Kingdom: Animals. AP Biology Domain Eukarya. Domain Archaea. Domain Bacteria. Common ancestor

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1 Kingdom: Animals Domain Eukarya Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor

2 Animal Evolution On Exam 4/23/13 Porifera Cnidaria Nematoda Platyhelminthes sponges jellyfish flatworms roundworms asymmetry Annelida Echinodermata Mollusca Arthropoda mollusks redundancy, specialization, mobility segmented worms segmentation insects spiders starfish body size body & brain size, mobility Chordata vertebrates backbone endoskeleton Radial symmetry body cavity coelom body complexity digestive & repro sys digestive sys bilateral symmetry distinct body plan; cephalization tissues specialized structure & function, muscle & nerve tissue multicellularity Ancestral Protist specialization & body complexity Bilateral symmetry

3 Body Cavity Space for organ system development increase digestive & reproductive systems increase food capacity & digestion increase gamete production Coelem mesoderm & endoderm interact during development allows complex structures to develop in digestive system ex. stomach flatworm roundworm earthworm acoelomate ectoderm mesoderm endoderm pseudocoelomate ectoderm mesoderm endoderm pseudocoel coelomate ectoderm mesoderm coelom cavity endoderm protostome vs. deuterostome

4 Body Cavity Coelom Acoelomate correlated with ability to move correlated with development of digestive and reproductive systems Pseudocoelomate Coelomate

5 Major Animal Lineages Protostomes Deuterostomes radial 0Biology%20Materials/Diversity/Protostome%20Diversity/32_A01s.swf

6 Development - Blastopore

7 Invertebrate: Arthropoda Spiders, insects, crustaceans most successful animal phylum bilaterally symmetrical segmented specialized segments allows jointed appendages exoskeleton chitin + protein

8 Porifera Cnidaria Echinodermata Chordata Animal Phylogeny Nematoda, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Annelida Deuterostomia Bilateria Eumetazoa Ancestral colonial choanoflagellate

9 Arthropod groups arachnids 8 legs, 2 body parts spiders, ticks, scorpions crustaceans gills, 2 pairs antennae crab, lobster, barnacles, shrmp insects 6 legs, 3 body parts

10 Arthropods Segmented coelomates exoskeleton and jointed appendages Two out of every three known species of animals are arthropods found in nearly all habitats of the biosphere

11 Early Arthropods trilobites Showed little variation from segment to segment

12 Later Arthropods segments fused the appendages became more specialized appendages modified for many different functions Cephalothorax Abdomen Antennae (sensory reception) Head Thorax Swimming appendages Pincer (defense) Mouthparts (feeding) Walking legs

13 Specialized Appendages appendages modified for many different functions

14 Exoskeleton JTU17GTEOw#t=185s TU17GTEOw

15 Growth: Molting completely covered by the cuticle exoskeleton made of chitin Growth It molts its exoskeleton in a process called ecdysis

16 Systems: Circulation open circulatory system Fluid called hemolymph circulated into the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs

17 Open Circulatory System Spiders (Arachnids)

18 Gas Exchange Gills (Crustaceans) Book lungs (Arachnids) Spiracles and Trachael tubes (Insects)

19 Arachnids Includes spiders, scorpions, ticks, horseshoe crabs and mites

20 Arachnids spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, and horseshoe crabs an abdomen and a cephalothorax six pairs of appendages (sometimes 6+2) Digestive gland Intestine Heart Stomach Brain Eyes Ovary Poison gland Anus Spinnerets Silk gland Gonopore (exit for eggs) Book lung Sperm receptacle Chelicera Pedipalp

21 Centipedes (Class Chilopoda) Carnivores with jaw-like mandibles One pair of legs per segment

22 Ticks (Class Arachnida) ticks

23 Crabs (Class Malacostraca)

24 Barnacles (Class Maxillopoda) mostly sessile crustaceans Whose cuticle is hardened into a shell

25 Water fleas (Class Branchiopoda) Daphnia

26 Millipedes (Class Diplopoda)

27 Grasshopper Anatomy

28 Insects (Class Insecta) Live in almost every terrestrial habitat and in fresh water Flight is one key to the success of insects more species-rich than all other forms of life combined Can escape predators, find food, and disperse to new habitats much faster than organisms that can only crawl Many insects undergo metamorphosis during their development Incomplete metamorphosis: the young, called nymphs, resemble adults but are smaller and go through a series of molts until they reach full size Complete metamorphosis: larval stage looks entirely different from the adult stage specialized for eating and growing known by such names as maggot, grub, or caterpillar

29 Metamorphosis

30 Complete Metamorphosis Metamorphosis from the larval stage to the adult stage Occurs during a pupal stage (a) Larva (caterpillar) (b) Pupa (c) Pupa (d) Emerging adult (e) Adult

31 Crustaceans Mostly in marine and freshwater environment Typically have biramous (two branches), appendages that are extensively specialized for feeding and locomotion

32 Decapods relatively large crustaceans And include lobsters, crabs, crayfish, and shrimp (a) Ghost crabs (genus Ocypode) live on sandy ocean beaches worldwide. Primarily nocturnal, they take shelter in burrows during the day.

33 Planktonic crustaceans include many species of copepods Which are among the most numerous of all animals (b) Planktonic crustaceans known as krill are consumed in vast quantities by whales.

34 Barnacles mostly sessile crustaceans Whose cuticle is hardened into a shell (c) The jointed appendages projecting from the shells of these barnacles capture organisms and organic particles suspended in the water.

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37 Internal anatomy of a starfish: marine animal with radiating symmetry. They are equipped with numerous tube feet. Sieve plate: entrance to the water-vascular system of a starfish. Anus: end of the digestive tract of a starfish. Ray: limb of a starfish. Ring canal: tube that forms a ring of a starfish. Tube feet: organ of locomotion of a starfish. Cardiac portion of the stomach: part of the stomach of a starfish used for pumping blood. Pyloric portion of the stomach: part of the stomach of a starfish connected to the duodenum. Members: starfishes, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sand dollars.

38 Invertebrate: Echinodermata Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber radially symmetrical as adults spiny endoskeleton deuterostome loss of bilateral symmetry?

39 Invertebrate quick check Which group includes snails, clams, and squid? Which group is the sponges? Which are the flatworms? segmented worms? roundworms? Which group has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton? Which two groups have radial symmetry? What is the adaptive advantage of bilateral symmetry? Which group has no symmetry? Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata

40 Chordata Vertebrates fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals internal bony skeleton backbone encasing spinal column skull-encased brain deuterostome Oh, look your first baby picture! becomes gills or Eustachian tube becomes tail or tailbone pharyngeal pouches postanal tail hollow dorsal nerve cord becomes brain & spinal cord becomes vertebrae notochord

41 450 mya Vertebrates: Fish Characteristics body structure bony & cartilaginous skeleton jaws & paired appendages (fins) scales body function gills for gas exchange two-chambered heart; single loop blood circulation ectotherms reproduction external fertilization external development in aquatic egg salmon, trout, sharks gills body

42 Transition to Land Evolution of tetrapods Femur Pelvis Tibia Humerus Ulna Shoulder Fibula Lobe-finned fish Radius Pelvis Femur Humerus Shoulder Fibula Tibia Early amphibian Ulna Radius

43 350 mya Vertebrates: Amphibian Characteristics body structure legs (tetrapods) moist skin body function lung glottis closed buccal cavity lungs (positive pressure) & diffusion through skin for gas exchange three-chambered heart; veins from lungs back to heart ectotherms reproduction external fertilization external development in aquatic egg metamorphosis (tadpole to adult) frogs salamanders toads

44 250 mya Vertebrates: Reptiles Characteristics body structure dry skin, scales, armor body function lungs for gas exchange thoracic breathing; negative pressure three-chambered heart ectotherms reproduction internal fertilization external development in amniotic egg dinosaurs, turtles lizards, snakes alligators, crocodile leathery embryo shell amnion chorion allantois yolk sac

45 150 mya Vertebrates: Birds (Aves) Characteristics body structure feathers & wings thin, hollow bone; flight skeleton body function very efficient lungs & air sacs four-chambered heart endotherms reproduction internal fertilization external development in amniotic egg trachea anterior air sacs finches, hawk ostrich, turkey lung posterior air sacs

46 220 mya / 65 mya Vertebrates: Mammals Characteristics body structure hair specialized teeth body function muscles contract lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure four-chambered heart endotherms reproduction internal fertilization internal development in uterus nourishment through placenta birth live young mammary glands make milk mice, ferret elephants, bats whales, humans diaphragm contracts

47 Vertebrates: Mammals Sub-groups monotremes egg-laying mammals lack placenta & true nipples duckbilled platypus, echidna marsupials pouched mammals offspring feed from nipples in pouch short-lived placenta koala, kangaroo, opossum placental true placenta nutrient & waste filter shrews, bats, whales, humans

48 Vertebrate quick check Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells? Which vertebrates are covered with scales? What adaptations do birds have for flying? What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have? Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which are endothermic Why must amphibians live near water? What reproductive adaptations made mammals very successful? What characteristics distinguish the 3 subgroups of mammals?

49 That s the buzz! Any Questions?

50 Only animals Hox genes that regulate the development of body form Hox family of genes has been highly conserved produce a wide diversity of animal morphology