. Both these two species were collected from station-2, 3, 4 and Anabantidae: Only one species of this family namely Anabus testudineus was reported from station-3, 4 and 5 of this tributary. 13. Osphronemidae: Three fish species namely Trichogaster fasciata, T. lalius and P. chuna belonging to family Osphronemidae were recorded from Pagladia river. All these three species were reported from station-3, 4 and Channidae: Channidae represented four fish species from Pagladia river. All these four species namely Channa gachua, C. punctata, C. Stewartii and C. striata were reported from station-3, 4 and Gobiidae: Only one species of this family namely Glossogobius giuris was reported from station-2, 3, 4 and 5 of this tributary. 16. Belonidae: Single species of this family namely Xenontodon cancila was reported from station-3, 4 and 5 of this tributary. 175

10 17. Mastacembelidae: Three species of this family namely Macrognathus aral, M. pancalus and Mastacembelus armatus were recorded from Pagladia river. All these three species reported from station-3, 4 and Aplochelidae: Single species of family Aplochelidae namely Aplocheilus panchax was reported from station-3, 4 and 5 of this tributary Fish species richness and diversity indices: Species richness, abundance and diversity of a particular area directly correlated with the environmental features of that area. As these parameters fluctuate in each season of the year a seasonal variation is also observed in species richness, abundance and diversity. During the study period seasonal as well as altitudinal variation in species richness, abundance and diversity were observed in Pagladia river. All the results have been discussed below- Station-1: During year 2009, species abundance was ranged between 6 and 107 minimum during monsoon and maximum in winter. Species richness was ranged between 3 and 9 minimum during monsoon and maximum in remaining three seasons. Shannon-Weiner index (H / ) was ranged between 1.11 and 2.14 minimum during monsoon and maximum in pre-monsoon. Simpson s index of dominance (D) was ranged between 0.12 and 0.33 minimum during pre-monsoon and maximum in monsoon. Simpson s index of diversity was ranged between 0.69 and 0.88 minimum during monsoon and maximum in pre- 176

11 monsoon. Evenness (E) was ranged between 0.94 and 1 minimum during retreating monsoon and maximum in monsoon. Similarly during year 2010, species abundance was ranged between 8 and 111 minimum during monsoon and maximum in winter. Species richness was ranged between 4 and 9 minimum during monsoon and maximum in remaining three seasons. Shannon-Weiner index (H / ) was ranged between 1.32 and 2.31 minimum during monsoon and maximum in pre-monsoon and reatreating monsoon. Simpson s index of dominance (D) was ranged between 0.12 and 0.28 minimum during pre-monsoon and maximum in monsoon. Simpson s index of diversity was ranged between 0.72 and 0.88 minimum during monsoon and maximum in pre-monsoon. Evenness (E) was ranged between 0.93 and 0.95 minimum during winter and maximum in pre-monsoon. Station-2: During year 2009, species abundance was ranged between 20 and 79 minimum during monsoon and maximum in winter. Species richness was ranged between 8 and 13 minimum during monsoon and maximum in winter. Shannon-Weiner index (H / ) was ranged between 1.97 and 2.40 minimum during monsoon and maximum in winter. Simpson s index of dominance (D) was ranged between 0.11 and 0.15 minimum during pre-monsoon and winter and maximum in monsoon. Simpson s index of diversity was ranged between 0.85 and 0.89 minimum during monsoon and maximum in premonsoon and winter. Evenness (E) was ranged between 0.83 and 0.90 minimum during retreating monsoon and maximum in pre-monsoon and monsoon. Similarly during year 2010, species abundance was ranged between 20 and 84 minimum during monsoon and maximum in winter. Species richness was ranged 177

12 between 8 and 13 minimum during monsoon and maximum in winter. Shannon-Weiner index (H / ) was ranged between 1.97 and 2.40 minimum during monsoon and maximum in winter. Simpson s index of dominance (D) was ranged between 0.11 and 0.15 minimum during pre-monsoon and maximum in monsoon. Simpson s index of diversity was ranged between 0.85 and 0.89 minimum during monsoon and maximum in premonsoon. Evenness (E) was ranged between 0.83 and 0.92 minimum during retreating monsoon and maximum in pre-monsoon. Station-3: During year 2009, species abundance was ranged between 503 and 874 minimum during pre-monsoon and maximum in winter. Species richness was ranged between 54 and 57 minimum during monsoon and maximum in remaining three seasons. Shannon-Weiner index (H / ) was ranged between 3.77 and 3.93 minimum during monsoon and maximum in pre-monsoon. Simpson s index of dominance (D) was ranged between 0.02 and 0.03 minimum during retreating monsoon and maximum in monsoon. Simpson s index of diversity was ranged between 0.97 and 0.98 minimum during monsoon and maximum in remaining all seasons. Evenness (E) was ranged between 0.80 and 0.89 minimum during monsoon and maximum in retreating monsoon. Similarly during year 2010, species abundance was ranged between 532 and 937 minimum during pre-monsoon and maximum in winter. Species richness was ranged between 54 and 57 minimum during monsoon and maximum in all seasons other than monsoon. Shannon-Weiner index (H / ) was ranged between 3.78 and 3.95 minimum during monsoon and maximum in retreating monsoon. Simpson s index of dominance (D) was ranged between 0.02 and 0.03 minimum during all seasons other than monsoon 178

13 and maximum in monsoon. Simpson s index of diversity was ranged between 0.97 and 0.98 minimum during monsoon and maximum in all seasons other than monsoon. Evenness (E) was ranged between 0.82 and 0.91 minimum during monsoon and maximum in retreating monsoon. Station-4: During year 2009, species abundance was ranged between 506 and 768 minimum during retreating monsoon and maximum in winter. Species richness was ranged between 53 and 58 minimum during monsoon and maximum in pre-monsoon. Shannon-Weiner index (H / ) was ranged between 3.78 and 3.87 minimum during winter and maximum in pre-monsoon and retreating monsoon. Simpson s index of dominance (D) was ranged between 0.02 and 0.03 minimum during pre-monsoon, monsoon and retreating monsoon and maximum in winter. Simpson s index of diversity was ranged between 0.97 and 0.98 minimum during winter and maximum in remaining seasons. Evenness (E) was ranged between 0.78 and 0.86 minimum during winter and maximum in retreating monsoon. Similarly during year 2010, species abundance was ranged between 515 and 772 minimum during retreaeting monsoon and maximum in winter. Species richness was ranged between 53 and 58 minimum during monsoon and maximum in pre-monsoon. Shannon-Weiner index (H / ) was ranged between 3.78 and 3.90 minimum during winter and maximum in retreating monsoon. Simpson s index of dominance (D) was estimated equal in all seasons (0.02). Simpson s index of diversity was ranged between 0.97 and 0.98 minimum during winter and maximum in all seasons other than winter. Evenness 179

14 (E) was ranged between 0.79 and 1 minimum during winter and maximum in monsoon and retreating monsoon. Station-5: During year 2009, species abundance was ranged between 437 and 107 minimum during monsoon and maximum in winter. Species richness was ranged between 3 and 9 minimum during monsoon and maximum in pre-monsoon, winter and retreating monsoon. Shannon-Weiner index (H / ) was ranged between 1.11 and 2.14 minimum during monsoon and maximum in pre-monsoon. Simpson s index of dominance (D) was ranged between 0.12 and 0.33 minimum during pre-monsoon and maximum in monsoon. Simpson s index of diversity was ranged between 0.69 and 0.88 minimum during monsoon and maximum in pre-monsoon. Evenness (E) was ranged between 0.94 and 1 minimum during retreating monsoon and maximum in monsoon. Similarly during year 2010, species abundance was ranged between 439 and 660 minimum during retreating monsoon and maximum in winter. Species richness was ranged between 47 and 50 minimum during monsoon and winter and maximum in premonsoon and retreating monsoon. Shannon-Weiner index (H / ) was ranged between 3.60 and 3.78 minimum during winter and maximum in retreating monsoon. Simpson s index of dominance (D) was estimated equal in all seasons (0.03). Simpson s index of diversity was ranged between 0.97 and 0.98 minimum in all seasons other than retreating monsoon and maximum in monsoon retreating monsoon. Evenness (E) was ranged between 0.78 and 0.87 minimum during winter and maximum in retreating monsoon. 180

15 Seasons Premonsoon Stations Number of individuals (N) (Species Abundance) Number Species of species diversity (Richness) (H / ) (S) Index Simpson s diversity indices Simpson s Simpson s index of dominance index of diversity Evenness (D) (1 D) (E) 181

16 Monsoon Retreating monsoon Winter Table-44: Species richness and diversity indices of Fish fauna in Pagladia river during 2009 Seasons Premonsoon Monsoon Retreatin g Number of individuals (N) (Species Abundance) Number of species (Richness) Species diversity (H / ) Index Simpson s diversity indices Simpson s Simpson index of dominance s index of diversity Evenness D 1 D Stations (E) 182

17 monsoon Winter Table-45: Species richness and diversity indices of fish fauna in Pagladia river during Bray-Curtis Cluster Analysis Cluster analysis of the survey stations made based on the abundance of fish fauna in the survey stations (Fig-43 and 44) revealed a comparable picture. During 2009 as the number of individuals of fish fauna in the station-1 and 2 were less (205 and 172 respectively), it was farthest from all the clusters in the dendrogram. Sites 3 and 4 were more closely positioned and comparatively nearer to station-5 than station-1 and

18 Fig-43: Bray-Curtis Cluster analysis using simple linkage method for five survey stations in Pagladia river during 2009 Similarly during 2010 as the number of individuals of fish fauna in the station-1 and 2 were less (213 and 181 respectively), it was farthest from all the clusters in the dendrogram. Sites 3 and 4 were more closely positioned and comparatively nearer to station-5 than station-1 and

19 Fig-44: Bray-Curtis Cluster analysis using simple linkage method for five survey stations in Pagladia river during Principal Component Analysis (PCA) It is evident from the PCA as represented in Fig. 45 and 46, that relative distance between the two survey stations indicates the similarity between them and respective coordinates. 185

20 Fig-45: Biplot of principal component derived from in the five survey station on Fish species richness and their ecological status during 2009 Fig-46: Biplot of principal component derived from in the five survey station on Fish species richness and their ecological status during

21 8.3 Ornamental Fish Categories: Many of the fish species reported from five stations of Pagladia river (87.14%) are considered as ornamental fish. Out of these 70 fish species recorded from Pagladia, 61 species were recognized as ornamental fish, of which 35 species identified as classified and 26 as non-classified ornamental fish, which are depicted in Table-46. Sl. No. Name of the species Category 1 Chitala chitala (Hamilton) Non-classified 2 Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) Non-classified 3 Amblypharygodon mola (Hamilton) Classified 4 Aspidoparia jaya (Hamilton) Classified 5 A. morar (Hamilton-Buchanan) Non-classified 6 Barilius barila (Hamilton) Classified 7 B. bendelisis (Hamilton) Classified 8 B. vagra (Hamilton- Buchanan) Classified 9 Laubuca laubuca (Hamilton) Classified 10 Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton) Non-classified 11 Chagunius chagunio (Hamilton) Classified 12 Crossocheilus latius (Hamilton) Non-classified 13 Cyprinon semiplotum (McClelland) Non-classified 14 Devario devario (Hamilton) Classified 15 Danio rerio (Hamilton) Classified 16 Esomus danrica (Hamilton) Classified 17 Garra annandalei (Hora) Non-classified 18 Labeo calbasu (Hamilton) Non-classified 19 Neolissocheilus hexagonolepis (McClelland) Non-classified 20 Ostreobrama cotio (Hamilton) Classified 21 Pethia conchonius (Hamilton) Classified 22 P. ticto (Hamilton) Classified 23 Puntius. sophore (Hamilton) Classified 24 Raimas bola (Hamilton) Non-classified 25 Rasbora daniconius (Hamilton) Classified 26 Salmophasia bacaila (Hamilton) Non-classified 27 Acanthocobitis botia (Hamilton) Classified 28 Schistura multifasciata (Day) Classified 29 S. reticulofasciata (Singh & Banarescu) Classified 30 Botia dario (Hamilton) Classified 31 Canthophrys gongota (Hamilton) Non-classified 32 Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Hamilton) Classified 33 Hemibagrus menoda (Hamilton) Non-classified 34 Mystus cavasius (Hamilton) Non-classified 187

22 35 M. tengara (Hamilton) Classified 36 M. vittatus (Bloch) Classified 37 Rita rita (Hamilton) Non-classified 38 Ompok pabo (Hamilton) Non-classified 39 Ailia coila (Hamilton) Non-classified 40 Clupisoma garua (Hamilton) Classified 41 Eutropiichthys vacha (Hamilton) Non-classified 42 Neotropius atherinoides (Bloch) Classified 43 Pangasius pangasius (Hamilton) Non-classified 44 Gagata cenia (Hamilton) Classified 45 Olyra longicaudata (McClelland) Classified 46 Chanda nama (Hamilton) Classified 47 Parambassis ranga (Hamilton) Classified 48 Anabus testudineus (Bloch) Non-classified 49 Trichogaster fasciata (Bloch & Schneider) Classified 50 T. lalius (Hamilton) Classified 51 P. chuna (Hamilton) Classified 52 Channa gachua (Hamilton) Classified 53 C. punctata (Bloch) Non-classified 54 C. Stewartii (Playfair) Non-classified 55 C. striata (Bloch) Non-classified 56 Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton) Non-classified 57 Xenontodon cancila (Hamilton) Non-classified 58 Macrognathus aral (Bloch & Schneider) Classified 59 M. pancalus (Hamilton) Classified 60 Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepède) Non-classified 61 Aplocheilus panchax (Hamilton) Classified Table-46: Category of Ornamental Fish Species (OFS) in Pagladia river 8.4 Threat categories Out of these 70 fish species recorded from Pagladia river, 61 species were assessed as least concern (LC), 6 near threatened (NT), 2 vulnerable (VU) and 1 data deficient (DD).The list of fish species recorded from Pagladia along with their threat status as per IUCN (2012.2) is depicted in Table-47. Sl. No. Name of the species Threat Category 1 Chitala chitala (Hamilton) NT 2 Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) LC 3 Amblypharygodon mola (Hamilton) LC 4 Aspidoparia jaya (Hamilton) LC 5 A. morar (Hamilton-Buchanan) LC 188

23 6 Bangana dero (Hamilton) LC 7 Barilius barila (Hamilton) LC 8 B. bendelisis (Hamilton) LC 9 B. vagra (Hamilton- Buchanan) LC 10 Catla catla (Hamilton) LC 11 Laubuca laubuca (Hamilton) LC 12 Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) LC 13 C. reba (Hamilton) LC 14 Chagunius chagunio (Hamilton) LC 15 Crossocheilus latius (Hamilton) LC 16 Cyprinon semiplotum (McClelland) VU 17 Devario devario (Hamilton) LC 18 Danio rerio (Hamilton) LC 19 Esomus danrica (Hamilton) LC 20 Garra annandalei (Hora) LC 21 Labeo bata (Hamilton) LC 22 L. calbasu (Hamilton) LC 23 L. gonius (Hamilton) LC 24 L. rohita (Hamilton) LC 25 Neolissocheilus hexagonolepis (McClelland) NT 26 Ostreobrama cotio (Hamilton) LC 27 Pethia conchonius (Hamilton) LC 28 P. ticto (Hamilton) LC 29 Puntius sophore (Hamilton) LC 30 Raimas bola (Hamilton) LC 31 Rasbora daniconius (Hamilton) LC 32 Salmophasia bacaila (Hamilton) LC 33 Acanthocobitis botia (Hamilton) LC 34 Botia dario (Hamilton) LC 35 Canthophrys gongota (Hamilton) LC 36 Schistura multifasciata (Day) LC 37 S. reticulofasciata (Singh & Banarescu) VU 38 Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Hamilton) LC 39 Sperata seenghala (Sykes) LC 40 Hemibagrus menoda (Hamilton) LC 41 Mystus cavasius (Hamilton) LC 42 M. tengara (Hamilton) LC 43 M. vittatus (Bloch) LC 44 Rita rita (Hamilton) LC 45 Ompok pabo (Hamilton) NT 46 Wallago attu (Bloch- Schneider) NT 47 Ailia coila (Hamilton) NT 48 Clupisoma garua (Hamilton) LC 49 Eutropiichthys vacha (Hamilton) LC 50 Pangasius pangasius (Hamilton) LC 51 Neotropius atherinoides (Bloch) LC 189

24 52 Gagata cenia (Hamilton) LC 53 Bagarius bagarius (Hamilton) NT 54 Olyra longicaudata (McClelland) LC 55 Chanda nama (Hamilton) LC 56 Parambassis ranga (Hamilton) LC 57 Anabus testudineus (Bloch) DD 58 Trichogaster fasciata (Bloch & Schneider) LC 59 T. lalius (Hamilton) LC 60 T. chuna (Hamilton) LC 61 Channa gachua (Hamilton) LC 62 C. punctata (Bloch) LC 63 C. Stewartii (Playfair) LC 64 C. striata (Bloch) LC 65 Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton) LC 66 Xenontodon cancila (Hamilton) LC 67 Macrognathus aral (Bloch & Schneider) LC 68 M. pancalus (Hamilton) LC 69 Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede) LC 70 Aplocheilus panchax (Hamilton) LC Table-47: Threat Category of different Fish species in Pagladia river as per IUCN (2012.2) Fig-:Threat status of fish fauna of Pagladia river as per IUCN (2012) 1% 3% 9% Least concern (LC) Near threatened (NT) vulnerable (VU) Data deficient (DD) 87% Fig-47: Percentage contribution of threat category of Fish species in Pagladia river 8.5 Seasonal landing of fish as per IUCN (2012.2) 190

25 The main fishing seasons in Pagladia river was found to be winter, pre-monsoon and retreating monsoon as during this period water level of the stream recedes. Fish caught is very low in monsoon season due to high water level and fast water current. Table- shows the order-wise fish catch composition (in percentage) in the Pagladia river during the present study period. Cypriniformes constituted about highest percent (57.79 %) of the total annual fish catch. Similarly, Cyprinodontiformes constituted lowest percentage (0.17 %) of total annual fish catch. There is no definite and regular fish landing stations near the banks of Pagladia river. Fishes caught from this tributary sometimes brought to the local market for sale. But in most of the cases, the catch is sold in some unorganized temporary markets near road side and river bank. During fishing seasons, the catch is mainly dominated by fish species like Labeo rohita, Neolissocheilus hexagonolepis, Raimas bola, Catla, catla, Salmophasia bacaila, Cyprinon semiplotum, Amblypharygodon mola, Barilius barila, B. bendelisis, Puntius. sophore, Raimas bola, Sperata seenghala, Mystus cavasius, M. vittatus, Wallago attu and Mastacembelus armatus. Order PM M RM W Annual Osteoglossiformes % % % % % Cypriniformes % 8.74 % % % % Siluriformes % 9.16 % % 29.0 % % Perciformes % % % % 5.50 % Beloniformes % 8.33 % % 25.0 % 1.78 % Synbrachiformes % % % % 4.31 % Cyprinodontiformes % 4.34 % % % 0.17 % Table-48: Seasonal and annual fish catch (%) of different orders of fish from Pagladia river 8.6 Effects of hydrobiological parameters on fish population: 191

26 8.6.1 Effect of physico-chemical parameters of water on Fish abundance: From the result it becomes clear that except transparency and water depth all other physico-chemical parameters are correlated with the fish abundance. Among these temperature (r = 0.22), ph (r = 0.31), free carbon-dioxide (r = 0.17), total alkalinity (r = 0.43) and total chloride (r = 0.37) are positively correlated and parameters like water velocity (r = -0.66), dissolved oxygen (r = -0.36), total hardness (r = -0.10) are negatively correlated with fish species abundance. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was applied to evaluate the various physico-chemical parameters on fish abundance. From the ordination diagram it becomes clear that commonly occurring families of fishes occupies the central position of the ordination graph and the families with rare occurrence seen at the position distant from the centre. For example, families like Cyprinidae, Schilbeidae, Sisoridae, Anabantidae, Osphronemidae, Channidae, Mastacembelidae and Aplochelidae occupies the central position of the ordination plot (Fig-48). Family Pangasiidae, Sissoridae and Gobiidae show positive correlation with temperature. This clearly suggests that fishes of these families were abundantly reported from sites with high temperature. Similarly family Notopteridae, Siluridae and Mastacembelidae show positive correlation with TA and TC. It also indicates that physico-chemical parameters of water like total alkalinity and total chloride has influence on the distribution of fish families like Notopteridae, Siluridae and Mastacembelidae and species of such families were abundantly collected from sites with high TA and TC. All the fish species of family Gobiidae, Schilbeidae, Olyridae, Cyprinidae show positive correlation with water velocity, dissolved oxygen and TH. 192

27 This clearly suggests the fishes of such families prefer habitats with high dissolved oxygen content, water velocity and total hardness. Fig-48: Spatial ordination resulting from CCA of Fish abundance of Pagladia river with respect to physico-chemical parameters of water Effect of Zooplankton density on Fish abundance: The CCA of fish abundance with zooplankton density as constrains revealed that Cladocera, Ostracoda and Rotifera are positively correlated with families like Cyprinidae, Schilbeidae, Sisoridae, Anabantidae, Osphronemidae, Mastacembelidae, 193

28 Aplochelidae, Nemacheiladae and Ambassidiae (Fig-49). This suggests the growth of these families may have a direct correlation with density of Cladocera, Ostracoda and Rotifera. Higher density of Cladocera, Ostracoda and Rotifera may favour the growth of these fishes which may be due to its feeding habit. On the other hand, ordination diagram also revealed that, zooplankton group like Copepoda is positively correlated with families like Pangasiidae, Belonidae and Channidae. This suggests that the abundance of such families of fishes may be directly influenced by the density of Copepoda. Fig-49: Spatial ordination resulting from CCA of Fish abundance of Pagladia river with respect to Zooplankton density Effect of phytoplankton density on fish abundance 194

29 The CCA of fish abundance with phytoplankton density as constrains revealed that Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae are positively correlated with families like Olyridae, Notopteridae, Belonidae and Mastacembelidae (Fig-50). This suggests the growth of these families may have a direct correlation with density of Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae. Higher density of Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae may favour the growth of these fishes which may be due to its feeding habit. On the other hand, ordination diagram also revealed that, phytoplankton group like Dinophyceae and Cyanophyceae are positively correlated with families like Cyprinidae, Cobitidae, Ambassidae, Bagridae, Schilbeidae, Nemacheiladae. This suggests that the abundance of such families of fishes may be directly influenced by the density of Dinophyceae and Cyanophyceae. Similarly, the phytoplankton group Euglenophyceae is positively correlated with families like Anabantidae, and Aplochelidae. This clearly suggests that abundance of Euglenophyceae may favour the growth of fish families like Anabantidae, and Aplochelidae. 195

30 Fig-50: Spatial ordination resulting from CCA of Fish abundance of Pagladia river with respect to Phytoplankton density Effect of periphyton density on fish abundance: The CCA of fish abundance with periphyton density as constrains revealed that Cyanophyceae is positively correlated with families like Schilbeidae, Cobitidae, Bagridae, Ambassidae and Anabantidae (Fig-51). This suggests the growth of these families may have a direct correlation with density of Cyanophyceae. Higher density of Cyanophyceae may favour the abundance of these fishes which may be due to its feeding habit. Similarly periphyton groups like Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae are directly correlated with fish families like Gobiidae, Nemacheilidae, Olyridae and Mastacembelidae. This suggests that abundance of these families may be directly influenced by the density of these two periphyton groups. 196

31 Fig-51: Spatial ordination resulting from CCA of Fish abundance of Pagladia river with respect to Periphyton density 8.7 Fishing Methods Selection of fishing methods and gear are influenced by various factors such as physiography of the water body, nature of fish stock, characteristics of raw material from which gears are fabricated (Choudhury, 1992). The earliest record of conventional fishing gears and their mode of operation were made by Day (1877). Subsequently, the 197

32 fishing gears of the inland waters were reported by Job and Pantalu (1958) and Joseph and Narayan (1965). Bhagawati and Kalita (1987) studied the traditional fishing methods in some beels of Kamrup district, Assam. While Yadav et al. (1981) and Yadava and Choudhury (1986) accounted the special devices used in the floodplain lakes of Brahmaputa river. Recently, Barua et al. (2010) reported the traditional fishing gears of the Brahmaputa valley Common fishing gears used in fishing: Various kinds of nets and fishing traps are used in Pagladia River for fishing. The common fishing gears operated in Pagladia are as follows- 1. Cast net (Asra jal): It is a large casting type of net which is used to catch large and medium sized fishes. It is made up of cotton or nylon thread and its body is bell shaped. The rim of the net is the widest part and it tapers gradually towards the apex. The rim is folded inside by 5-10 inches, the margin of which is tied with the body of the net at a regular distance of 3-4 inches to give bag like structure, each knot consisting of a pair of iron or lead beads. It is mostly used throughout the year in the Pagladia River. 2. Gill net: These are rectangular gill nets fitted with head rope and foot rope. The head rope is attached to floats and foot rope is made thicker with heavy ropes. It is generally used to catch large fishes. Mild water current is beneficial for this operation. The net is mostly operated during seasons other than monsoon. 198

33 3. Scoop net (Thela jal): It is a hand net with or without frame. This net is usually operated in shallow water during winter season in this tributary. The fishers dips the net in the water and pushes it forward for a certain distance and thereafter lifts it to catch the fishes accumulated in the net. Small fishes and prawn are the main catch. 4. Drag net: It is a rectangular drag net having on the hand rope and sinkers on the foot rope. Bag like appendages are attached at the bottom of the net. The net is dragged usually by two persons in the pond with the help of the hand ropes from deeper areas to the shore. The fishes are concentrated in the bags. The net is mostly operated during the winter months. 5. Chinese dip net (Parangi jal): The mesh size of the net ranges from mm. The net is portable, small and light weight; hence children and women can operate it easily. It is used to catch small fishes during monsoon season. 6. Dip net/lift net (Dheki jal): It is small as that of Chinese dip net, but with bigger mesh size and fitted to a triangular bamboo frame with the narrow end placed near the operator. Indigenous bamboo lever is used to lift the net. The operator stands over the lever to periodically lift the net. The net is set in the flowing water against the water current during monsoon season. 199

34 7. Line fishing: The technology of line fishing is that fishes are attracted by real or artificial bait in a hook. The hook is pierced through the mouth, when fishes start taking the bait. Thus fishes are caught. 8. Different fishing traps such as basket trap: a. Juluki: Bamboo strips are laced together to make this cylindrical cover basket. It has wide opening on the top. Usually the adjacent split bamboo strips have comparatively lesser gaps in between. On the top portion, there is a gap to handle easily. It is mainly operated during winter season in this tributary. b. Polo: Round bamboo strips are laced together by cane or plastic strips to make this bell shaped cover basket. It has narrow opening on the top. The gear is quickly plunged in shallow water from above when fishes get encircled in the small basket; they are manually caught and removed through the narrow hole on the top Traditional methods of Fishing Apart from these fishing gears, the local people practice certain unique methods at Pagladia. Diversification of river channels is a common traditional methods practiced at this tributary. This method is occasionally used in Pagladia River for which the river is made dry, deflecting the flow of water to one of the either side from the main riverbed 200

35 by constructing a rough stone dam. At the distal end of diverted channel a bamboo fish trap is set so as to catch the fish escaped from the main river. The blocking is made by using stones, logs, sand, branches of trees and clay. The fish are caught with bare hands or with the help of scoop nets Destructive fishing: Apart from the above mentioned methods, the local people using pesticides and chemicals for fishing. Blasting is another destructive method of fishing in hill stream regions of the tributary Discussion The result of present study revealed the occurrence of 70 fish species belonging to 53 genera, 18 families and 7 orders. Previously Dey (1973) reported 51 freshwater fish species from this tributary. During the study period the order Cypriniformes was dominant over other orders of fish and has been recorded from the five sampling sites in the Pagladia river. The Cyprinidae family was found to be the most dominant group among all the families. The results are in accordance with those of Wakid and Biswas (2005), Bhat (2003) and Shahnawaz et al. (2009). Species abundance recorded as maximum 937 in winter at station-3 during 2010 and minimum 6 in monsoon during The Shannon-Weiner fish diversity index of different sites of River Pagladia was ranged from 3.90 (maximum in retreating monsoon at station-4 during 2010) to 1.10 (minimum in monsoon at station-1 during 2009). Species richness was recorded maximum 58 in pre- monsoon during 2009 and 2010 at station-4 and minimum 3 in monsoon at station-1 during This indicates good 201

36 correlation with overall species richness across the sites and could be utilized by the biodiversity conservation managers for prioritization of sites of conservation and habitat restoration (Bergerot et al., 2008). There is no regular and definite fish landing stations in Pagladia river. Fishes caught from Pagladia river sometimes brought to the local market for sale. But in most of the cases, the catch is sold in some unorganized markets near road side and river bank. Fishing operations were carried out for nine months with low in monsoon compared to high in retreating monsoon. Different fishing methods used in the Pagladia river and their impacts revealed, that the observed fishing methods can be classified into two categories, namely, (a) Scientific fishing method, that is, collection of required number and size of fish so that sufficient population of fish remain balanced in the nature, examples being, cast netting and angling and (b) Unscientific fishing method, involves indiscriminate killing of large number of fish (juvenile, as well as, brood fish) which adversely affects the water quality of rivers, for example, (1) Blasting, (2) River poisoning and (5) Diversion of river channel. 202

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