Contents Page No Introduction 1-6 Systematic index of bacteria Systematic index of fungi Systematic index of algae Systematic

Transcription

1 0 Contents Page No Introduction 1-6 Systematic index of bacteria Systematic index of fungi Systematic index of algae Systematic index of protozoa Systematic index of virus References 238

2 1 MICROBIAL ATLAS Introduction: Microorganisms are a collection of organisms that share the characteristic of being visible only with a microscope. They constitute the subject matter of microbiology. Members of the microbial world are very diverse and include the bacteria, cyanobacteria, rickettsiae, chlamydiae, fungi, unicellular (single-celled) algae, protozoa, and viruses. The majority of microorganisms contribute to the quality of human life by doing such things as maintaining the balance of chemical elements in the natural environment, by breaking down the remains of all that dies, and by recycling carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements. Some species of microorganisms cause infectious disease. They overwhelm body systems by sheer force of numbers, or they produce powerful toxins that interfere with body physiology. Viruses inflict damage by replicating within tissue cells, thereby causing tissue degeneration. Bacteria constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometers in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most habitats on the planet, growing in soil, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, [2] water, and deep in the Earth's crust, as well as in organic matter and the live bodies of plants and animals, providing outstanding examples of mutualism in the digestive tracts of humans, termites and cockroaches. Unknown to many people, bacteria play an important role in many technological fields, mainly in mining, medicine, food culture, plastics synthesis and sewage control. The overall commercial worth of bacteria in these operations is immense. It is also fascinating to see how much of a hidden effect bacteria have on our lives. One way bacteria are useful to mankind is in the production of complex organic molecules that are of used in small amounts as part of the normal process of living, these include antibiotics, vitamins, amino acids and enzymes. By manipulating the genes of the bacteria and ensuring they have ideal living conditions scientists can make the bacteria concentrate almost exclusively on producing just one chemical. These bacteria are then grown in special fermenting vats where the end product can be as much as 80% dry weight of the desired chemical. The desired chemical is then separated from the bacteria and made ready for commercial or practical use.

3 2 Algae are eukaryotic organisms that have no roots, stems, or leaves but do have chlorophyll and other pigments for carrying out photosynthesis. Algae can be Multicellular or unicellular. Unicellular algae occur most frequently in water, especially in plankton. Phytoplankton is the population of free-floating microorganisms composed primarily of unicellular algae. In addition, algae may occur in moist soil or on the surface of moist rocks and wood. Algae live with fungi in lichens. According to the Whittaker scheme, algae are classified in seven divisions, of which five are considered to be in the Protista kingdom and two in the Plantae kingdom. The cell of an alga has eukaryotic properties, and some species have flagella with the 9-plus-2 pattern of microtubules. A nucleus is present, and multiple chromosomes are observed in mitosis. The chlorophyll and other pigments occur in chloroplasts, which contain membranes known as thylakoids. Most algae are photoautotrophic and carry on photosynthesis. Some forms, however, are chemoheterotrophic and obtain energy from chemical reactions and nutrients from preformed organic matter. Most species are saprobes, and some are parasites. Reproduction in algae occurs in both asexual and sexual forms. Asexual reproduction occurs through the fragmentation of colonial and filamentous algae or by spore formation (as in fungi). Spore formation takes place by mitosis. Binary fission also takes place (as in bacteria). During sexual reproduction, algae form differentiated sex cells that fuse to produce a diploid zygote with two sets of chromosomes. The zygote develops into a sexual spore, which germinates when conditions are favorable to reproduce and reform the haploid organism having a single set of chromosomes. This pattern of reproduction is called alternation of generations. The fungi (singular, fungus) include several thousand species of eukaryotic, sporebearing organisms that obtain simple organic compounds by absorption. The organisms have no chlorophyll and reproduce by both sexual and asexual means. The fungi are usually filamentous, and their cell walls have chitin. The study of fungi is called mycology, and fungal diseases are called mycoses. Together with bacteria, fungi are the major decomposers of organic materials in the soil. They degrade complex organic matter into simple organic and inorganic compounds. In doing so, they help recycle carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, and other elements for reuse by other organisms. Fungi also cause many plant diseases and several human diseases.

4 3 Two major groups of organisms make up the fungi. The filamentous fungi are called molds, while the unicellular fungi are called yeasts. The fungi are classified in the kingdom Fungi in the Whittaker five-kingdom system of classification. Protozoa Protozoa are eukaryotic microorganisms. Although they are often studied in zoology courses, they are considered part of the microbial world because they are unicellular and microscopic. Protozoa are notable for their ability to move independently, a characteristic found in the majority of species. They usually lack the capability for photosynthesis, although the genus Euglena is renowned for motility as well as photosynthesis (and is therefore considered both an alga and a protozoan). Although most protozoa reproduce by asexual methods, sexual reproduction has been observed in several species. Most protozoal species are aerobic, but some anaerobic species have been found in the human intestine and animal rumen. Protozoa are located in most moist habitats. Free-living species inhabit freshwater and marine environments, and terrestrial species inhabit decaying organic matter. Some species are parasites of plants and animals. Protozoa play an important role as zooplankton, the free-floating aquatic organisms of the oceans. Here, they are found at the bases of many food chains, and they participate in many food webs. Size and shape. Protozoa vary substantially in size and shape. Smaller species may be the size of fungal cells; larger species may be visible to the unaided eye. Protozoal cells have no cell walls and therefore can assume an infinite variety of shapes. Some genera have cells surrounded by hard shells, while the cells of other genera are enclosed only in a cell membrane. Many protozoa alternate between a free-living vegetative form known as atrophozoite and a resting form called a cyst. The protozoal cyst is somewhat analogous to the bacterial spore, since it resists harsh conditions in the environment. Many protozoal parasites are taken into the body in the cyst form. Most protozoa have a single nucleus, but some have both a macronucleus and one or more micronuclei. Contractile vacuoles may be present in protozoa to remove excess water, and food vacuoles are often observed. Nutrition and locomotion. Protozoa are heterotrophic microorganisms, and most species obtain large food particles by phagocytosis. The food particle is ingested into a food vacuole. Lysosomal enzymes then digest the nutrients in the particle,

5 4 and the products of digestion are distributed throughout the cell. Some species have specialized structures called cytostomes, through which particles pass in phagocytosis. Many protozoal species move independently by one of three types of locomotor organelles: flagella, cilia, and pseudopodia. Flagella and cilia are structurally similar, having a 9-plus-2 system of microtubules, the same type of structure found in the tail of animal sperm cells and certain cells of unicellular algae. How a protozoan moves is an important consideration in assigning it to a group. Foraminifera are found in all marine environments, they may be plank tic or benthic in mode of life. The generally accepted classification of the foraminifera is based on that of Loeblich and Tappan (1964). The Order Foraminiferida (informally foraminifera) belongs to the Kingdom Protista, Subkingdom Protozoa, Phylum Sarcomastigophora, Subphylum Sarcodina, Superclass Rhizopoda, Class Granuloreticulosea. Unpicking this nomenclature tells us that foraminifera are testate (that is possessing a shell), protozoa, (single celled organisms characterised by the absence of tissues and organs), which possess granuloreticulose pseudopodia (these are thread-like extensions of the ectoplasm often including grains or tiny particles of various materials). Bi-directional cytoplasmic flow along these pseudopodia carries granules which may consist of symbiotic dinoflagellates, digestive vacuoles, mitochondria and vacuoles containing waste products; these processes are still not fully understood. In the plankton foraminifera Globigerinoides sacculifer dinoflagellate symbionts are transported out to the distal parts of rhizopodia in the morning and are returned back into the test at night. The name Foraminiferida is derived from the foramen, the connecting hole through the wall (septa) between each chamber. Classification: Foraminifera are classified primarily on the composition and morphology of the test. Three basic wall compositions are recognised, organic (protinaceous mucopolysaccharide i.e. the allogromina), agglutinated and secreted calcium carbonate (or more rarely silica). Agglutinated forms, i.e the Textulariina, may be composed of randomly accumulated grains or grains selected on the basis of specific gravity, shape or size; some forms arrange particular grains in specific parts of the test. Secreted test foraminifera are again subdivided into three major groups, microgranular (i.e. Fusulinina), porcelaneous (i.e. Miliolina) and hyaline (i.e. Globigerinina). Microgranular walled forms (commonly found in the late Palaeozoic) are composed of equidimensional subspherical grains of crystalline calcite. Porcelaneous forms have a wall composed of thin inner and outer veneers

6 5 enclosing a thick middle layer of crystal laths, they are imperforate and made from high magnesium calcite. The hyaline foraminifera add a new lamella to the entire test each time a new chamber is formed; various types of lamellar wall structure have been recognised, the wall is penetrated by fine pores and hence termed perforate. A few "oddities" are also worth mentioning, the Suborder Spirillinina has a test constructed of an optically single crystal of calcite, the Suborder Silicoloculinina as the name suggests has a test composed of silica. Another group (the Suborder Involutina) have a two chambered test composed of aragonite. The Robertinina also have a test composed of aragonite and the Suborder Carterina is believed to secrete spicules of calcite which are then weakly cemented together to form the test. The morphology of foraminifera tests varies enormously, but in terms of classification two features are important. Chamber arrangement and aperture style, with many subtle variations around a few basic themes. These basic themes are illustrated in the following two diagrams but it should be remembered that these are only the more common forms and many variations are recognised. Applications: As previously mentioned, foraminifera have been utilised for biostratigraphy for many years, and they have also proven invaluable in palaeoenvironmental reconstructions most recently for palaeoceanographical and palaeoclimatological purposes. For example palaeobathymetry, where assemblage composition is used and palaeotemperature where isotope analysis of foraminifera tests is a standard procedure. In terms of biostratigraphy, foraminifera have become extremely useful, different forms have shown evolutionary bursts at different periods and generally if one form is not available to be utilised for biostratigraphy another is. For example preservation of calcareous walled foraminifera is dependent on the depth of the water column and Carbonate Compensation Depth (the depth below which dissolution of calcium carbonate exceeds the rate of its deposition), if calcareous walled foraminifera are therefore not preserved agglutinated forms may be. The oldest rocks for which foraminifera have been biostratigraphically useful are Upper Carboniferous to Permian strata, which have been zoned using the larger benthic fusulinids. Planktic foraminifera have become increasingly important biostratigraphic tools, especially as petroleum exploration has extended to offshore environments of increasing depths. The first and last occurrence of distinctive "marker species" from the Cretaceous to Recent (particularly during the Upper Cretaceous) has allowed the development of a well established fine scale biozonation.

7 Benthic foraminifera have been used for palaeobathymetry since the 1930's and modern studies utilise a variety of techniques to reconstruct palaeodepths. For studies of relatively recent deposits simple comparison to the known depth distribution of modern extant species is used. For older material changes in species diversity, plankton to benthic ratios, shell-type ratios and test morpholgy have all been utilised. Variations in the water temperature inferred from oxygen isotopes from the test calcite can be used to reconstruct palaeoceanographic conditions by careful comparison of changes in oxygen isotope levels as seen in benthic forms (for bottom waters) and plankton forms(for mid to upper waters). This type of study has allowed the reconstruction of oceanic conditions during the Eocene-Oligocene, the Miocene and the Quaternary. Benthic foraminifera have been divided into morphogroups based on the test shape and these groups used to infer palaeo-habitats and substrates; infaunal species tending to be elongate and streamlined in order to burrow into the substrate and epifaunal species tending to be more globular with one relatively flatter side in order to facilitate movement on top of the substrate. It should be remembered, however, that a large variety of morphologies and possible habitats have been recognised making such generalisations of only limited use. Studies of modern foraminifera have recognised correlations between test wall type (for instance porcelaneous, hyaline, agglutinated), palaeodepths and salinity by plotting them onto triangular diagrams. 6

8 7 Systematic Index of Bacteria S.No Phylogeny Scientific Name & Image Description And Application 1. Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Acetobacter 2. Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Acetobacter Acetobacter aceti Acetobacter pasteaurianus Acetobacter aceti is a non-pathogenic, gram negative prokaryote that converts ethanol to acetic acid with the presence of oxygen, making it an obligate aerobe rod shaped cells and can occur as individual cell pairs, chains, and small clusters units. The flagellum of Acetobacter aceti is arranged peritrichously. It is known for causing pink disease in pineapple, Production of vinegar. Acetobacter pasteurianusis one of the popular AAB, which has been used for traditional vinegar production. A. pasteurianus IFO 3283 (= NBRC 3283) was isolated from a pellicle formed on the surface of fermentation of traditional Japanese rice vinegar. As a result, a multi-phenotype cell complex with non-homogeneous colony textures was formed. 3. Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Acetobacter Acetobacter diazotrophicus Acetobacter bacteria can be found in symbiotic relationships with many different plants, such as sugarcane and coffee plants, as well as in fermenting vinegar. Endophytes are prokaryotes that associate with plants by colonizing their internal tissues. Many of these bacteria have been observed to promote plant growth 4. Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Acetobacter Acetobactor xylinum Acetobacter xylinum synthesizing cellulose. It is useful to observe the backward and forward motion of theacetobacter cells. This movement is known as reversals. Although reversals are not completely understood, it is known that the motion is caused by cellulose synthesis rather than flagella. Recent research suggests that buildup of strain during the crystallization of cellulose may be responsible for these reversals. Production of acetic acid. 5. Domain Bacteria Phylum Tenericutes Class - Mollicutes Order - Acholeplasmatales Family- Acholeplasmataceae Genus - Acholeplasma 6. Domain - Bacteria Phylum - Firmicutes Class- Negativicutes Order -Selenomonadales Family- Acidaminococcaceae Genus - Acidaminococcus. Acholeplasma laidlawii Acidomonococcus fermentans Acholeplasma laidlawii may contaminate bovine serum and also occurs in serum-free cell culture media products. Unsubstantiated evidence of A. laidlawiicontamination of tryptone soya broth existed for some years prior to proof of the organism's contaminating nutrient broth powders. The presence of A. laidlawiiin broth powders is a serious problem in routine biopharmaceutical operations where filtration is used as a sterilisation procedure. A. laidlawii may flourish and survive for prolonged periods at refrigeration and ambient temperatures in serum-free cell culture media. It is an anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium isolated from a pig gut. It can utilize amino acids as the sole source of energy for growth, but lactate, fumarate, malate, succinate, citrate, and pyruvate cannot serve as energy sources for growth. Acetic and butyric acids and CO2 are produced. Growth is good at C and poor or negative at 25 and 45 degrees Celsius. The cells do not survive heating at 60 degrees Celsius for 30 min.

9 8 7. Domain- Bacteria Phylum- Proteobacteria Class- Gammaproteobacteria Order- Acidithiobacillales Family- Acidithiobacillaceae Genus- Acidithiobacillus Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans It is Gram-negative and emerged as an economically significant bacterium in the field of leaching of sulfide ores since its discovery in 1950 by Colmer et al. The discovery led to the development of a new branch of metallurgical sciences called biohydrometallurgy, which deals with all aspects of microbial mediated extraction of metals from minerals or solid wastes and acid mine drainage- etc. (Torma, 1980). It has been proven as a potent leaching organism, for dissolution of metals from lowgrade sulfide ores. Recently, the attention has been focused upon the treatment of mineral concentrates as well as complex sulfide ores using batch or continuous-flow reactors. 8. Domain - Bacteria 9. Phylum - Actinobacteria Class - Actinobacteria Subclass -Acidimicrobidae Order -Acidimicrobiales Suborder - Acidimicrobineae Family -Acidimicrobiaceae Genus -Acidimicrobium Domain- Bacteria Phylum- Proteobacteria Class-Betaproteobacteria Order- Burkholderiales Family- Comamonadaceae Genus- Acidovorax 10. Domain- Bacteria Phylum- Proteobacteria Class-Betaproteobacteria Order- Burkholderiales Family- Comamonadaceae Genus- Acidovorax Acidimicrobium ferrooxidans Acidovorax ebreus Acidovorax avenae subsp. cattleyae (Pavarino 1911) Willems, Goor, Thielemans, Gillis, Kerster and De Ley 1992 Bacterial, Actinobacteria, Aerobe, rod shaped motile, nonsporulating, thermophile, free living, fresh water, acedophile, Autotroph, and iron oxidizer metabolism. Acidovorax ebreus is able to anaerobically oxidize iron and uranium when coupled with the reduction of nitrate. This organism may be important for the remediation of uranium in contaminated environments. Taxanomy Bacteria, Proteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Burkholderiales, Comamonadaceae, Acidovorax ebreus. Bacterial leaf spot and bud rot or brown spot of orchids. Main hosts: Cattleya spp., Phalaenopsis and Paphiopedilum spp. and hybrids. Also Catasetum spp., Cypripedium spp., Dendrobium spp., Doriaenopsis sp., Epidendrum spp., Epiphronitis veitchii, Ionopsis utricularioides, Miltonia sp., Oncidium spp. Etc.. have been reported as natural hosts. Geographical distribution and importance The disease was first described by Pavarino in Italy in 1911, the causal organism in 1946 by Ark and Thomas in the USA. Italy, The Netherlands, Philippines, Portugal, Taiwan and Australia. Especially in seedlings the disease can cause heavy losses. 11. Domain- Bacteria Phylum- Proteobacteria Class- Gammaproteobacteria Order- Pseudomonadales Family- Moraxellaceae Genus- Acinitobacter Acinetobacter baumannii Acinetobacter baumannii is a species of pathogenic bacteria, referred to as an aerobic gram-negative bacterium, that is resistant to most antibiotics. [1] As a result of its resistance to drug treatment, some estimates state the disease is killing tens of thousands of U.S. hospital patients each year, and specialists say "they could emerge as a bigger threat." [1] The illness can cause severe pneumonia and infections of the urinary tract, bloodstream and other parts of the body.

10 9 12. Domain- Bacteria Phylum- Proteobacteria Class- Gammaproteobacteria Order- Pseudomonadales Family- Moraxellaceae Genus- Acinitobacter Acinetobacter calcoaceticus Small, grey, smooth colonies that cause no alteration of the blood. This culture has been incubated at 30 C General characteristics: Gram-negative. Catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. Non-motile (akinetos means unable to move). Attacks sugars by oxidation or not at all. Optimum temperature for growth is C. Part of the aerobic psychrotropic spoilage flora of raw foods. 13. Domain- Bacteria Phylum- Proteobacteria Class- Gammaproteobacteria Order- Pseudomonadales Family- Moraxellaceae Genus- Acinitobacter Acinetobacter anitratus symptoms vary depending on site of infection, are similar to infections caused by other opportunistic gram negative bacteria; Rarely, if ever cause infections in healthy individuals; Nosocomial septicemias associated with indwelling IV catheters; Urinary tract infections due to indwelling bladder catheters Source: Soil, water; Skin: Groin, axilla, antecubital fossa; Gm Neg Pleomorphic Rods arranged in pairs; May be part of Normal Flora, especially among hospitalized patients; may cause: Opportunistic infections in compromised patients Domain- Bacteria Phylum- Proteobacteria Class- Gammaproteobacteria Order- Pseudomonadales Family- Moraxellaceae Genus- Acinitobacter Domain- Bacteria Phylum- Proteobacteria Class- Gammaproteobacteria Order- Pseudomonadales Family- Moraxellaceae Genus- Acinitobacter Acinetobacter baylyi Acinetobacter bouvetii Genoscope uses a soil bacterium called Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 as a model of bacterial metabolism (Barbe et al., 2004; see LGC and LGBM Laboratories). To complement our toolbox for the study of the metabolism of this bacterium (de Berardinis et al., 2008), the ORFeome is currently being constructed using a version of the high-throughput cloning platform which also includes the sequencing of the clones (version-orfeome). Since our objective is the study of metabolism, only the nonmembrane-associated enzymes and genes predicted as such (about 1400 enzymes/potential enzymes) as well as genes with unknown function (about 800 genes) are being cloned at present. Gram-negativebacteria belonging to the Gammaproteobacteria. Acinetobacter species arenonmotile and oxidase-negative, and occur in pairs under magnification. They are important soil organisms, where they contribute to the mineralizationof, for example, aromatic compounds.

11 Acinetobacter parvus genus of Gram-negativebacteria belonging to the Gammaproteobacteria. Acinetobacter species Domain- Bacteria Phylum- Proteobacteria Class- Gammaproteobacteria Order- Pseudomonadales Family- Moraxellaceae Genus- Acinitobacter arenon-motile and oxidase-negative, and occur in pairs under magnification. They are important soil organisms, where they contribute to the mineralizationof, for example, aromatic compounds. 17. Kingdom- Bacteria Phylum- Proteobacteria Class- Gammaproteobacteria Order- Pasteurellales Family- Pasteurellaceae Genus- Actinobacillus Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a non-motile, gramnegative coccobacillus respiratory pathogen. Causes respiratory disease in swine throughout the world. It has high morbidity and mortality rates and can cause severe economic losses to swine producers. APP severely damages the lungs of growing pigs and can linger on as a chronic infection, leading to poor weight gain and serving as a source of future outbreaks. Swine producers must rapidly control APP outbreaks and use preventative measures to control this disease. 18. Domain- Bacteria Phylum- Proteobacteria Class- Gammaproteobacteria Order- Pseudomonadales Family- Moraxellaceae Genus- Acinitobacter Acinetobacter calcoaceticus General characteristics: Gram-negative. Catalasepositive and oxidase-negative. Non-motile (akinetos means unable to move). Attacks sugars by oxidation or not at all. Optimum temperature for growth is C. Part of the aerobic psychrotropic spoilage flora of raw foods. 19. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Aneurinibacillus aneuriniolyticus Degradation of Hydrocarbon, Oxidation/utilization of hydrocarbons, Production of thiaminase Order: Bacillales Family: Paenibacillaceae Genus: Aneurinibacillus

12 Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Acinetobacter calcoaceticus Degradation of petroleum, carbon compounds Oxidation/utilization of hydrocarbons, Production of emulsifier EF-RAG, Exocellular esterase Order: Pseudomonadales Family: Moraxellaceae Genus: Acinetobacter 21. Kingdom: Bacteria Acinetobacter genospecies Oxidation/utilization of phenols and phenylacetate Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Pseudomonadales Family: Moraxellaceae Genus: Acinetobacter 22. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Pseudomonadales Family: Moraxellaceae Genus: Acinetobacter Acinetobacter baumannii Production of Urease. Acinetobacter baumannii is a species of pathogenic bacteria, referred to as an aerobic gramnegative bacterium, that is resistant to most antibiotics. [1] As a result of its resistance to drug treatment, some estimates state the disease is killing tens of thousands of U.S. hospital patients each year, and specialists say "they could emerge as a bigger threat." [1] The illness can cause severepneumonia and infections of the urinary tract, bloodstream and other parts of the body. 23. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Aneurinibacillus aneuriniolyticus Degradation of Hydrocarbon, Oxidation/utilization of hydrocarbons, Production of thiaminase Order: Bacillales Family: Paenibacillaceae Genus: Aneurinibacillus 24. Kingdom- Bacteria Phylum- Proteobacteria Class- Gammaproteobacteria Order- Pasteurellales Family- Pasteurellaceae Actinobacillus succinogenes It was isolated from the bovine rumen by MBI Interactional. It is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, pleomorphic bacterium. It belongs to the family Pasteurellaceae that, in addition to Actinobacillus, includes the genus Mannheimia, Haemophilus, and Pasteurella. These bacteria are generally pathogenic or

13 12 Genus- Actinobacillus commensal. A. succinogenes is thought to serve a commensal role producing organic acids that are used as an energy source by the cow (1). One of the major endproducts of its fermentative metabolism is succinate. 25. Kindom - Bacteria Phylum - Actinobacteria Class - Actinobacteria Subclass -Acidimicrobidae Order -Actinomycetales Suborder - Pseudonocardineae Family - Pseudonocardiaceae Actinosynnema mirum Aerobe, nonmotile, sporulating, mesophile, free living, soil habitat, temperature optimum 10-30, energy source chemoorganotroph, nocardicin a producer metabolism. Taxanomy bacterial actimonycetae phyllu m. 26. Genus -Actinosynnema Kindom- Bacteria Phylum- Proteobacteria Class- Gammaproteobacteria Order- Aeromonadales Family- Aeromonadaceae Genus- Aeromonas Aeromonas salmonicida Aeromonas salmonicida is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that is the causal agent of furunculosis in salmonid fishes, a debilitating and lethal disease encountered in aquaculture. Current vaccines offer limited effectiveness and epizootics are common in farmed fish Kindom- Bacteria Phylum- Proteobacteria Class- Gammaproteobacteria Order- Aeromonadales Family- Aeromonadaceae Genus- Aeromonas Kindom- Bacteria Phylum- Proteobacteria Class- Gammaproteobacteria Order- Aeromonadales Family- Aeromonadaceae Genus- Aeromonas Aeromonas liquefaciens Aeromonas hydrophila Production of 2,3- butanediol. gram-negative facultatively anaerobic rods : Aeromonas+salmonicida... serratia liquefaciens... Aeromonas liquefaciens; Proteus hydrophilus; Proteus ichthyosmius; Bacillus hydrophilus Chester 1901; Pseudomonas hydrophila (Chester 1901) Breed et al. 1948; Bacillus hydrophilus fuscus Sanarelli 1871; Proteus hydrophilus (Chester 1901) Bergey et al. 1923; Aeromonas hydrophila (Chester 1901) Stanier, 1943; Pseudomonas hydrophila; Bacillus hydrophilus fuscus; Aeromonas liquefaciens Kluyver and van Niel 1936; Aeromonas dourgesi; Aeromonas hydrophilia. Medium sized to large, smooth colonies, which are white, or especially in older cultures, buff in colour. The colonies have an entire margin. General characteristics: Gram-negative. Catalase- and oxidase-positive. Motile. Attacks sugars by fermentation. Optimum temperature for growth is C, some strains don't grow at 35 C. Found in freshwater, hydro means water and philos means loving. the waterborne bacteria believed to have caused the case of necrotizing faciitis -- better known as infection caused by flesh-eating bacteria -- that has proved devastating

14 Domain - Bacteria Phylum - Actinobacteria Class - Actinobacteria Subclass -Acidimicrobidae Order -Actinomycetales Suborder - Frankineae Family -Acidothermaceae Acidothermus cellulolyticus The recent discovery of Acidothermus cellulolyticus a moderately thermophilic, aerobic, cellulolytic bacterium in wood samples recovered from the acidic hot springs of northern Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, affirms the notion that hitherto unknown microflora exist in nature in areas of extreme environment. We recently found that the filter paper degrading enzymes (cellulases) produced by this new bacterium possess the highest temperature tolerance reported to date. The significance of this finding lies in the moderate temperature, by comparison, for optimal cell growth required by the Acidothermus microorganism and in the potential for industrial application of the thermotolerant cellulase enzymes it produces. Genus -Acidothermus 30. Domain- Bacteria Phylum- Proteobacteria Class-Alphaproteobacteria Order- Rhodospirillales Family- Acetobacteraceae Genus- Acidiphilium Acidiphilium cryptum Acidophilic dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria (DIRB) are now being detected in a variety of 'extreme' low-ph, radionuclide- and heavy-metal contaminated habitats where Fe(III) reduction is taking place, and may represent a significant proportion of metal-transforming organisms in these environments. Acidiphilium cryptum is our model organism, a facultative iron-respiring Alphaproteobacterium. 31. Domain- Bacteria Phylum- Cyanobacteria Class-Cyanobacteria Order- Chroococcales Genus- Acaryochloris Acaryochloris marina Is a marine cyanobacterium, was first isolated as an epiphyte of algae. Strains of A. marina been isolated from a variety of habitats and locations, usually associated with algae but also as free-living organisms. This cyanobacterium produces an atypical photosynthetic pigment, chlorophyll d, as the major reactive agent. The oxygenic photosynthesis based on this pigment may have evolved as an acclimatization to far-red light environments, or an as intermediate between the redabsorbing oxygenic and the far-red-absorbing anoxygenic photosynthesis that uses bacteriochlorophylls. 32. Domain - Bacteria Phylum - Firmicutes Class- Bacilli Order -Lactobacillales Family- Aerococcaceae Genus - Aerococcus Aerococcus viridians Small, grey, semi-transparent, smooth colonies. There is a green zone around the colonies. This 'greening' is caused by the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide converting the haemoglobin to methaemoglobin in the agar. Viridans means green. General characteristics: Gram-positive. Catalase-negative or weakly positive. Oxidase-negative. Attacks sugars by fermentation. Non-motile. 33. Domain- Bacteria Phylum- Proteobacteria Class- Gammaproteobacteria Order- Pasteurellales Family- Pasteurellaceae Genus- Aggregatibacter Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Gram-negative facultative non-motile rod oralcommensal often found in association with localized aggressive periodontitis, a severe infection of the gingiva, although it is also associated with non-oral infections. It is one of the bacteria which might be implicated in destructive periodontal disease. Although it has been found more frequently in localized aggressive periodontitis, prevalence in any population is rather high. It has also been isolated from actinomycotic lesions (mixed infection with certain Actinomyces species, in particular. It possesses certain virulencefactors that enable it to invade tissues, such as leukotoxin.

15 Domain- Bacteria Phylum- Verrucomicrobia Class- Verrucomicrobiae Order- Verrucomicrobiales Family- Verrucomicrobiaceae Genus- Akkermansia Akkermansia muciniphila Akkermansia muciniphila, a new species from the deeply branched phylum Verrucomicrobia, was isolated from the human intestinal tract based on its capacity to efficiently use mucus as a carbon and nitrogen source. This anaerobic resident is associated with the protective mucus lining of the intestines. A. muciniphila was isolated using mucin, a complex glycosylated protein, which is used as a sole carbon and nitrogen source. Gram-negative anaerobe. 35. Agrobacterium Agrobacterium radiobacter Production of Hydantoinase, Polysacchardie 36. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rhizobiales Family: Rhizobiaceae Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith and Townsend 1907) Conn 1942 Crown gall or root knot Main hosts: Frequently reported natural hosts also in relation to damage and control are aster, apple, beet), cherry, peach, pear, chrysanthemum, Ficus spp. and rose. Host range is very wide, with over 300 species (mostly dicotyledons) Geographical distribution and importance Worldwide distribution. Severe losses may occur when countries (aberrantly) apply quarantine regulations for this ubiquitous organism. 37. Genus: Agrobacterium Domain- Bacteria Phylum- Proteobacteria Class- Betaproteobacteria Order- Burkholderiales Family- Alcaligenaceae Genus- Alacligenes Alcaligenes faecalis Small, grey, smooth colonies which cause no alteration of the blood. The culture has been incubated at 30 C. General characteristics: Gram-negative. Catalase- and oxidase-positive. Motile. Obligately aerobic. Does not attack sugars. As non-fermentative Gram-negative rods, they are art of the psychrotropic spoilage flora of raw foods. Optimum temperature for growth is C. 38. Domain- Bacteria Phylum- Proteobacteria Class- Gammaproteobacteria Alcanivorax borkumensis Alcanivorax borkumensis is a helpful microbe that can eat oil and hydrocarbons in the presence of oxygen. Although it is well known from chomping

16 15 Order- Oceanospirillales Family- Alcanivoraceae Genus- Alcanivorax on hydrocarbons in oil spills, it was first isolated from sediments of the North Sea, where lots of oil and gas wells are located. 39. Domain - Bacteria Phylum - Firmicutes Class- Bacilli Order -Bacillales Family- Alicyclobacillaceae Genus - Alicyclobacillus Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius Bacterial domain and fermicutes phylum, genus Alicyclobacillus species acidocaldarius. Aerobe, rodshaped, sporulating, thermophile, ph 3-4, free living, cells arranged chain and hotspring habitat, thermoacidophile, and aquatic, and chemoorganotrophic energy source. 40. Domain - Bacteria Phylum - Firmicutes Class- Clostridia Order -Clostridiales Family- Clostridiaceae Genus - Alkaliphilus Alkaliphilus metalliredigens Gram-positive bacterium will provide insight into the genetic and biochemical diversity of metal-reducing microorganisms with the ability to tolerate and thrive in different environmental conditions. It can reduce Fe(III)-citrate, Fe(III)-EDTA, Co(III)- EDTA, or Cr(VI) as electron acceptors with yeast extract or lactate as electron donors (Ye et al., 2004). Growth during iron reduction occurs over the ph range of 7.5 to 11.0, a sodium chloride range of 0 to 80 g/l and a temperature range of 4 C to 45 C (Ye et al., 2004). 41. Domain - Bacteria Phylum - Firmicutes Class- Clostridia Order -Clostridiales Family- Clostridiaceae Genus - Alkaliphilus 42. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobactria Alkaliphilus oremlandii Alcaligenes faecalis Alkaliphilus oremlandii was isolated from sediments of the Ohio River (Pittsburgh PA). It is a versatile strict anaerobic, spore-forming, low G+C gram positive bacterium that can ferment glycerol, fructose, and lactate, as well as respire arsenate and thiosulfate. It is unique in that it can tolerate high arsenate concentrations (>40 mm) and readily degrades the organoarsenical 3-nitro-4-hydroxy benzene arsonic acid (roxarsone) within 48 hours. Thus it has great potential for use in the remediation of organoarsenicals in poultry waste and a model organism to investigate the process. Assay of Cephalosporin, Production of B-glucosidase, Polysacchardie, single cell protein Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Burkholderiales Family: Alcaligenaceae Genus: Alcaligenes

17 Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobactria Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Burkholderiales Family: Alcaligenaceae Genus: Alcaligenes Alcaligenes viscolactis Production of 5 -Nucleotides. Alcaligenes viscolactis yang mencemari susu dapat berasal ambing yang kotor, air yang terkontaminasi, pakan yang terkontaminasi, peralatan pemerahan, orang / mesin yang memerahnya, termasuk tangki susu mentah, pompa, dan tangki tempat penyimpanan susu. Alcaligenes viscolactis juga memiliki karakteristik Gram negatif (-), aerobik, berukuran µm µm, dan berbentuk batang. Taksonomi darialcaligenes viscolactis, adalah: 44. Kingdom: Bacteria Alcaligenes sp. Oxidation/utilization of o-phthalic acid Phylum: Proteobactria Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Burkholderiales Family: Alcaligenaceae Genus: Alcaligenes 45. Kingdom: Bacteria Ancylobacter aquaticus Production of L-Glutamic acid, Vitamin B12 Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rhizobiales Family: Hyphomicrobiaceae Genus: Ancylobacter 46. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius Production of amylase, Xylanase. Alicyclobacillus is a genus of Gram positive, rod-shaped, sporeforming, bacteria from hot springs, and was named Bacillus acidocaldarius Family: Alicyclobacillaceae Genus: Alicyclobacillus 47. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobactria Alcaligenes denitrificans Production of formate dehydrogenase

18 17 Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Burkholderiales Family: Alcaligenaceae Genus: Alcaligenes Domain- Bacteria Phylum- Proteobacteria Class- Gammaproteobacteria Order- Chromatials Family- Chromatiaceae Genus- Allochromatium Domain- Bacteria Phylum- Proteobacteria Class- Gammaproteobacteria Order- Alteromonadales Family- Alteromanadaceae Genus- Alteromonas Allochromatium vinosum It is a gram negative, halotolerant, rod shaped, sulfide and thiosulfate oxidizing, anoxygenic purple sulfur bacteria that is generally μm in length. This organism s habitat mainly consists of ponds, lakes, and other stagnant bodies of fresh water, brackish waters, sewage lagoons, salt marshes, estuaries, and various marine habitats where hydrogen sulfide is exposed to light. The major ecological importance of this organism lies in its ability to removed sulfide and recycle elemental sulfur from environments deemed sulfide-polluted with its biocatalytic properties, along with contributing to the continuation of the global sulfur cycle. Alteromonas Macleodii This rare ocean organism is retrieved from the depth of 1.5 miles below the volcanic oceans and fermented to produce an exopolysaccharide extract, which resembles a sugar molecule. This fermented extract minimizes the iodine (shellfish allergy) content in the product. Hylunia incorporates the highest concentration of this fermented extract to reduce inflammation caused by acne, rosacea, psoriasis and other skin conditions that result in irritation and inflammation. This ingredient is especially effective against the sun s harmful UV radiation. 50. Domain- Bacteria Phylum- Synergistetes Class-Synergistia Order- Synergistiales Family- Synergisteaceae Genus- Aminobacerium Aminobacterium colombiense Gram-negative, non-sporulating, mesophilic, amino acid fermenting bacterium, designated, strain was isolated from an anaerobic lagoon of a dairy wastewater treatment plant. The strain requires yeast extract for growth, grows poorly on casamino acids, peptones, cystein, and α-ketoglutarate, but readily grows on serine, threonine, glycine and pyruvate. When cocultured with the hydrogenotrophic methanogen Methanobacterium formicicum, it oxidized alanine, glutamate, leucine, isoleucine, valine, aspartate, and methionine. 51. Domain - Bacteria Phylum - Firmicutes Class- Clostridia Order - Thermoanerobacterales Family- Thermoanrobactereaceae Genus - Ammonifex Ammonifex degensii Taxanomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Clostridia; Thermoanaerobacterales; Thermoanaerobacteraceae; Moorella group; Ammonifex. It is an extremely thermophilic, strictly anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium isolated from a neutral volcanic hot spring. The temperature range for growth at is between 57 and 77 degrees Celsius, with optimum growth at 70 degrees Celsius. The optimum ph for growth is 7.5, and the optimum NaCl concentration for growth is 0.1%. It grows autotrophically by oxidation of hydrogen or formate, reducing nitrate to ammonium. Instead of nitrate, sulfate or sulfur is used as. Pyruvate is fermented to acetate, CO2, and hydrogen.

19 Domain- Bacteria Phylum- Cyanobacteria Class-Cyanobacteria Order- Nostacales Family - Nostocaceae Genus- Anabena Anabena variabilis It is a species of filamentous cyanobacterium. Eubacteria is capable ofphotosynthesis. This species is also known to be heterotrophic in that it may grow without light in the presence of fructose. It also can convert atmospheric dinitrogen to ammonia via nitrogen fixation.anabaena variabilis is also a model organism for studying the beginnings of multicellular life due to its filamentous characterization and cellular-differentiation capabilities. 53. Domain - Bacteria Phylum - Firmicutes Class- Clostridia Order - Thermoanerobacteriales Family- Thermoanerobactereaceae Genus - Anerocellum Anaerocellum thermophilum It is a strictly anaerobic, asporogenous, Gram-positive bacterium that was isolated from a continental thermal spring in Kamchatka, Russia. It is a thermophile, growing optimally at 75 C, and utilizes a variety of polymeric carbohydrates as carbon and energy sources. These include crystalline cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, starch, and gum Arabic. It has several properties that make it of potential utility in biomass to biofuel conversion systems. It is the most thermophilic microorganism known to efficiently hydrolyze crystalline cellulose, it simultaneously utilizes cellulose and hemicellulose, which are the main components of plant biomass, it can degrade lignocellulosic biomass without chemical pretreatment, and it produces hydrogen gas as a main end product. 54. Domain - Bacteria Phylum - Firmicutes Class- Clostridia Order -Clostridiales Family- Clostridiales incertae Sedis Genus - Anaerococcus Anaerococcus prevotii Taxanomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Clostridiales Family XI. Incertae Sedis; Anaerococcus.it is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, indole-negative coccus, is a common isolate of the normal flora of skin, the oral cavity and the gut and can also be isolated from human clinical specimens such as vaginal discharges and ovarian, peritoneal, sacral or lung abscesses. It was isolated from human plasma in about It can cause human opportunistic infections. 55. Domain - Bacteria Phylum - proteobacteria Class - Deltaproteobacteria Order -Myxococcales Suborder -Cystobacterineae Family -Myxococcaceae Genus - Anaeromyxobacter Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans It is a slender Gram-negative rod-shaped spore-forming soil bacterium. It is capable of a gliding motility and it forms a spore-like structure. It was the first Myxobacterium that was found capable of anaerobic respiration, wherein it is able to grow by coupling the oxidation of both acetate or hydrogen, which is a distinguishing property of the organism from other reducing populations, to the reduction of ortho-substituted halophenols, ferric iron, nitrate, nitrite, nitrous oxide, manganese oxide, uranium (VI) and fumarate. Of interest is its unique respiratory reduction of nitrate and nitrite to ammonia which is not linked to its ability to reduce nitrous oxide to nitrogen gas. 56. Domain- Bacteria Phylum- Proteobacteria Class-Alphaproteobacteria Order- Rickettsiales Family- Anaplasmataceae Genus- Anaplasma Anaplasma centrale It is a Gram-negative bacterium of the Rickettsiales order lacking a traditional cell wall. It is most commonly transmitted by ticks such as Boophilus spp. and Dermacentor spp but can also be transmitted via contaminated needles, dehorning equipment, castrating knives, tattoo instruments, biting flies and mosquitoes.

20 Domain- Bacteria Phylum- Proteobacteria Class-Alphaproteobacteria Order- Rickettsiales Family- Anaplasmataceae Genus- Anaplasma Anaplasma marginale Anaplasma marginale is the most prevalent tick-borne, livestock pathogen worldwide and poses a considerable constraint to animal health. The disease results in significant morbidity and mortality of United State's (US) cattle population, which affects the exportation of beef. Despite a global impact on animal health, there is no widely accepted vaccine for "Anaplasma marginale." 58. Domain- Bacteria Phylum- Proteobacteria Class-Alphaproteobacteria Order- Rickettsiales Family- Anaplasmataceae Genus- Anaplasma Anaplasma phagocytophilum It is a Gram-negative, obligate bacterium of neutrophils. It causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis, which is a tick-borne rickettsial disease. Because this bacterium invades neutrophils, it has a unique adaptation and pathogenetic mechanism. 59. Domain - Bacteria Phylum - Firmicutes Class- Bacilli Order -Bacillales Family- Bacillaceae Genus - Anoxybacillus Anoxybacillus flavithermus It is a Gram-positive bacteria of the genus Anoxybacillus have been found in diverse thermophilic habitats, such as geothermal hot springs and manure, and in processed foods such as gelatin and milk powder. It is a facultatively anaerobic bacterium found in super-saturated silica solutions and in opaline silica sinter. The ability of A. flavithermus to grow in super-saturated silica solutions makes it an ideal subject to study the processes of sinter formation, which might be similar to the biomineralization processes that occurred at the dawn of life. 60. Domain - Archaea Phylum - Euryarchaetoa Class- Archaeoglobi Order -Archaeoglobales Family- Archaeoglobaceae Genus - Archaeoglobus Archaeoglobus fulgidus Taxonomy Archaea; Euryarchaeota; Archaeoglobi; Archaeoglobales; Archaeoglobaceae; Archaeoglobus; Archaeoglobus fulgidus. Archaeoglobus fulgidus is the first sulphate-reducting microorganism to have its genome sequence determined. The cells of Archaeoglobus fulgidus are irregular spheres that have a glycoprotein envelope and monopolar flagella. Archaeglobus fulgidus can grow organoheterotrophically using a variety of carbon and energy sources or litho-autotrophically on hydrogen, thiosulphate and carbon dioxide. 61. Domain - Bacteria Phylum - Aquificae Class- Aquficae Order -Aquficales Family- Aquficaceae Genus - Aquifex Aquifex aeolicus Taxonomy Bacteria; Aquificae; Aquificae (class); Aquificales; Aquificaceae; Aquifex; Aquifex aeolicus. Aquifex aeolicus, which was first found in Yellowstone National Park, can grow at 96 degrees Celsius and is one of the most extreme thermophilic bacteria known. Because of this, Aquifex is thought to be one of the earliest bacteria to diverge from eubacteria. Hyperthermophilic bacteria such as Aquifex are important for industrial processes and its genes can be used in a variety of biotechnological applications. 62. Domain - Bacteria Classis: Epsilon Proteobacteria Ordo: Campylobacterales Familia: Campylobacterace ae Genus: Arcobacter Arcobacter butzleri. Gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria in the epsilonproteobacteria class. It shows an unusually wide range of habitats, and some species can be human and animal pathogens. They are aerotolerant Campylobacter-like organisms. Its infections include diarrhea associated with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting or fever. Studies of patients infected with this have demonstrated that without

21 20 treatment, symptoms endured for a very variable amount of time, from two days to several week Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Classis: Actinobacteria Subclassis: Actinobacterida e Ordo: Actinomycetales Subordo: Actinomycineae Familia: Actinomycetaceae Genus: Arcanobacterium Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Classis: Actinobacteria Subclassis: Actinobacterida e Ordo: Actinomycetales Subordo: Micrococcineae Familia: Micrococcaceae Genus: Arthrobacter Arcanobacterium pyogenes Blood Agar plate which has been incubated with 5% carbondioxide for 24 hours. Small, grey-white, convex colonies. Previous names: Corynebacterium pyogenes, Actinomyces pyogenes. General characteristics: Gram-negative. Catalase- and oxidase-positive. Non-motile. Attacks sugars by fermentation. Arthrobacter aurescens They are characterized by pleomorphism (variable shape) and Gram variability (staining positive or negative) although genetically they branch from the Gram-positive. These are nutritionally versatile, using a variety of substrates in their oxidative metabolism including nicotine, nucleic acids, and various herbicides and pesticides. Most species of Arthrobacterare obligate aerobes, but all exhibit a pure respiratory, never fermentative metabolism. 65. Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Classis: Actinobacteria Subclassis: Actinobacterida e Ordo: Actinomycetales Subordo: Micrococcineae Familia: Micrococcaceae Genus: Arthrobacter 66. Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Classis: Actinobacteria Subclassis: Actinobacterida e Ordo: Actinomycetales Subordo: Micrococcineae Familia: Micrococcaceae Genus: Arthrobacter Arthrobacter liquefaciens Arthrobacter ilicis Production of pigments It is gram positive bacteria cause Holly bacterial blight 67. Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Classis: Actinobacteria Subclassis: Actinobacterida e Ordo: Actinomycetales Subordo: Micrococcineae Familia: Micrococcaceae Genus: Arthrobacter Arthrobacter polychromogenes cellular organisms, Bacteria, Actinobacteria, Actinobacteria (class), Actinobacteridae, Actinomycetales, Micrococcineae, Micrococcaceae, Arthrobacter. Production of pigments.

22 Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Classis: Actinobacteria Subclassis: Actinobacterida e Ordo: Actinomycetales Subordo: Micrococcineae Familia: Micrococcaceae Genus: Arthrobacter 69. Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Classis: Actinobacteria Subclassis: Actinobacterida e Ordo: Actinomycetales Subordo: Micrococcineae Familia: Micrococcaceae Genus: Arthrobacter 70. Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Classis: Actinobacteria Subclassis: Actinobacterida e Ordo: Actinomycetales Subordo: Micrococcineae Familia: Micrococcaceae Genus: Arthrobacter 71. Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Classis: Actinobacteria Subclassis: Actinobacterida e Ordo: Actinomycetales Subordo: Micrococcineae Familia: Micrococcaceae Genus: Arthrobacter 72. Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Classis: Actinobacteria Subclassis: Actinobacterida e Ordo: Actinomycetales Subordo: Micrococcineae Familia: Micrococcaceae Genus: Arthrobacter Arthrobacter simplex Arthrobacter sp. Arthrobacter ureafaciens Arthrobacter lutes Arthrobacter nicotianae Degradation of Levulinic acid Phylogenetic relationship to Arthrobacter, Mycobacterium, Nocardia... concentrations using immobilized Corynebacterium simplex cells. Pimelobacter simplex (Jensen 1934) Suzuki and Komagata 1983; Corynebacterium simplex; Corynebacterium simplex Jensen 1934; Arthrobacter simplex (Jensen 1934) Lochhead 1957 (Approved Lists 1980).; Arthrobacter simplex; Nocardioides simplex. Arthrobacter sp. strain FB24 was isolated from chromate and xylene enriched soil microcosms used to ascertain changes in microbial community composition under these stresses Production of Glucose isomerase, Benzoic acid, Salicyclic acid Purification and properties of a heat-stable inulin fructotransferase from Arthrobacter ureafaciens. Degradation of creatinin Production of restriction enzymes Degradation of Nicotine List of microorganisms used in food and beverage preparation Arthrobacter nicotianae bacterium surface-ripened cheese Arthrobacter nicotianae bacteria Tilsit cheese... Arthrobacter nicotianae Giovannozzi-Sermanni 1959 (Approved Lists 1980) 73. Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Classis: Actinobacteria Subclassis: Actinobacterida e Ordo: Actinomycetales Subordo: Micrococcineae Familia: Micrococcaceae Genus: Arthrobacter Arthrobacter globiformis Arthrobacter nicotianae; Arthrobacter nicotianae Giovannozzi- Sermanni 1959 (Approved Lists cellular organisms, Bacteria, Actinobacteria, Actinobacteria, Actinobacteridae, Actinomycetales, Micrococcineae, Micrococcaceae, Arthrobacter. Substrate-induced efflux of methyltriphenylphosphonium ion (MTP) from Arthrobacter globiformis has been demonstrated using organisms depleted of endogenous reserves by starvation.

23 Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Classis: Actinobacteria Subclassis: Actinobacterida e Ordo: Actinomycetales Subordo: Micrococcineae Familia: Micrococcaceae Genus: Arthrobacter 75. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus species capable of degrading high concentrations of 4- chlorophenol, may also be useful in bioremediation Amycolatopsis mediterranei Production of rifamycin B, SV Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Pseudonocardiaceae Genus: Amycolatopsis 76. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Amycolatopsis orientalis Production of ristocetin A & B Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Pseudonocardiaceae Genus: Amycolatopsis 77. Kingdom: Bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum Production of L-Carnitine Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Pseudomonadales Family: Pseudomonadaceae Genus: Azotobacter 78. Kingdom: Bacteria Azotobacter beijerinckii Production of Poly-B-hydroxybutyrate Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Pseudomonadales Family: Pseudomonadaceae Genus: Azotobacter

24 Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Bacillus apporhoeus Degradation of cellulose Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Bacillaceae Genus: Bacillus 80. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Bacillus brevis Production of restriction enzymes. Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Bacillaceae Genus: Bacillus 81. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Bacillaceae Genus: Bacillus 82. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Bacillaceae Bacillus globgii Bacillus fastidiosus Den Dooren de Jong Production of restriction enzymes. B. globigii, a closely related but phylogenetically distinct species now known as B. atrophaeus was used as a biowarfare simulant during Project SHAD. Subsequent genomic analysis showed that the strains used in those studies were products of deliberate enrichment for strains that exhibited abnormally high rates of sporulation. Degradation of Uric acid. Hydroxypyruvate isomerase: van der Drift C date 1980 title Purification and some properties of hydroxypyruvate isomerase of Bacillusfastidiosus journal Biochim.... Alicyclobacillus: cycloheptanicus A. disulfidooxidans A. fastidiosus A. ferrooxydans A.... isolated in 1967 from hot springs, and was named Bacillus acidocaldarius.... Genus: Bacillus 83. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Bacillus pumilus Assay of Antibiotics. Bacillus pumilus is a ubiquitous Gram-positive, aerobic, rodshaped endospore-forming bacterium that can be isolated from a wide variety of soils, plants and environmental surfaces and even from the interior of Sonoran desert basalt. B. pumilus

25 24 Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Bacillaceae Genus: Bacillus spores and vegetative cells show a resistance to UV radiation and H2O2 that is significantly higher than that of other Bacillus species. Isolates of B. pumilus were also recently recovered aboard the International Space Station from hardware surfaces and air particles. It is likely that these isolates were present in spacecraft assembly facilities as metabolically dormant spores. They were found in both unclassified (entrance floors, anteroom, and air-lock) and classified (floors, cabinet tops, and air) locations. As H2O2 is recommended for use in bioreduction of spacecraft components, repeated isolation of H2O2-resistant strains of this species in a clean-room is a concern because their persistence might potentially compromise life-detection missions, which have very strict cleanliness and sterility requirements for spacecraft hardware. 84. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Bacillus sp. Degradation of Dye, decolorization Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Bacillaceae Genus: Bacillus 85. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Production of Amylase. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a species of bacterium in the genus Bacillus that is the source of the BamH1 restriction enzyme. It also synthesizes a natural antibiotic protein barnase, a widely studied ribonuclease that forms a famously tight complex with its intracellular inhibitor barstar. Family: Bacillaceae Genus: Bacillus 86. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Bacillus clausii Bacillus clausii is a rod-shaped, Grampositive, motile and spore-forming bacterium which lives in the soil. It is currently being studied in respiratory infections and some gastrointestinal disorders. B. clausii is alkaliphilic and produces a class of subtilisins known as high-alkaline proteases. Family: Bacillaceae Genus: Bacillus 87. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Bacillus halodurans Production of Alkaline b- Amylase. Taxonomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Bacilli; Bacillales; Bacillaceae; Bacillus; Bacillus halodurans. Gram positive.

26 25 Order: Bacillales Family: Bacillaceae Genus: Bacillus 88. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Bacillus sphaericus Medium-sized, smooth colonies with an entire margin. he colonies are surrounded by a haemolytic zone which is as wide as the zone. General characteristics: Gram-variable, large, spore-forming rods with a diameter < 0.9 µm. Catalase-positive. Lecithinase-negative. Does not attack sugars. Motile. Family: Bacillaceae Genus: Bacillus 89. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Bacillaceae Bacillus megaterium Small to medium-sized, convex colonies. The size and colour of colonies varies, even within a pure culture. This is a phenomenon which is typical of Bacillus. General characteristics: Gram-positive, spore-forming rods with a diameter > 0.9 µm. In young cultures the cells may contain granula, particularly if the culture has been grown on a medium containing glucose. Catalase-positive. Usually motile Genus: Bacillus 90. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Bacillaceae Bacillus lichiniformis Bacillus licheniformis is a bacterium commonly Found in the soil. gram positive, thermophilic Bacterium. It can exist in spore form to resist harsh environments Production of amoxilin, ampicilin, amylase etc General characteristics: Gram-positive, long, spore-forming rods, with a diameter < 0.9 µm. Catalase-positive. Attacks sugars fermentatively. Motile. Genus: Bacillus 91. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Bacillus substilis Gram-positive, catalase-positive bacterium rod-shaped, and has the ability to form a tough, protective endospore, allowing the organism to tolerate extreme environmental conditions classified as an obligate aerobe. Assay of antibacterial agents, penicillin, Streptomycin, Viomycin etc. Testing of paint Family: Bacillaceae Genus: Bacillus

27 Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Bacillus polymyxa Bacillus polymyxa were isolated from soil, vegetation and water Bacillus polymyxa can grow on inexpensive waste products of the food-processing industry and produce this glycol. Medically useful antibiotics are produced by Production of amylase. Family: Bacillaceae Genus: Bacillus 93. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Bacillaceae Bacillus pseudofirmus This facultatively alkaliphilic Bacillus (it will grow at ph 7.5 and 10.5 on malate-containing medium) is the best studied of the alkaliphile Bacillus. Oxidative phosphorylation supported by the proton-coupled ATP synthase of alkaliphilic Bacillus species at ph 10.5 presents a set of challenges with respect to capture of protons, successful proton translocation to the cytoplasm, and proton retention in the cytoplasm. B. pseudofirmus OF4 maintains a cytoplasmic ph of 8.2 during growth in rigorously controlled continuous culture at ph 10.5 in medium containing malate, a non-fermentable substrate. Genus: Bacillus 94. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Bacillaceae Genus: Bacillus 95. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Bacillaceae Bacillus circulans Bacillus coagulans Semi-transparent colonies of varying size. As the Colonies grow they become less transparent. Motile microcolonies rotate over the surface of the agar, causing the agar to become covered relatively quickly. When light hits the surface of the agar obliquely, thin trails can be seen between the original colonies and the microcolonies. Production of L-glutamic acid, starch degrading enzymes. Degradation of Phenol. General characteristics: Gram-positive, negative or variable, large spore-forming rods with a diameter < 0.9 µm. Catalasepositive. Attacks sugars by fermentation. Motile. Small to medium or large colonies with a slightly undulated margin. The variation in colony size on the same agar plate may give the impression that the culture is impure. Assay of folic acid General characteristics: Gram-positive. Catalase-positive. Motile. Attacks sugars by fermentation. Bacillus coagulans is facultatively thermophilic growing at temperatures up to C. Genus: Bacillus 96. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Bacillus cereus The form of Bacillus cereus colonies varies depending on strain. Generally large colonies with a dull or frost-glass surface and undulate margin. Variations in colony morphology. Production of Amylase. Assay of Chlortetracycline.

28 27 Family: Bacillaceae Genus: Bacillus 97. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Bacillus firmus Small to medium-sized, semi-transparent, flat colonies. General characteristics: Gram-positive, long, spore- forming rods with a diameter of < 0.9 µm. Catalase- positive. Usually motile. Order: Bacillales Family: Bacillaceae Genus: Bacillus 98. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rhizobiales Bartonella bacilliformis B. bacilliformis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, pleomorphic, flagellated coccobacillus that form translucent colonies that vary from one to two millimeters in diameter. It grows at an optimum temperature of 28 C and ph of 7.8. B. bacilliformis is a specific human pathogen, and is the causative agent of a group of diseases known as bartonellosis. This strain specifically causes Carrion's disease. Family: Bartonellaceae 99. Genus: Bartonella Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rhizobiales Family: Bartonellaceae Bartonella tribocorum It is alphaproteobacteria known to be involved in mammalian diseases of varying gravity, including cat scratch fever, endocarditis and bartonellosis. They are transmitted by insect vectors and survive in mammalian reservoir hosts. A variety of Bartonella have been isolated from different mammalian hosts in both Europe and the Americas. They grow facultatively within erythrocytes and vascular epithelial cells. it was isolated from a wild rat (R.norvegicus) near the Rhine River in France. It has not yet been observed to be a human pathogen. It is aerobic, has no flagella, but seems to have polar fimbriae, and is catalase, oxidase and urease negative. Genus: Bartonella 100. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rhizobiales Bartonella Quintana Taxonomy :Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhizobiales; Bartonellaceae; Bartonella; Bartonella Quintana. Bartonella quintana has repeatedly emerged throughout history as a cause of infection among distinct and diverse populations across the globe. The bacterium has been identified as the agent in trench fever, a disease responsible for one million deaths during World War 1. A disease of the past, B. quintana has reemerged as a public health concern after recent outbreaks have infected inner-city homeless people and patients suffering from AIDS.

29 28 Family: Bartonellaceae Genus: Bartonella 101. kingdom: Bacteria Classis: Delta Proteobacteria Ordo: Bdellovibrionales Familia: Bdellovibrionacee Genus: Bdellovibrio Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; delta/epsilon subdivisions; Deltaproteobacteria; Bdellovibrionales; Bdellovibrionaceae; Bdellovibrio; Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. Bdellovibrio rapidly colonizes and tenaciously adhere to surfaces in aquatic environments, and may play an important role in the population dynamics of biofilms Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rhizobiales Family: Beijerinckiaceae Genus: Beijerinckia 103. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Beijerinckia indica It is an aerobic, acidophilic soil bacterium than fixes nitrogen and produces copious exopolysaccharide material. It is phylogenetically closely related to members of the genera Methylocella and Methylocapsa. These are highly specialized bacteria that grow primarily on methane, methanol and other one-carbon compounds, whereas it is a broadspectrum chemoorganotroph that does not oxidize methane or methanol. Some strains of Beijerinckia also degrade aromatic compounds, and may be of use in petroleum purification or bioremediation. Beutenbergia cavernae Taxonomy Bacteria, Actinobacteria, Actinobacteria, Actinomycetales, Beutenbergiaceae, Beutenbergia, cavernae. Beutenbergia cavernae is an aerobic to microaerophilic Grampositive bacterium isolated from cave soil in Guangxi, China. It is non-motile and non-spores forming. Order: Actinomycetales Family: Beutenbergiaceae Genus: Beutenbergia 104. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Bifidobacteriales Family: Bifidobacteriaceae Bifidobacterium adolescentis B. adolescentis is a gram-positive organism, containing one cell membrane, and is not mobile. Each species of bifidobacteria contain different components in their cell walls; B. adolescentis' cell wall is made made primarily of murein, containing Lys- or Orn-D-Asp within its peptide chains. Its polysaccharide components include glucose and galactose. Myristic, palmitic, and oleic are the major fatty acids within the cell wall. Leipoteichoic acids on the cell wall's surface function to help the organism adhere to the intestinal wall. Genus: Bifidobacterium 105. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium animalis is a Gram-positive anaerobic rodshaped bacterium, which can be found in the large intestines of most mammals, including humans.

30 29 Class: Actinobacteria Order: Bifidobacteriales Family: Bifidobacteriaceae Genus: Bifidobacterium 106. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Bifidobacteriales Family: Bifidobacteriaceae Bifidobacterium longum Taxonomy Bacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria (class); Actinobacteridae; Bifidobacteriales; Bifidobacteriaceae; Bifidobacterium; Bifidobacterium longum. Bifidobacteria, called probiotics, are a natural part of the bacterial flora in the human body and have a symbiotic bacteria-host relationship with humans. B. longum promotes good digestion, boosts the immune system, and produces lactic and acetic acid that controls intestinal ph. These bacteria also inhibit the growth of Candida albicans, E. coli, and other bacteria that have more pathogenic qualities than Bifidobacteria. Genus: Bifidobacterium 107. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Bifidobacteriales Family: Bifidobacteriaceae Genus: Bifidobacterium 108. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Bifidobacterium dentium Bifidobacteria infantis Bifidobacterium dentium is a species of bacteria inthe genus of Bifidobacterium, branched anaerobic bacteria from the Bifidobacteriaceae Family. It is a source of anaerobic infections, and is also tracked in polluted water to trace the source of fecal contamination. It has been identified by researchers at Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital as producing a neurotransmitter that may play a role in preventing or treating inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease. the first and only probiotic, or "good" bacteria, that has been clinically proven to help manage the full range of symptoms of IBS in a large scale, placebo-controlled clinical trial. may help relieve many of the symptoms associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in women, including diarrhea and constipation. Order: Bifidobacteriales Family: Bifidobacteriaceae 109. Genus: Bifidobacterium Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Betaproteobacteria Bordetella pertusis Gram negative, aerobic coccobacillus capsulate of the genus Bordetella, and the causative agent of pertussis or whooping cough. Unlike B. bronchiseptica, B. pertussis is nonmotile. Its virulence factors include pertussis toxin, filamentous hæmagglutinin, pertactin, Order: Burkholderiales Family: Alcaligenaceae Genus: Bordetella fimbria, and tracheal cytotoxin. There does not appear to be a zoonotic reservoir for B. pertussis humans are its only host. The bacterium is spread by airborne droplets; its incubation period is seven to 14 days.

31 Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Burkholderiales Family: Alcaligenaceae Genus: Bordetella 111. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Burkholderiales Family: Alcaligenaceae Genus: Bordetella 112. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Burkholderiales Family: Alcaligenaceae Genus: Bordetella 113. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Spirochaetes Class: Spirochaetes Order: Spirochaetales Family: Spirochaetaceae Genus: Borrelia 114. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Spirochaetes Class: Spirochaetes Order: Spirochaetales Family: Spirochaetaceae Genus: Borrelia 115. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Bordetella avium Bordetella avium is the causative agent for bordetellosis in birds. It is a small, gram-negative, non-fermentative, motile, strictly aerobic bacillus that colonizes the trachea of chickens, turkeys and other poultry. This bacterium was first isolated from young turkeys in 1967 and was officially named Bordetella avium in Studies have also shown that infection by this bacterium is not limited to poultry; other birds can be carriers though they may not develop symptoms of disease. Bordetella bronchiseptica Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Betaproteobacteria; Burkholderiales; Alcaligenaceae; Bordetella; Bordetella bronchiseptica. Bordetella bronchiseptica, infects the lungs of many animals, including dogs, cats, and pigs; humans are rarely infected. The bacterium can cause no disease symptoms or chronic respiratory problems. Infectious outbreaks occur in places like boarding kennels and veterinary clinics. developing new vaccines against whooping cough, scientists have sequenced the genome of the bacterium that causes the disease and discovered a whole family of proteins that might be used in vaccines. Bordetella parapertussis Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Betaproteobacteria; Burkholderiales; Alcaligenaceae; Bordetella; Bordetella parapertussis. In addition to the proteins, another interesting discovery was a set of genes the bacterium may use to make a capsule around itself. The discovery was a surprise because few scientists thought the bacterium, called Bordetella pertussis, made a capsule. Borrelia burgdorferi Taxonomy Bacteria; Spirochaetes; Spirochaetes (class); Spirochaetales; Spirochaetaceae; Borrelia; Borrelia burgdorferi group; Borrelia burgdorfer. Borrelia burgdorferi, the causal agent of Lyme disease has a chromosome of 910,724 base pairs, with 20 linear and circular plasmids with a combined size of more than 533,000 base pairs. Both the linear chromosome and escort of plasmids of B. burgdorferi have been recently sequenced. The main chromosome of B. burgdorferi is estimated to contain 853 genes that encode a basic set of proteins. Borrelia garinii Borrelia garinii is a type of spirochete. Spirochetes are normally thin, approximately micrometers by micrometers. Borrelia garinii is generally characterized to have a spiral shape, to be motile, non-capsulated, and non-sporing. Like many other Borrelia species, Borrelia garinii rely on hematophagous arthropods for transmission. Borrelia garinii is usually transferred to avian, rodent hosts, and to humans by Ixodes ricknus, also known as the sheep or forest tick and Ixodes persulcatus, also known as the taiga tick. Bradyrhizobium japonicum Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhizobiales; Bradyrhizobiaceae; Bradyrhizobium; Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Bradyrhizobium japonicum was first isolated from a soybean nodule in Florida in Rhizobium sp. NGR234 has a host range of more than 112 genera of legumes (Viprey et al. 2000). These symbiotic relationships occur when rhizobia penetrate their hosts with

32 31 Order: Rhizobiales centripetally-developing infection threads. Family: Bradyrhizobiaceae Genus: Bradyrhizobium 116. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Brochothrix thermosphacta Small, grey, semi-transparent colonies, which cause no alteration of the blood. This culture has been incubated at 25 C. General characteristics: Gram-positive rods. Catalase-positive. Attacks sugars fermentatively. Non-motile. Order: Bacillales Family: Listeriaceae Genus: Brochothrix 117. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rhizobiales Family: Brucellaceae Brucella melitensis Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhizobiales; Brucellaceae; Brucella; Brucella melitensis. Brucella sp. causes brucellosis, a "zoonotic disease endemic in many areas of the world, characterized by chronic infections in animals leading to abortion and infertility, and a systemic, febrile illness in humans" (Paulsen et al. 2002). Gram-negative pathogen that is distringuished from most other pathogens because it does not have "obvious virulence factors" like "capsules, fimbriae, flagella, exotoxins, exproteases, or other exoenzymes, cytolysins, resistance forms, antigenic variation, plamids, or lysogenic phages" (Moreno and Moriyon 2002). Genus: Brucella 118. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rhizobiales Family: Brucellaceae Brucella suis Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhizobiales; Brucellaceae; Brucella; Brucella melitensis; Brucella melitensis biovar Suis. Brucella suis was the first pathogenic organism used by the U.S. military as a weapon backing in the 1950s. Although treatment is available for brucellosis, it is prolonged antibiotic therapy. In addition, early diagnosis is problematic and no acceptable vaccines have been made (Paulsen et al. 2002). Genus: Brucella 119. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Buchnera aphidicola Researchers have mapped the genomic evolution of a bacterium found in aphids. This parasite, called Buchnera, has shared a mutually beneficial relationship with the insect for about 250 million years. Buchnera does not behave like other bacteria because it relies on aphids for functions such as protection and reproduction. In return, the aphid depends on the bacteria to supply necessary proteins it cannot obtain on its own. Genus: Buchnera

33 Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Burkholderiales Burkholderia mallei Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Betaproteobacteria; Burkholderiales; Burkholderiaceae; Burkholderia mallei. Gramnegative, non-sporing bacilli, it is the etiologic agent of glanders, a disease that is often fatal. Its natural reservoir are horses, but it can be occasionally transmitted to humans either by inhalation or through breaks in the skin. B. mallei is highly infectious as an aerosol and was used as a biological weapon in the American Civil War and in both World Wars. Family: Burkholderiaceae Genus: Burkholderia 121. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Brevibacillus laterosporus Production of biosurfractant Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Paenibacillaceae Genus: Brevibacillus 122. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Brevibacillus parabrevis Production of cellulose Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Paenibacillaceae Genus: Brevibacillus 123. Kingdom: Bacteria Brevibacillus borstelensis Production of collagenase Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Paenibacillaceae Genus: Brevibacillus 124. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Brevibacterium liquefaciens Production of Adenylate cyclase Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales

34 33 Family: Brevibacteriaceae Genus: Brevibacterium 125. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Brevibacterium diverticum Production of L-glutamic acid Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Brevibacteriaceae Genus: Brevibacterium 126. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Brevibacterium immariophilium Production of L-glutamic acid Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Brevibacteriaceae Genus: Brevibacterium 127. Kingdom: Bacteria Brevibacterium roseum Production of L-glutamic acid Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Brevibacteriaceae Genus: Brevibacterium 128. Kingdom: Bacteria Brevibacterium linens In particolare Brevibacterium linens viene utilizzato come startert per formaggi a formaggi come Limburger, Tilsit, Brick. E una specie attivamente lipolitica e proteolitica, con

35 34 Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Brevibacteriaceae Genus: Brevibacterium un'elevata capacità di metabolizzare aminoacidi solforati cn produzione di sostanze aromatiche, mesofila, che può tollerare 2-10% NaCl, con una ridotta tolleranza all acidità e può produrre batteriocine attive contro L. monocytogenes. Può produrre pigmenti rosso-aranciati. Recentemente è stato dimostrato che in realtà la pigmentazione e l aroma caratteristico dei formaggi a maturazione superficiale sono dovuti a consorzi complessi di specie appartenenti ai gruppi dei corineformi e dei microstafilococchi e che B. linens non è sempre la specie dominante Kingdom: Bacteria Brevibacterium saccharolyticum Production of L-glutamic acid Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Brevibacteriaceae Genus: Brevibacterium 130. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Brevibacterium ammoniagenes Degradation of urea Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Brevibacteriaceae Genus: Brevibacterium 131. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Brevibacterium album Production of L-Glutamic acid Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Brevibacteriaceae Genus: Brevibacterium

36 Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Brevibacterium ketoglutamicum Production of L-Glutamic acid, alpha-ketoglutamicum acid Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Brevibacteriaceae Genus: Brevibacterium 133. Burkholderia caryophylli (Burkholder 1942) Yabuuchi, Kosako, Oyaizu, Yano, Hotta, Hahimoto, Ezaki and Arakawa 1993 Bacterial wilt or stem crack of carnation. Main hosts: Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus, Caryophyllaceae). Limonum sinuatum (statice, Plumbaginaceae) has been reported as a host from the USA and Japan (Jones and Engelhard, 1984; Nishiyama et al., 1988). Geographical distribution and importance The disease was first described from the USA by Jones (1941) and the causal organism in 1942 by Burkholder. Argentina, Brazil, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, etc Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Epsilonproteobacteria Order: Campylobacterales Family: Campylobacteracee Genus: Campylobacter 135. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Epsilonproteobacteria Order: Campylobacterales Campylobacter Campylobacter jejuni. Colonies are flat, droplet-like, glistening and tend to spread along the direction of the steak on moist agar. Older colonies become white to salmon-coloured. The colonies have a very characteristic odour. This culture has been incubated for 48 hours in an atmosphere containing 5% oxygen and 10% carbon dioxide. General characteristics: Gram-negative, very slender, curved rods. Catalase-positive, but are micro-aerophilic and optimum growth is achieved in an atmosphere containing 5% oxygen and 10% carbon dioxide. Oxidase-positive. Do not attack sugars. Motile. The optimum temperature for growth for the thermophilic campylobacters is 42 C, and they do not grow at temperatures below 30 C. Is a bacteria that typically infects the bowels. Now the leading cause of bacterial food poisoning, Campylobacter jejuni is most often spread by contact with raw or undercooked poultry. A single drop of juice from a contaminated chicken is enough to make someone sick. Disease caused by Campylobacter jejuni is termed Campylobacteriosis. Family: Campylobacteracee Genus: Campylobacter 136. Kingdom: Bacteria Campylobacter coli It is a gram-negative S-shaped curved, somewhat rod-shaped cell, about micrometers long, contains a single polar flagellum at one end, and usually lives in the intestinal tract of

37 36 Class: Epsilonproteobacteria Order: Campylobacterales animals. The bacteria colonize the intestinal epithelium to a point that it breaks out from the epithelial layer and spreads into the bloodstream. C. coli is very similar to its bacteria relative, Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni); both cause inflammation of the intestine and cause diarrhea in infected animals and humans. Family: Campylobacteracee Genus: Campylobacter 137. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Family: Carnobacteriaceae Carnobacterium divergens Pinpoint to small semi-transparent colonies. Carno means meat. There is no green zone around the colonies. C. divergens produces pseudocatalase on haem- containing media, thereby preventing the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide around the colonies. General characteristics: Gram-positive rods. Catalase-negative. Attacks sugars fermentatively. Non-motile. Originally placed in the genus Lactobacillus but differs from these in that they don't grow on acetate agar. Most strains can grow at 0 C but none grow at 45 C. Genus: Carnobacterium 138. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Caulobacterales Family: Caulobacteraceae Caulobacter crescentus Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Caulobacterales; Caulobacteraceae; Caulobacter; Caulobacter vibrioides. Caulobacter crescentus is a single-celled, small bacterium that divides asymmetrically producing cells that differ in structure and function - it is an ideal model system for the mechanisms of asymmetric cell division and has been studied thoroughly. Gram-negative, rod-like cells that can be flagellated in a polar manner or have a stalk. Caulobacter lack intracellular organelles. They are hereotrophic aerobes and can be found in aquatic environments attached to particulate matter, plant materials, or other microorganisms by its stalk. Genus: Caulobacter 139. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Chlamydiae Class: Chlamydiae Order: Chlamydiales Family: Chlamydiaceae Genus: Chlamydia Chlamydia muridarum TaxonomyBacteria; Chlamydiae/ Verrucomicrobia group; Chlamydiae; Chlamydiae (class); Chlamydiales; Chlamydiaceae; Chlamydia; Chlamydia muridarum. The murine origin of this stock was isolated from the lungs of an albino mouse of Swiss line not presenting a respiratory disorder. Experiment showed that infections could have a pathogenic capacity. The stock isolated from the hamster originates in the intestine of an animal presenting proliferative ileitis (inflammation of the ileum). The mouse bacterium was isolated from the lungs of an albino mouse that did not have a respiratory disorder, but the bacterium was later shown to be capable of causing disease Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Chlamydiae Class: Chlamydiae Chlamydia trachomatis Taxonomy Bacteria; Chlamydiae/ Verrucomicrobia group; Chlamydiae; Chlamydiae (class); Chlamydiales; Chlamydiaceae; Chlamydia; Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydia has long plagued humanity as the most commonly contracted STD, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. With the sequencing of the C. trachomatis genome, our ability of understand, diagnose, and combat the pathogen is greatly increased.

38 37 Order: Chlamydiales Family: Chlamydiaceae Genus: Chlamydia 141. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Chlamydiae Class: Chlamydiae Order: Chlamydiales Family: Chlamydiaceae Genus: Chlamydophila Chlamydophila caviae Taxonomy Bacteria; Chlamydiae/ Verrucomicrobia group;chlamydiae; Chlamydiae (class);chlamydiales; Chlamydiaceae; Chlamydophila; Chlamydophila caviae. Chlamydophila caviae is a gram negative bacterium and is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen belonging to the order Chlamydiales, which currently comprises four families. They are Chlamydiaceae,Parachlamydiaceae, Simkaniaceae and Waddliaceae. Chlamydophila caviae is the causative agent for guinea pig conjunctivitis. Chlamydophila caviae has the most complete tryptophan metabolism of any of the Chlamydiaceae Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Chlamydiae Class: Chlamydiae Order: Chlamydiales Family: Chlamydiaceae Genus: Chlamydophila 143. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Chlorobi Class: Chlorobia Order: Chlorobiales Family: Chlorobiaceae Genus: Chlorobium Chlamydophila pneumonia Chlorobium tepidum Taxonomy Bacteria; Chlamydiae/ Verrucomicrobia group; Chlamydiae; Chlamydiae (class); Chlamydiales; Chlamydiaceae; Chlamydophila; Chlamydophila pneumonia. Chlamydia pneumonia are Gram-negative, aerobic, intracellular pathogens. They are typically coccoid or rodshaped and require growing cells to remain viable. Chlamydia cannot synthesize its own ATP, and can also not be grown on an artificial medium, and consequently was once thought to be a virus. one of the main causative agents of pneumonia, and bronchitis. It has also been linked with artherosclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. Taxonomy Bacteria; Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi group; Chlorobi; Chlorobia; Chlorobiales; Chlorobiaceae; Chlorobaculum; Chlorobaculum tepidum. Chlorobium tepidum is a thermophilic green sulfer bacteria originally isolated from a New Zealand hot spring. This type of bacterium has special light-harvesting complexes called chlorosomes that contain bacteriochlorophylls and carotenoids. Gram-negative cells. Chlorobium sp. can from long chains of almost spherical cells. Chlorobium tepidum lives by anoxygenic photosynthesis and produces elemental sulfur as a waste product. C. tepidum deposits the elemental sulfer outside its cells unlike Chromatium and Thiothrix, two other sulfer-producing bacteria Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Betaproteobacteria Chromobacterium violaceum Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Betaproteobacteria; Neisseriales; Neisseriaceae; Chromobacterium group; Chromobacterium; Chromobacterium violaceum. Chromobacterium violaceum are Gram-negative, non-sporing, non-acid fast small rods or coccobacilli. Motility of C. violaceum is achieved by means of a single polar flagellum and up to four antigenically and structurally distinct lateral flagellae. C. violaceum are facultative anaerobe. They are considered as

39 38 Order: Neisseriales Family: Neisseriaceae Genus: Chromobacterium normal flora of soil and water in tropical to subtropical areas where they may play a role in the rhizosphere. These bacteria are not present as part of the normal flora of humans or animals. used for the production of violacein, which has antibiotic characteristics particularly against soil amoebae and trypanosomes. It can also be used to assay for L-tryptophan Kingdom: Bacteria Citrobacter Medium sized, smooth, grey colonies, which cause no alteration of the blood. General characteristics: Gram-negative rods. Catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. Attacks sugars fermentatively and gas is produced. Motile. Mesophile. Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Citrobacter 146. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Microbacteriace ae Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Bacterial canker of tomato. Main hosts: Tomato, cpsicum annuum and wild Solanum douglasii, S. nigrum and S. triflorum (Bradbury, 1986). Geographical distribution and importance EPPO A2 quarantine pest First reported by E.F. Smith (1910) from Michigan, USA. Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Ecuador, France, Greece, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Hungary, India Genus: Clavibacter Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales (Smith 1910) Davis, Gillaspie, Vidaver and Harris 1984 Clavibacter michiganesis subsp. Sepedonicus (Spiekermann and Kotthoff 1914) Davis, Gillaspie, Vidaver and Harris 1984 Bacterial ring rot. Main hosts: Solanum tuberosum. After artificial inoculation Lycopersicon esculentum and S. melongena also become infected. Geographical distribution and importance Described for the first time by Spieckermann and Kotthoff in 1914 from Germany, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece (Crete), Germany, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea DPR, Korea Republic, Latvia, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Taiwan, Ukraine, USA, Uzbekistan. Family: Microbacteriacea

40 39 e Genus: Clavibacter 148. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Microbacteriacea e Genus: Clavibacter Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskense Early symptoms, in the form of small water-soaked spots along the veins, on maize of leaf freckles and wilt, 149. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Clostridia Clostridium sp. Production of acetone. It is an anaerobic Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that produces oval, subterminal endospores and is commonly found in soil. It is being investigated as a way to deliver cancertreating drugs to tumours in patients. Order: Clostridiales Family: Clostridiaceae Genus: Clostridium 150. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Clostridia Order: Clostridiales Clostridium acetobutylicum Production of acetone. Taxonomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Clostridiaceae; Clostridium; Clostridium acetobutylicum. Clostridia are sporeforming, Gram-positive, anaerobes (although some species are microaerophilic). They are known to produce a variety of toxins, some of which are fatal. Family: Clostridiaceae Genus: Clostridium 151. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Clostridia Order: Clostridiales Family: Clostridiaceae Clostridium botulinum Clostridium botulinum causes botulism, which is contracted through contact (usually ingestion) of botulinum toxin (wound botulism is rare, but can occur). There are about outbreaks of botulism reported annually in the United States, almost all of which are associated with improperly canned or processed food (usually home-canned). Botulinum toxin is a protein that C. botulinum secretes, which causes muscle paralysis by blocking the presynaptic release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

41 40 Genus: Clostridium 152. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Clostridia Order: Clostridiales Family: Clostridiaceae Genus: Clostridium 153. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Clostridia Order: Clostridiales Family: Clostridiaceae Genus: Clostridium 154. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Clostridia Order: Clostridiales Family: Clostridiaceae Genus: Clostridium 155. Kingdom: Protozoa Phylum: Apicomplexa Class: Conoidasida Order: Eucoccidiorida Clostridium perfringens Clostridium sporogenes Clostridium tetani Cryptosporidium andersoni (Lindsay et al., 2000, J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 47: 91-95) Colonial morphology varies considerably, sometimes even within the same culture. The colonies are small to medium sized and typically grey to grey-yellow and translucent. Some are smooth and dome-shaped with an entire margin, whilst others are rough with a lobate margin, still others are flat with an irregular surface and a filamentous margin. Clostridium perfringens is non-proteolytic and is not associated with a distinct odour. This culture has been incubated anaerobically. Production of Alphatoxin. General characteristics: Gram-positive, large, spore-forming rods. Spores are rarely seen as the sporulation process requires a ph around 7.5. Catalase-negative. Anaerobic, although requirements for anaerobiosis are not as strict as for many Clostridia. Nonmotile. Small to medium sized flat colonies with a raised yellow-grey centre and a flattened periphery ("Medusa head" colony). The colonies are opaque with a matt surface and are adherent to the agar. Clostridium sporogenes is proteolytic and associated with a foul odour. This culture has been incubated anaerobically. General characteristics: Gram-positive, large, spore-forming rods. Catalase-negative. Obligately anaerobic. Motile. Taxonomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Clostridiaceae; Clostridium; Clostridium tetani. Clostridia are spore-forming, Gram-positive, anaerobes. They are known to produce a variety of toxins, some of which are fatal. C. tetani releases an exotoxin called tetanus toxin, which blocks the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic membrane of inhibitory interneurons of spinal cord and brainstem of mammals that regulate muscle contraction. This leads to continuous muscle contraction primarily in the neck and jaw muscles (lockjaw). If the infection is left untreated, it will eventually lead to respiratory failure and death. It is round in shape, measured 6-8 microm in size and were mainly observed to be freely located in the gastric pits, being attached in occasional cases to the surface of the abomasum epithelium. Frequent inflammatory cells had infiltrated the lamina propria of the affected mucosa, and frequent mitotic figures were observed in epithelial cells at the dilated isthmus. To access the cell kinetics, the number of epithelial cells infected with C. andersoni were counted and compared with noninfected cattle.

42 41 Family: Cryptosporidiidae Genus: Cryptosporidium 156. Kingdom: Protozoa Phylum: Apicomplexa Class: Conoidasida Order: Eucoccidiorida Cryptosporidium parvum Cryptosporidium is a genus of parasites which has become a rising concern due to its presence in drinking water. Cryptosporidium parvum, which may cause gastrointestinal illness. Family: Cryptosporidiidae Genus: Cryptosporidium 157. Kingdom: Protozoa Phylum: Apicomplexa Class: Conoidasida Order: Eucoccidiorida Family: Cryptosporidiidae Cryptosporidium baileyi Taxanomy Organismos, Animalia, Protozoa, Apicomplexa, Coccidia, Cryptosporidium, Cryptosporidium baileyi. Cryptosporidium baileyi infects the cloaca, bursa, and sometimes respiratory tract of chickens. Heavy infections may develop, but significant clinical disease is usually associated only with respiratory cryptosporidiosis. Genus: Cryptosporidium 158. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Corynebacterium sp. Degradation of m and p-nitrophenol Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Corynebacteriaceae Genus: Corynebacterium 159. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Corynebacterium ammoniagenes Production of ADP, Production of 5 -Inosinic acid, L-Isoleucine Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales

43 42 Family: Corynebacteriaceae Genus: Corynebacterium 160. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Corynebacterium acetoglutamicum Production of Flavin-ademine dinucleotide, L-Glutamic acid Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Corynebacteriaceae Genus: Corynebacterium 161. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Corynebacterium callunae Production of L-Glutamic acid Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Corynebacteriaceae Genus: Corynebacterium 162. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Corynebacterium fujiokense Production of single cell protein Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Corynebacteriaceae Genus: Corynebacterium 163. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Corynebacterium diptheriae Taxonomy Bacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria (class); Actinobacteridae; Actinomycetales; Corynebacterineae; Corynebacteriaceae; Corynebacterium; Corynebacterium diphtheria. Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a Gram-positive, non-spore forming, non-motile, pleomorphic rod belonging to the genus Corynebacterium and the actinomycete group of organisms. The organism produces a potent bacteriophageencoded protein exotoxin, diphtheria toxin (DT), which causes the symptoms of diphtheria.

44 43 Family: Corynebacteriaceae Genus: Corynebacterium 164. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Corynebacteriaceae Corynebacterium glutamicum Production of L-Glutamic acid. Taxonomy Bacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria (class); Actinobacteridae; Actinomycetales; Corynebacterineae; Corynebacteriaceae; Corynebacterium; Corynebacterium glutamicum. Corynebacterium glutamicum is of high industrial interest as a research object because it is used by the chemical industry for the biotechnological production of the amino acid lysine. The substance is employed as a source of protein in animal nutrition. Genus: Corynebacterium 165. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Corynebacteriaceae Corynebacterium efficien Taxonomy Bacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria (class); Actinobacteridae; Actinomycetales; Corynebacterineae; Corynebacteriaceae; Corynebacterium; Corynebacterium efficiens. Coryneform bacteria are rod-shaped, fast growing, non-sporulating Gram-positive bacteria that enjoy widespread distribution. Corynebacteria are used commercially to produce amino acids. Since the discovery, in the 1950s, that these bacteria could produce large amounts of glutamic acid, researchers have genetically modified strains to increase their yields. Genus: Corynebacterium 166. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Legionellales Family: Coxiellaceae Coxiella burnetii s Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Legionellales; Coxiellaceae; Coxiella; Coxiella burnetii. Coxiella burnetti is a gram-negative, non-sporing short, rodlike, non-motile, aerobic micro-organism that is the causal agent of Q fever, a zoonotic disease considered notifiable in the USA. This pathogen was discovered in 1937 in people working in a slaughter-house, in Queensland, Australia. Coxiella burnetti can induce abortion in domestic mammals (cat, dog, rabbit) and ruminants, and these animals represent their main reservoir. Genus: Coxiella 167. Kingdom: Bacteria Curotobacterium luteum Production of restriction enzymes Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales

45 44 Family: Microbacteriaceae Genus: Curtobacterium 168. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Microbacteriaceae Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. Oortii Yellow pustule of tulip (bulb symptoms) or hell fire (leaf symptoms). Main hosts Garden tulip (Tulipa gesneriana) Symptoms and transmission: On the bulbs tiny slightly swollen white/grey spots occur on the outermost white scales that later become raised and turn yellow. Geographical distribution and importance Denmark, Germany, Japan, The Netherlands, UK. The disease is of no economic importance. Genus: Curtobacterium 169. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria nflibnet/doc?id= &ppg=181 Curtobacterium albidum Production of restriction endonuclease Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Microbacteiaceae Genus: Curtobacterium 170. Citrobacterium Citrobacterium fruendii Assay of arginine 171. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Cellulomonas gelida Production of single cell protien Class: Actinobacteria

46 45 Order: Actinomycetales Family: Cellulomonadaceae Genus: Cellulomonas 172. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Cellulomonas uda Production of single cell protein, Xylanse Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Cellulomonadaceae Genus: Cellulomonas 173. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Cellulomonas flavigena Degradatiuon of Xylan. Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Cellulomonadaceae Genus: Cellulomonas 174. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Bacteroidetes Cytophaga hutchinsonii Degradation of Cellulose Class: Sphingobacteria Order: Sphingobacteriales Family: Flexibacteraceae Genus: Cytophaga 175. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Bacteroidetes Cytophaga myxococcides Degradation of Cellulose Class: Sphingobacteria Order: Sphingobacteriales Family: Flexibacteraceae Genus: Cytophaga

47 Kingdom: Bacteria Comamonas testosteroni Production of L-Glutamic acid Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Burkholderiales Family: Comamonadaceae Genus: Comamonas 177. Kingdom: Bacteria Chromobacterium violaceum Production of restriction endonuclease Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Neisseriales Family: Neisseriaceae Genus: Chromobacterium 178. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Bacteroidetes Cytophaga hutchinsonii Degradation of Cellulose Class: Sphingobacteria Order: Sphingobacteriales Family: Flexibacteraceae Genus: Cytophaga 179. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Bacteroidetes Cytophaga myxococcides Degradation of Cellulose. Class: Sphingobacteria Order: Sphingobacteriales Family: Flexibacteraceae Genus: Cytophaga 180. Kingdom: Bacteria Citrobacter sp. Bioaccumulation of Zinc and Chromium Class: Gammaproteobacteria

48 47 Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Citrobacter 181. Kingdom: Bacteria Citrobacter braakii Detection of Phytase Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Citrobacter 182. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Rhodocyclales Family: Rhodocyclaceae Genus: Dechloromonas 183. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Deferribacteres Class: Deferribacteres Order: Deferribacterales Family: Deferribacteraceae Genus: Deferribacter 184. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Chloroflexi Family: Dehalococcoides Dechloromonas aromatica Deferribacter desulfuricans Dehalococcoides ethenogenes Dechloromonas aromatica have rod shaped cells and are found in aquatic and aquatic sediment habitats. They can oxidize aromatic compounds such as toluene, benzoate, and chlorobenzoate. D. aromatica strain RCB was isolated from Potomic River sediment, Maryland, USA. It is the only organism in pure culture that is capable of oxidizing benzene anaerobically. Optimum growth temperature is 30º C and optimum growth salinity is 0%. it can have a significant contribution on the environment due to their unique ability to biodegrade benzene, perchlorate, and other similar compounds Deferribacter desulfuricans is thermophilic (optimal temperature ) and strictly anaerobic heterotroph capable of using versatile organic compounds. The strain has been isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney at the Suiyo Seamount in the Izu-Bonin Arc, JAPAN. Thermophilic microorganisms living on hydrothermal vents are exposed to physically and chemically fluctuating environments. It has also been shown, depending on the hydrothermal vent chimney environment, thatdeferribacter-related species are the dominant species in these locations. Taxonomy Bacteria; Chloroflexi; Dehalococcoidetes; Dehalococcoides ethenogenes. Dehalococcoides ethenogenes is the only bacterium known to reductively dechlorinate the groundwater pollutants, tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene, to ethene.

49 Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Deinococcusthermus Class: Deinococci Order: Deinococcales Family: Deinococcaceae Deinococcus deserti Taxanomy Bacteria; Deinococcus-Thermus; Deinococci; Deinococcales; Deinococcaceae; Deinococcus. It is gamma-radiation-tolerant bacterium isolated from the Sahara Desert. Two gamma- and UV-radiation-tolerant, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterial strains, VCD115 T and VCD117, were isolated from a mixture of sand samples collected in the Sahara Desert in Morocco and Tunisia, after exposure of the sand to 15 kgy gamma radiation. Genus: Deinococcus 186. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Deinococcusthermus Class: Deinococci Order: Deinococcales Family: Deinococcaceae Genus: Deinococcus 187. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Deinococcusthermus Class: Deinococci Order: Deinococcales Deinococcus geothermalis Deinococcus radiodurans Deinococcus geothermalis is a gram-positive, thermophilic radiophile. It was isolated in hot springs in Naples, Italy and in Sao Pedro do Sul in Portugal. It propagates in a temperature range from 45 to 50 C and a ph range from 4.5 to 8.5, experiencing optimal growth at 47 C and a ph of 6.5. It forms spherical cells approximately 1.2 to 2.0 micro meters in diameter which amass into orange-pigmented colonies.it is capable of reducing Fe (III)-nitrilotriacetic acid, U (VI), and Cr (VI). (1) It is also capable of reducing Hg (II) in the presence of radiation and high temperatures. Taxonomy Bacteria; Deinococcus-Thermus; Deinococci; Deinococcales; Deinococcaceae; Deinococcus; Deinococcus radiodurans. Deinococcus is a gram-positive bacterium found to form pink or reddish colored colonies. Deinococcus is known for being the most radiation-resistant vegetative cell (R. Murray). The natural habitat of Deinococcus is not yet known because Deinococcus is chemoorganotrophic. Family: Deinococcaceae Genus: Deinococcus 188. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Deltaproteobacteria Order: Desulfobacterales Desulfatibacillum alkenivorans An alkene-degrading, sulfate-reducing bacterium, strain PF2803T, was isolated from oil-polluted sediments (Fos Harbour, France). The cells were found to be Gram-negative, non-sporulating, non-motile and to have a slightly curved rod shape. Optimum growth occurred at 1% (w/v) NaCl, ph 6?8 and C. Family: Desulfobacteraceae Genus: Desulfatibacillum 189. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Deltaproteobacteria Desulfobacterium autotrophicum It is a anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from a marine sediment in the Mediterranean sea near Venice, Italy. it plays an important role in the ecology of marine sediments. It is involved in the anaerobic mineralization of organic matter coming from the water column. The metabolic versatility of it is reflected in the presence of genes for the degradation of a variety of organic compounds including long-chain fatty acids and for the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, which enables the

50 49 Order: Desulfobacterales Family: Desulfobacteraceae organism to completely oxidize acetyl-coa to CO2 but also to grow chemolithoautotrophically. Genus: Desulfobacterium 190. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Clostridia Order: Clostridiales Family: Peptococcaceae Desulfitobacterium hafniense Desulfitobacterium hafniense, grows by chlororespiration on a chlorinated phenolic compounds. The protein responsible for dechlorination has been purified. There is suggestive evidence that the genome of D. hafniense encodes several reductive dehalogenase-like genes. Determination of the sequences of these genes will aid in understanding the substrate ranges of the dehalogenases and the regulation of gene expression. Genus: Desulfitobacterium 191. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Deltaproteobacteria Order: Desulfobacterales Family: Desulfobacteraceae Genus: Desulfococcus 192. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Deltaproteobacteria Order: Desulfovibrionales Family: Desulfohalobiaceae Genus: Desulfohalobium 193. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Deltaproteobacteria Order: Desulfovibrionales Family: Desulfomicrobiacea Desulfococcus oleovorans Desulfohalobium retbaense Desulfomicrobium baculatum Strain was isolated from the saline water phase of an oil-water separator from a northern German oil field. It is a deltaproteobacterium capable of utilizing C12-C20 alkanes as growth substrates. Alkane degradation in the strain involves the activation of alkanes via carboxylation at C3, with subsequent elimination of the terminal and subterminal carbons. This yields a fatty acid that is one carbon shorter than the parent alkane (3). Hxd3 is the ONLY pure culture that is known to carboxylate aliphatic hydrocarbons. It a Halophilic Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium from Sediments of a Hypersaline Lake in Senegal. The cells were motile, nonsporulating, and rod shaped with polar flagella and incompletely oxidized a limited range of substrates to acetate and CO 2. Acetate and vitamins were required for growth and could be replaced by Biotrypcase or yeast extract. Sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate, and elemental sulfur were used as electron acceptors and were reduced to H 2 S. Growth occurred at ph values ranging from 5.5 to 8.0. The optimum temperature for growth was 37 to 40 C. It is a strictly anaerobic, mesophilic, sulfate reducer Gramnegative bacterium, originally isolated from water-saturated manganese carbonate ore. Its metabolism is respiratory or fermentative. It reduces sulfate to sulphide, and in the presence of sulfate, pyruvate and lactate are incompletely oxidized to acetate and CO2. Furthermore, sulfate, sulfite and thiosulfate are used as electron acceptors and are reduced to H2S. It is not able to reduce nitrate. Malate, fumarate and pyruvate can be fermented with succinate and acetate as end products, but the

51 50 e carbohydrates are not fermented. Genus: Desulfomicrobium 194. Kingdom: Bacteria Desulfotalea psychrophila Class: Deltaproteobacteria Order: Desulfobacterales Desulfotalea psychrophila is a gram-negative sulfate-reducing proteobacterium that is rodular in shape. It is a deltaproteobacterium marine organism which can be found in marine sediments that are permanently cold. This organism was first discovered in arctic marine sediment off the coast of Svalbard. Desulfotalea psychrophila can withstand extremely cold temperatures and can even survive in waters below 0 C. Family: Desulfobulbaceae Genus: Desulfotalea 195. Kingdom: Bacteria Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Clostridia Order: Clostridiales It was one of the first sulfate-reducing bacteria known to grow with acetate as sole energy and carbon source. It is able to oxidize substrates completely to carbon dioxide with sulfate as electron acceptor, which is reduced to hydrogen sulfide. All available data about this species are based on strain is isolated from piggery waste in Germany. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. Family: Peptococcaceae Genus: Desulfotomaculum 196. Kingdom: Bacteria Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Anaerobic; reduces sulfate, uranium, and toxic metals; corrodes iron piping; sours petroleum with hydrogen sulfide. Desulfovibrio vulgaris High potential for bioremediation through metal and sulfate reduction and sulfate utilization. Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; delta/epsilon subdivisions; Deltaproteobacteria; Desulfovibrionales; Desulfovibrionaceae; Desulfovibrio; Desulfovibrio vulgaris; Desulfovibrio vulgaris subsp. Vulgaris. It is a gram-negative, anaerobic, non-spore forming, curved rod-shaped bacteria, 0.7 um in cell diameter, isolated from soil, animal intestines and feces, and fresh and salt water. Class: Deltaproteobacteria Order: Desulfovibrionales Family: Desulfovibrionacea e 197. Genus: Desulfovibrio Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Deltaproteobacteria Order: Desulfovibrionales Family: Desulfovibrionacea

52 51 e Genus: Desulfovibrio 198. Kingdom: Bacteria Erwinia carotovora Production of asparaginase, Glutaminase Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Erwinia 199. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Enterobacter clocae Phosphorelation of Xylose. Enterobacter is a genus of common Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Enterobacter 200. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rickettsiales Family: Anaplasmataceae Ehrlichia ruminantium Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Anaplasmataceae;Ehrlichia ruminantium. Ehrlichia ruminantium is the causative agent of the heartwater disease that affects domestic and wild ruminants. The bacterium is transmitted by ticks of the genus Amblyomma. The disease is present throughout subsaharan Africa and on several Caribbean islands where it represents a major constraint to livestock production Genus: Ehrlichia 201. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Enterococcus faecalis Taxonomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Bacilli; Lactobacillales; Enterococcaceae; Enterococcus; Enterococcus faecalis. pinpoint to small, smooth, entire colonies. There is a narrow green zone around the colonies. This 'greening' is caused by the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide converting the haemoglobin to methaemoglobin in the agar. Sometimes the 'greening' may be absent because the bacterium can produce pseudocatalase.

53 52 Order: Lactobacillales Family: Enterococcaceae Genus: Enterococcus General characteristics: Gram-positive cocci in short chains. Catalase-negative, but may show a catalase-positive reaction when grown on Blood Agar. Attacks sugars fermentatively. Microaerophilic. Usually non-motile Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Enterococcus faecium Pinpoint to small, white colonies. There is a narrow green zone around the colonies. This 'greening' is caused by the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide converting the haemoglobin to methaemoglobin in the agar. General characteristics: Gram-positive cocci. Catalase-negative. Attacks sugars fermentatively. Microaerophilic. Non-motile. Family: Enterococcaceae Genus: Enterococcus 203. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Erwinia carotovora Erwinia carotovora is derived from "carrots", the vegetable from which it was first isolated. produce enzymes which destroy the "cementing" material between cells. Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Erwinia 204. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Erwinia carotovora subsp. Atroseptica (Van Hall 1902) Dye 1969 Potato blackleg. Main hosts: Potato Other hosts like Allium cepa, Asparagus officinalis, Brassica oleracea, Brassica oleracea var. capitata, Cichorium intybus and Daucus carota have also been mentioned as hosts. Geographical distribution and importance E. c. subsp. atroseptica is reported from all potato-growing areas on all continents. Substantial losses occur especially in cool climates and can be 10-25%, Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Erwinia 205. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Erwinia amylovora (Burrill 1882) Winslow, Broadhurst, Buchanan, Krumwiede, Rogers and Smith 1920 Fire blight. Main hosts: Members of the Pomoideae: Amelanchier spp., Chaenomeles spp., Cotoneaster spp,rataegus spp., Cydonia oblonga, Eriobotrya japonica, Malus spp. (apple), Geographical distribution and importance Armenia, most countries of Europe, except Latvia and Ukraine, furthermore Guatemala, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, N. America, including Mexico and Bermuda, New Zealand, Turkey.

54 53 Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Erwinia 206. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Erwinia cypripedii (Hori 1911) Bergey, Harrison, Breed, Hammer and Huntoon 1923 Brown rot of orchids. Main hosts: Cypripedium and Paphiopedilum orchid spp. and their respective hybrids. Aerides japonicum, Phaleonopsis spp. and Carica papayae (pawpaw) have also been reported as natural hosts. Geographical distribution and importance First described from Japan by Hori in Australia, Japan, The Netherlands, South Africa, Taiwan, USA. Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Erwinia 207. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Erwinia carotovora subsp. Carotovora (Jones 1901) Bergey, Harrison, Breed, Hammer and Huntoon Bacterial soft rot Main hosts: Very wide host range. Commonly attacked hosts are (onion), cabbage, chicory, cucurbits, carrot, radish, rhubarb, potato, eggplant and calla lily. Geographical distribution and importance The bacterium occurs worldwide, but is most prevalent in warm and humid climates. Genus: Erwinia 208. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Erwinia Erwinia chrysanthemi Burkholder, McFadden and Dimock 1953 Syn. Pectobacterium chrysanthemi; Dickea chrysanthemi Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot of potato Main hosts: Very wide host range,commonly attacked hosts are Aechmea fasciata, Aglaonema spp., onion, Begonia spp., Chrysanthemum spp.,chicory, Dahlia spp., Dieffenbachia spp., Dracaena marginata, Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, banana, plantain, Philodendron spp., potato, Saintpaulia ionantha, Syngonium podophyllum and Zea mays. Geographical distribution and importance The bacterium occurs worldwide, especially in warm and humid climates.

55 Kingdom: Bacteria Escherichia intermedia Production of Alpha-ketoglutaric acid Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Escherichia 210. Kingdom: Bacteria Escherichia irregular Production of Alpha-ketoglutaric acid Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Escherichia 211. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Escherichia 212. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Bacteroidetes Escherichia coli Flavobacterium dehydrogenans Medium-sized grey colonies. The colonies have a characteristic odour. There is a zone of betahaemolysis around the colonies. The picture below is of another E. coli where there is no haemolytic zone around the colonies. Production of Amidase, Amino acid decarboxylase, Antibiotics etc. Assay of Antimicrobial activity, Vitamin B12. General characteristics: Gram-negative rods. Catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. Attacks sugars by fermentation and gas is produced. Motile. Mesophilic. Production of Carotenoids

56 55 Class: Flavobacteria Order: Flavobacteriales Family: Flavobacteriaceae Genus: Flavobacterium 213. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Thiotrichales Francisella tularensis Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Thiotrichales; Francisellaceae; Francisella tularensis. Francisella tularensis is a rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterium and is the causative agent of tularemia. Tularemia can affect both humans and animals. The subspecies tularensis (Type A) and holarctica (Type B) are the ones most commonly associated with the human disease. Family: Francisellaceae Genus: Francisella 214. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Frankiaceae Frankia alni In nitrogen-free culture and often in symbiosis,frankia alni bacteria surround themselves in "vesicles". These are roughly spherical cellular structures that measure two to six millimetres in diameter and have a laminated lipid envelope. The vesicles serve to limit the diffusion of oxygen, thus assisting the reduction process that is catalysed by the enzyme nitrogenase. Genus: Frankia 215. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Fusobacteria Class: Fusobacteria Order: Fusobacteriales Family: Fusobacteriaceae Genus: Fusobacterium 216. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Bifidobacteriales Family: Bifidobacteriaceae Fusobacterium nucleatum Gardnerella vaginalis Taxonomy Bacteria; Fusobacteria; Fusobacteria (class); Fusobacterales; Fusobacteriaceae; Fusobacterium; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. Nucleatum. It is an anaerobic Gram-negative non-sporeforming oral bacterium found in the normal flora of the mouth, that plays a role in periodontal disease. The cells of F. nucleatum are spindle-shaped or fusiform rods of variable length. All strains obtain energy from the fermentation of sugars or amino acids, and produce butyric acid as a major metabolic by-product. Gardnerella is a genus of Gram-variable-staining facultative anaerobic bacteria of which G. vaginalis is the only species.it grows as small, circular, convex, gray colonies on chocolate agar; it also grows on HBT agar. A selective medium for G. vaginalis is colistin-oxolinic acid blood agar. is a facultatively anaerobic Gram-variable rod that can cause bacterial vaginosis in some women as a result of a disruption in the normal vaginal microflora.

57 56 Genus: Gardnerella 217. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Gemmatimonadete s Class: Gemmatimonadetes Order: Gemmatimonadales Family: Gemmatimonadace ae Gemmatimonas aurantiaca ( Zhang et al., 2003) Rod-shaped, gram-negative. Reproduces by budding. Isolated from wastewater. Growth range is 25 to 35 C with an optimum temperature of 30 C. The ph range for growth was 6.5 to 9.5, with an optimum of ph 7.0. Able to utilize a limited range of carbon sources, such as yeast extract, polypepton, succinate, acetate, gelatin and benzoate. Neisser staining is positive and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-stained cells displayed a yellow fluorescence, indicative of polyphosphate inclusions. Menaquinone 9 is the major respiratory quinine. Genus: Gemmatimonas 218. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Gordonia rubropertincta Oxidation /utilization of carbohydrates, Gordonia species are aerobic Gram-positive bacilli and a rare cause of human disease Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Gordoniaceae Genus: Gordonia 219. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Gordonia amicalis Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Gordoniaceae Genus: Gordonia 220. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Deltaproteobacteria Geobacter bemidjiensis It was isolated from petroleum contaminated aquifer sediment. The sequencing of this organism adds to the Geobacteraceae that were isolated from the subsurface sediments which most often the location of bioremediation strategies of interest to the DOE. It has many similar characteristics to other described Geobacter species including the ability to couple metal reduction to the oxidation of acetate. It also has the ability to oxidize a variety of other

58 57 Order: Desulfuromonadales substrates including aromatic compounds. Family: Geobacteraceae Genus: Geobacter 221. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Deltaproteobacteria Order: Desulfuromonadales Family: Geobacteraceae Geobacter lovleyi It is a rod-shaped, motile, Gram-negative, anaerobic deltaproteobacterium isolated from noncontaminated creek sediment. It belongs to a distinct, dechlorinating clade within the Geobacter group and is able to derive energy from acetate oxidation coupled to tetrachloroethene (PCE)-to-cis-1,2- dichloroethene (cis-dce) dechlorination (i.e., chlororespiration). Strain SZ is the first Geobacter isolate capable of reductively dechlorinating the priority pollutant PCE, and shares features characteristic for members of the family Geobacteraceae. Genus: Geobacter 222. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Deltaproteobacteria Order: Desulfuromonadales Family: Geobacteraceae Genus: Geobacter 223. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Deltaproteobacteria Order: Desulfuromonadales Family: Geobacteraceae Genus: Geobacter 224. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Geodermatophilace Geobacter metallireducens Geobacter uraniumreducens Geodermatophilus obscurus It is rod-shaped with flagella and is known to have unusual electron transfer and environmental restorative capabilities, giving it several industrial uses Microorganisms that use insoluble Fe (III) oxides as an electron acceptor can have an important function in the carbon and nutrient cycles of aquatic sediments and in the bioremediation of organic and metal contaminants in groundwater. It is first isolated from freshwater sediment, is able to gain energy through the dissimilatory reduction of iron, manganese, uranium and other metals. In addition, it can oxidize several short chain fatty acids, alcohols and monoaromatic compounds including toluene and phenol with iron as the sole electron acceptor. A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile bacterium, which conserves energy from dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction concomitant with acetate oxidation, was isolated from subsurface sediment undergoing uranium bioremediation. The 16S rrna gene sequence of strain Rf4T matched sequences recovered in 16S rrna gene clone libraries constructed from DNA extracted from groundwater sampled at the same time as the source sediment. Cells of strain were regular, motile rods, microm long and microm in diameter, with rounded ends. Cells had one lateral flagellum. Growth was optimal at ph and 32 degrees. Aerobe, Coccus-shaped, Motile, Mesophile, Free living, Filaments, and Chemoorganotroph. It is the type genus in the family Geodermatophilaceae. Geodermatophilus obscurus Luedemann 1968 is the type species of the genus, which is the type genus of the family Geodermatophilaceae. G. obscurus is of interest as it has frequently been isolated from stressful environments such as rock varnish in deserts, and as it exhibits interesting phenotypes such as lytic capability of yeast cell walls, UV-C resistance, strong production of extracellular functional amyloid (FuBA) and manganese oxidation.

59 58 ae Genus: Geodermatophilus 225. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAl 5 resides within many plant species and has been shown to provide fixed nitrogen to the most important biomass crop in Brazil, sugarcane. Order: Rhodospirillales Family: Acetobacteraceae Genus: Gluconacetobacter 226. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Gluconobacter oxydans It is a gram negative bacteria cause Pink disease of pine apple fruit. Order: Rhodospirillales Family: Acetobacteraceae Genus: Gluconacetobacter 227. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Gordonia bronchialis It is an aerobic Gram-positive bacilli and a rare cause of human disease. Gordonia species are aerobic actinomycetes recently recognized as causing human disease, often in the setting of intravascular catheter-related infections. Family: Gordoniaceae Genus: Gordonia 228. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Geobacillus kaustophilus It was discovered that a strain of isolated bacteria from a culture of Geobacillus strain T1 was able to produce the enzyme lipase. It is aerobic, Gram-positive, endospore-forming, and rodshaped. Lipase is a vital enzyme that is used frequently in our bodies. They also aid in the reverse reaction of hydrolysis to produce esters from alcohol or fatty acids. This is beneficial in industries and diagnostic equipment since the enzyme will not denature under high temperature. Lipase also contributes in the flavoring of diary products and as medicine to help digest food.

60 59 Family: Bacillaceae Genus: Geobacillus With its thermostable characteristic, it can create a wider range of products Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Bacillaceae Genus: Geobacillus 230. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Bacillaceae Geobacillus stearothermophilus Geobacillus thermodenitrificans Geobacillus stearothermophilus is a gram positive thermophilic (heat loving) bacteria characterized by a inner cell membrane and a thick cell wall. G. stearothermophilus is a rod shaped anaerob found in thermophilic habitats like thermal vents. Many heat stable enzymes like xylanase for pulp treatment and thermolysin-like protease for production of artificial aspartame have been isolated from these thermophilic bacteria. It is constantly used in the biotech industry to test the success of sterilization cycles of equipment. Due to the bacteria s high resistance to heat, it is a suitable Biological Indicator of microbe life after a sterilization cycle. An α-glucosidase producing, thermophilic, facultatively anaerobic, and endospore-forming, motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain F84b(T) was isolated from a high temperature wellpipeline sediment sample in Kizilcahamam, Turkey. The growth occurred at temperatures, ph and salinities ranging from 45 to 69ºC (optimum 60ºC), 7.0 to 8.5 (optimum 8.0) and 0 to 5% (w/v) (optimum 3.5%), respectively. Strain F84b(T) was able to grow on a wide range of carbon sources. Genus: Geobacillus 231. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Bacillaceae Genus: Geobacillus 232. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Bacillaceae Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius Geobacillus thermoleovorans Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius is a rod-shaped, Grampositive bacterium and a member of the division Firmicutes. First isolated from soil in Japan in The species name thermoglucosidasius comes from the words therme denoting heat, and glucosidasius denoting starch-hydrolyzing glucosidase activity. Growth of the bacterium requires a ph between and temperatures of C, with a temperature optimum of C. A thermophilic facultative bacterial isolate was recovered from 3.2 km depth in a gold mine in South Africa. This isolate, designated, was cultivated from ph 8.0, 50 C water from a dripping fracture near the top of an exploration tunnel. It grows optimally at 65 C and ph 6.5 on a wide range of carbon substrates including cellobiose, hydrocarbons and lactate. In addition to O 2, it also utilizes nitrate as an electron acceptor. It is a long rod-shaped bacterium (4 6 μm long 0.5 μm wide) with terminal endospores and flagella.

61 60 Genus: Geobacillus 233. Kingdom: Protozoa Phylum: Sarcomastigophora Class: Zoomastigophora Order: Diplomonadida Giardia lamblia It is a flagellated protozoan parasite that colonizes and reproduces in the small intestine, causing giardiasis. The parasite attaches to the epithelium by a ventral adhesive disc, and reproduces via binary fission. Giardiasis does not spread via the bloodstream, nor does it spread to other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, but remains confined to the lumenof the small intestine. Family: Hexamitidae Genus: Giardia 234. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rhodospirillales Gluconobacter melanogenus Assay of p-aminobenzoic acid, Nicotinic acid, Pantothenic acid Production of 2,5-Diketogluconic acid, Production of Sorbose Family: Acetobacteraceae Genus: Gluconobacter 235. Kingdom: Bacteria Gluconobacter roseus Production of Gluconic acid, Isokojic acid, Assay of Panthenol, Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rhodospirillales Family: Acetobacteraceae Genus: Gluconobacter 236. Kingdom: Bacteria Gluconobacter oxydans Assay of p-aminobenzoic acid, Nicotinic acid Class: Alphaproteobacteria

62 61 Order: Rhodospirillales Family: Acetobacteraceae Genus: Gluconobacter 237. Geobacter sulfurreducens Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; delta/epsilon subdivisions; Deltaproteobacteria; Desulfuromonadales; Geobacteraceae; Geobacter; Geobacter sulfurreducens. Geobacter is rod-shaped with flagella and is known to have unusual electron transfer and environmental restorative capabilities, giving it several industrial uses Gloeobacter violaceus Taxonomy Bacteria; Cyanobacteria; Chroococcales; Gloeobacter; Gloeobacter violaceus. Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421 is a unicellular cyanobacterium. Cyanobacteria are aquatic and photosynthetic (which results in them being labelled blue-green algae) they live in the water, and can manufacture their own food, they are quite small and usually unicellular, though they often grow in colonies large enough to be visible with the human eye.it performs photosynthesis in a different part of the cell than other cyanobacteria Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rhodospirillales Family: Acetobacteraceae Genus: Gluconobacter Gluconobacter oxydans Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; Gluconobacter oxydans. Gluconobacter oxydans is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and obligately aerobic bacterium. It is able to incompletely oxidize a wide range of carbohydrates and alcohols thanks to the oxidative fermentation. It can grow in highly concentrated sugar solutions and at low ph values.it is used for the synthesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconic acid and ketogluconic acids. It dwells in flowers and fruits. It can also be found in alcoholic beverages such as wines and beers as well as soft drinks where it causes off-flavors and spoilage Kingdom: Archaea Phylum: Euryarchaeota Haloferax mediterranei Oxidation /utilization of carbohydrates

63 62 Class: Halobacteria Order: Halobacteriales Family: Halobacteriaceae Genus: Haloferax 241. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Hafnia alvei Production of arginine dihydrolase, Urease. genus of the Enterobacteriaceae family whose only species is the Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium Hafnia alve. Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Hafnia 242. Haemophilus ducreyi Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Pasteurellales; Pasteurellaceae; Haemophilus; Haemophilus ducreyi. Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Pasteurellales; Pasteurellaceae; Haemophilus; Haemophilus ducreyi. it was first deeeescribed by Ducrey in It is a small, nonmotile, Gram negative coccoid-bacillary rod predominantly located in the extra cellular spaces whose only natural host is human. H. ducreyi is a fastidious organism, requiring stringent conditions for a successful growth in vitro Haemophilus influenzae Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Pasteurellales; Pasteurellaceae; Haemophilus; Haemophilus influenza. Haemophilus influenzae is a small, non-motile Gramnegative bacterium in the family Pasteurellaceae. Naturallyacquired disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae seems to occur in humans only. It was first isolated by Pfeiffer during the influenza pandemic of It was mistakenly thought to be the cause of the disease influenza, and it was named accordingly Halobacterium sp. Taxonomy Archaea; Euryarchaeota; Halobacteria; Halobacteriales; Halobacteriaceae; Halobacterium. Halobacteria are halophilic microorganisms, which means they grow in extremely high salinity environments. This archaeon can act as a good model for some aspects of eukaryotic biology, such as DNA replication, transcription, and translation. Halobacterium species are rod shaped and enveloped by a single lipid bilayer membrane surrounded by an S-layer made from the cell-surface glycoprotein. Halobacteria grow on amino acids in aerobic

64 63 conditions Helicobacter hepaticus Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; delta/epsilon subdivisions; Epsilonproteobacteria; Campylobacterales; Helicobacteraceae; Helicobacter; Helicobacter hepaticus. It is a motile gram negative, Microaerophilic organism. spiral in shape, with one to several spirals; it has bipolar sheathed flagella (one at each end) but lacks the periplasmic fibres that envelope the bacterial cells in other mouse Helicobacter species. has strong urease activity, is oxidase and catalase positive, produces H 2 S, reduces nitrate to nitrite, and grows microaerobically at 37º C but not at 25º C or 42º C Helicobacter pylori Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; delta/epsilon subdivisions; Epsilonproteobacteria; Campylobacterales; Helicobacteraceae; Helicobacter; Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter is a gramnegative, slow-growing organism. Its importance as a common human pathogen. It is composed of a single circular chromosome. It has a potent multisubunit urease enzyme that enables it to survive in acidic ph conditions and colonize the gastric environment and it utilizes the enzyme urease to convert urea into bicarbonate and ammonia to combat the low acidity of the stomach Kingdom: Bacteria Hydrogenomonas sp. Fermentation of Fructose Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Burkholderiales Family: Comamonadaceae Genus: Hydrogenophaga 248. Kingdom: Bacteria Janthinobacter lividum Isolation of D-Fucosamine, Guanosine 2-3 cyclic phosphate Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Burkholderiales

65 64 Family: Oxalobacteraceae Genus: Janthinobacterium 249. Kingdom: Protozoa Phylum: Euglenozoa Class: Euglenida Klebsiella aerogenus Production of Histamine, 5 -nucleotides, Pullulanase. Klebsiella is a genus of non-motile, Gram-negative, oxidasenegative, rod-shaped bacteria with a prominent polysaccharide Order: Euglenales Family: Euglenaceae Genus: Klebsiella 250. Kingdom: Protozoa Phylum: Euglenozoa Class: Euglenida Order: Euglenales Klebsiella pneumonia Correct name: Klebsiella pneumonia subsp. pneumonia. Medium sized, grey colonies, which cause no alteration of the blood. Assay of Clavulanic acid. Production of Acetoin diacetyl. General characteristics: Gram-negative short rods. Catalasepositive and oxidase-negative. Attacks sugars fermentatively and gas is produced. Non-motile. Mesophile. Family: Euglenaceae Genus: Klebsiella 251. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Oceanospirillales kangiella koreensis It is a Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming bacterium isolated from tidal flat sediments at Daepo Beach, Yellow Sea, Korea. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence, and annotation. This is the first completed genome sequence from the genus Kangiella and only the fourth genome from the order Oceanospirillales. Family: Alcanivoracaceae Genus: Kangiella 252. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Kineosporiaceae Genus: Kineococcus Kineococcus radiotolerans It is an aerobic, high G+C Gram positive, coccoid bacterium originally isolated from a high-level radioactive waste cell at the Savannah River Site in Aiken, South Carolina (Phillips et al., 2002). This bacterium produces an orange pigment, whose solubility properties and absorption spectra are indicative of a carotenoid, and has tested catalase positive, cytochrome c oxidase negative, and urease negative. It typically grows as symmetrical, multi-cell clusters (approximately 10mm), though individual round cells (1-1.5mm) expressing a single polar flagellum have been observed under certain conditions. Cell growth occurs between C, ph 5-9.

66 Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Micrococcaceae Genus: Kocuria 254. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Thermotogae Class: Thermotogae Order: Thermotogales Family: Thermotogaceae Kocuria rhizophila Kosmotoga olearia The soil actinomycete Kocuria rhizophila is a coccoid, grampositive bacterium. It belongs to the family Micrococcaceae in the suborder Micrococcineae, a divergent bacterial group for which only limited amount of genomic information is currently available. The small genome size, the ability to grow rapidly and at high cell density, and the robustness of the cells at various growth conditions would be highly advantageous for the development of bacterial bioconversion system which could be used under harsh conditions such as in organic solvents. Thermotogales bacterium TBF has been renamed tokosmotoga olearia TBF Kosmotoga olearia TBF was isolated from an oil deposit and has a broad temperature growth range, so it is useful for comparative structural biology of thermophlic and mesophilic proteins as well as learning about oil deposit ecosystems. Genus: Kosmotoga 255. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Kocuria rosea Degradation of phenolic wastes Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Micrococcceae Genus: Kocuria 256. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria kribbella flavida These species were originally isolated from soil, potato, alum slate mine, patinas of catacombs or from horse racecourses. Here we describe the features of K.flavida together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. Order: Actinomycetales Family: Nocardioidaceae Genus: Kribbella 257. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Kytococcus sedentarius This Gram positive coccus is found in tetrads, irregular clusters, and cubical packets of eight. It is catalase positive, oxidase positive, and exhibits strictly aerobic metabolism. Optimum growth temperature is C. It is primarily isolated from human skin, and plays no known role in disease. Once considered a species of the genus Micrococcus.

67 66 Family: Dermacoccaceae Genus: Kytococcus 258. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Family: Lactobacillaceae Genus: Lactobacillus 259. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Family: Lactobacillaceae Lactobacillus fermentum Lactobacillus delbrueckii Production and assay of Alanine, Histidine etc. Lactobacillus fermentum is a Gram-positive species of bacterium in the genus Lactobacillus. It is associated with active dental caries lesions. [1] It is also commonly found in fermenting animal and plant material. [2] It has been found in sourdough. [3] A few strains are considered probiotic or "friendly" bacteria in animals [4] and at least one strain has been applied to treat urogenital infections in women. [5] Some strains of lactobacilli formerly classified as Lactobacillus fermentum Production of Alanine. It is a Gram-positive rod that may appear long and filamentous. It is non-motile and does not form spores. It is regarded as aciduric or acidophilic, since it requires a low ph (around ) to grow effectively. The bacterium has complex nutritional requirements. Genus: Lactobacillus 260. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Family: Lactobacillaceae Genus: Lactobacillus 261. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Family: Lactobacillaceae Lactobacillus acidophilus Lactobacillus casei Production of acidophilus milk. L. acidophilus occurs naturally in the human and animal gastrointestinal tract, mouth, and vagina. Some strains of L. acidophilus may be considered to have probiotic characteristics. These strains are commercially used in many dairy products, sometimes together with Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus in the production of acidophilus-type yogurt. Production of amino acids. Lactobacillus casei is a species of genus Lactobacillus found in the human intestine and mouth. This particular species of Lactobacillus is documented to have a wide ph and temperature range, and complements the growth of L. acidophilus, a producer of the enzyme amylase (a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme).

68 67 Genus: Lactobacillus 262. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Family: Lactobacillaceae Genus: Lactobacillus 263. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Family: Lactobacillaceae Genus: Lactobacillus 264. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus buchneri Lactobacillus johnsonii Assay of Arginin, Folic acid. Lactobacillus rhamnosus is a bacterium that was originally considered to be a subspecies of L. casei, but later genetic research found it to be a species of its own. Some strains of L. rhamnosusare being used as probiotics. The species is sometimes used in yogurt and other dairy products. Some studies have been done on its in vivo effects. While frequently considered a beneficial organism, L. rhamnosus has been discovered to be pathogenic in certain circumstances Pinpoint, semitransparent colonies. Absence of 'greening' around the colonies is common due to the production of pseudocatalase which prevents the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in the agar surrounding the colonies. This culture has been incubated for 48 hours in a micro-aerobic atmosphere. General characteristics: Gram-positive rods. Catalase-negative, but may show a catalase-positive reaction when grown on Blood Agar. Attacks sugars fermentatively and gas is produced. Non-motile. Microaerophilic. Taxonomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Bacilli; Lactobacillales; Lactobacillaceae; Lactobacillus; Lactobacillus johnsonii. rodshaped, Gram-positive, fermentative, organotrophs. They are usually straight, although they can form spiral or coccobacillary forms under certain conditions. They are often found in pairs or chains of varying length. Family: Lactobacillaceae Genus: Lactobacillus 265. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Lactobacillus plantarum Taxonomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Bacilli; Lactobacillales; Lactobacillaceae; Lactobacillus; Lactobacillus plantarum. rod-shaped, Grampositive, fermentative, organotrophs Production of Acetic acid, lactic acid, Fermentation of hexose Assay of Amino acid, Arginin, Biotin, Methionin, Cystiene etc. Family: Lactobacillaceae Genus: Lactobacillus 266. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Lactobacillus salivarius Correct name: L. salivarius subsp. saliva. Pinpoint, semitransparent colonies. This culture has been incubated for 48 hours in a micro-aerobic atmosphere.the colonies are surrounded by a green zone. This 'greening' is caused by the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide converting the haemoglobin to methaemoglobin in the agar. General characteristics: Gram-positive coccobacilli or short rods. Catalase-negative. Attacks sugars fermentatively without production of gas.

69 68 Order: Lactobacillales Microaerophilic. Non-motile. Family: Lactobacillaceae Genus: Lactobacillus 267. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus Gram-stained smear from yoghurt showing cells of lactic acidproducing Lactococcus (Streptococcus) lactis and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus that will ferment milk to yoghurt. Family: Lactobacillaceae Genus: Lactobacillus 268. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Family: Streptococcaceae Lactococcus lactis Taxonomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Bacilli; Lactobacillales; Streptococcaceae; Lactococcus; Lactococcus lactis; Lactococcus lactis subsp. Lactis. Pinpoint, semi-transparent colonies. This culture has been incubated for 48 hours in a micro-aerobic atmosphere. Absence of 'greening' around the colonies is due to the production of pseudocatalase which prevents the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide. General characteristics: Gram-positive cocci. Catalase-negative, but may show a catalase-positive reaction when grown on Blood Agar. Attacks sugars fermentatively and no gas is produced. Microaerophilic. Non-motile. Genus: Lactococcus 269. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Chromatiales Lamprocystis roseopersicina (Kutzing, 1849 and Schroeter, 1886). Cells spherical to ovoid, 2 to 2.5 microns in diameter, up to 5 microns long before cell division. Motile by means of polar flagella. Winogradsky reports that the cells frequently contain pseudovacuoles. Habitat: Mud and stagnant water containing hydrogen sulfide and exposed to light; sulfur springs. Countries: France Family: Chromatiaceae Genus: Lamprocystis 270. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Legionellales Legionella pneumophila Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Legionellales; Legionellaceae; Legionella pneumophila. Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of the Legionnaires' disease, a potential fatal pneumonia. It was isolated after an outbreak of pneumonia at an American legion convention in Philadelphia. Legionella pneumophila is found in biofilms and fresh and industrial water systems worldwide. It can survive and replicate intracellularly in free-living protozoa, often in aquatic biofilms.

70 69 Family: Legionellaceae Genus: Legionella 271. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Leifsonia xyli Taxonomy Bacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinobacteridae; Actinomycetales; Micrococcineae; Microbacteriaceae; Leifsonia xyli. Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes ratoon stunting disease and affects sugarcane worldwide. Order: Actinomycetales Family: Microbacteriaceae Genus: Leifsonia 272. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Spirochaets Class: Spirochaetes Order: Spirochaetales Family: Leptospiraceae Leptospira interrogans Taxonomy Bacteria; Spirochaetes; Spirochaetes (class); Spirochaetales; Leptospiraceae; Leptospira; Leptospira interrogans; Leptospira interrogans. Leptospira is an aerobic spirochete, the cause of the harmful disease Leptospirosis, which affects many animals and humans. Leptospira is a unique pathogen because of its ability to grow at temperatures as low as C, though the optimum growth temperature is still between 28 C and 30 C. Leptospira grows best at ph levels between 7.2 and 7.6, preferring an alkaline habitat to acidic. Genus: Leptospira 273. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Leuconostoc mesenteroides Correct name: Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides. Pinpoint, semitransparent colonies. This culture has been incubated at 25 C. The picture below shows growth of L. mesenteroides on agar containing 5% sucrose with production of dextran. General characteristics: Gram-positive cocci. Catalase-negative. Attacks sugars fermentatively and gas i produced. Microaerophilic. Non-motile Family: Leuconostocaceae Genus: Leuconostoc 274. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Listeria ivanovii Correct name: Listeria ivanovii subsp. ivanovii. Pinpoint to small, semi-transparent colonies. The colonies are surrounded by a narrow haemolytic zone. This zone is more easily seen if the culture is grown on thin Blood Agar plates. General characteristics: Gram-positive rods. Catalase-positive. Attacks sugars fermentatively. Motile with characteristic slow, tumbling and rotary movements.

71 70 Family: Listeriaceae Genus: Listeria 275. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Listeriaceae Genus: Listeria 276. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Listeria innocua Listeria monocytogenes Taxonomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Bacilli; Bacillales; Listeriaceae; Listeria; Listeria innocua. Listeria are mainly soil bacteria, though as a pathogen they are food-borne. They are intracellular pathogens that use actin filaments within the host cell for their motility. Listeria are non spore-forming, nonbranching, Gram-positive rods that occur individually or form short chains. Listeria are able to produce adenosine triphosphate thorugh a complete respiratory chain, and have several fermentation pathways. This coincides with their lifestyle as microaerophilic, facultative anaerobes. Pinpoint to small, semi-transparent colonies. The colonies are surrounded by a narrow haemolytic zone. This zone is more easily seen if the culture is grown on thin Blood Agar plates. General characteristics: Gram-positive rods. Catalase-positive. Attacks sugars fermentatively. Motile with characteristic slow, tumbling and rotary movements. Family: Listeriaceae Genus: Listeria 277. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Listeria seeligeri Pinpoint to small, semi-transparent colonies. The colonies are surrounded by a very narrow haemolytic zone. This is not an example of 'greening' sincel. seeligeri is catalase-positive. L. seeligeri is not proteolytic nor lipolytic. General characteristics: Gram-positive rods. Catalase-positive. Attacks sugars fermentatively. Motile with characteristic slow, tumbling and rotary movements. Family: Listeriaceae Genus: Listeria 278. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Leuconostoc mesenteroids Production of Dextran, Polysacchardie Assay of Lysine Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales

72 71 Family: Leuconostocaceae Genus: Leuconostoc 279. Leuconostoc oenos Assay of tomato juice factor 280. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Listeriaceae Malazzesia furfur It is a lipophilic, dimorphic and yeast-like fungus, occurring in human skin as an opportunistic pathogen, causes diseases such as dandruff, pityriasis versicolar, seborrheic dermatitis, etc. Suitable media for culturing the organism were standardized. A modified medium for the culturing of it has been proposed. Growth of the fungus was also determined in the presence of different carbon sources under the influence of different temperature, ph and salinity. Plant extracts of 19 species were screened against the growth of the fungus by using disc diffusion method and the results are discussed. Genus: Listeria 281. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Mollicutes Order: Entomoplasmatales Family: Entomoplasmatacea e Genus: Mesoplasma 282. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rhizobiales Mesoplasma florum Mesorhizobium loti Taxonomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Mollicutes; Entomoplasmatales; Entomoplasmataceae; Mesoplasma; Mesoplasma florum. Mesoplasmas evolved from Gram-positive eubacteria by multiple reductions in genome size, resulting in the loss of many biosynthetic abilities and the need to acquire many nutrients from their hosts. These have high mutation rates, and lack part of the SOS response as well as a considerable number of the DNA repair proteins that exist in E. coli and B. subtilis. This allows rapid adaptation to sudden environmental changes and to host defense mechanisms. Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhizobiales; Phyllobacteriaceae; Mesorhizobium; Mesorhizobium loti. They are responsible for the world s largest portion of fixed atmospheric nitrogen. Gram-negative, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that form nodules on host plants. They also have symbiotic relationships with legume plants. Family: Phyllobacteriaceae Genus: Mesorhizobium

73 Kingdom: Archaea Phylum: Euryarchaeota Class: Methanococci Order: Methanococcales Family: Methanocaldococca ceae Genus: Methanocaldococcus 284. Kingdom: Archaea Phylum: Euryarchaeota Class: Methanococci Order: Methanococcales Family: Methanococcaceae Genus: Methanococcus 285. Kingdom: Archaea Phylum: Euryarchaeota Class: Methanopyri Order: Methanopyrales Family: Methanopyraceae Genus: Methanopyrus 286. Kingdom: Archaea Phylum: Euryarchaeota Class: Methanomicrobia Order: Methanosarcinales Methanocaldococcus jannaschii Methanococcus maripaludis Methanopyrus kandleri Methanosarcina acetivorans Taxonomy Archaea; Euryarchaeota; Methanococci; Methanococcales; Methanocaldococcaceae; Methanocaldococcus; Methanocaldococcus jannaschii. It was the first Archaea to have its genome sequenced, which opened the doors for comparison between the genomes of the three domains. It was originally located from a sediment sample collected from the sea floor at the base of a "white smoker" chimney on the East Pacific Rise. It can grow in habitats with pressure up to more than 200 atm and a temperature range between 48 and 94oC, with an optimum growth temperature being 85oC. Taxonomy Archaea; Euryarchaeota; Methanococci; Methanococcales; Methanococcaceae; Methanococcus; Methanococcus maripaludis. It is a model species among the methanogenic Archaea. Originally characterized by W. J. Jones, the species was the predominent methanogen isolated from a salt-marsh sediment in South Carolina, United States. It possesses a small, circular genome of 1.66 Mb in length with no extrachromosomal elements. It is strictly anaerobic, growing on hydrogen and carbon dioxide and nitrogen-fixing, and is a mesophilic relative of the hyper-thermophilic Methanococcus jannaschii. Cells are irregular cocci with weak motility. It is an excellent laboratory model because of rapid, reliable growth, a complete genome sequence, a robust set of genetic tools, and ongoing studies with expression arrays and proteomics. Taxonomy Archaea; Euryarchaeota; Methanopyri; Methanopyrales; Methanopyraceae; Methanopyrus; Methanopyrus kandleri. It is rod shaped, Gram positive archaeon that grows chemolithoautotrophically. It has flagella that are found in polar tufts as well as a terpenoid lipid membrane, which is considered the most primitive lipid membrane, which retains a high intracellular concentration of a trivalent anion, cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. This anion has been found to confer activity and stability at high temperatures on enzymes found in the organism. This organism grows at oC in an H2-CO2 atmosphere. It has been located at the base of a 2,000 m deep "black smoker" chimney on the sea floor in the Gulf of California. Taxonomy Archaea; Euryarchaeota; Methanomicrobia; Methanosarcinales; Methanosarcinaceae; Methanosarcina; Methanosarcina acetivorans. These are anaerobic methanogens that can form multicellular colonies. They can be found in a multitude of environments including the rumen in cows, sheep, goats, deer, ect. and the large intestine in humans. Family: Methanosarcinaceae Genus: Methanosarcina 287. Kingdom: Archaea Phylum: Euryarchaeota Class: Methanomicrobia Methanosarcina mazei Taxonomy Archaea; Euryarchaeota; Methanomicrobia; Methanosarcinales; Methanosarcinaceae; Methanosarcina; Methanosarcina mazei. It is autotrophic, Methanosarcina, on the other hand, has all three known pathways for methanogenesis and can utilize no less than nine methanogenic substrates

74 73 Order: Methanosarcinales Family: Methanosarcinaceae Genus: Methanosarcina 288. Kingdom: Bacteria Mycoplana bullata Degradation of Phenol Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rhizobiales Family: Brucellaceae Genus: Mycoplana 289. Kingdom: Bacteria Mycoplana dimorpha Degradation of Phenol Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rhizobiales Family: Brucellaceae Genus: Mycoplana 290. Kingdom: Archaea Phylum: Euryarchaeota Class: Methanobacteria Order: Methanobacteriales Family: Methanobacteriacea e Genus: Methanothermobact er Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus Taxonomy Archaea; Euryarchaeota; Methanobacteria; Methanobacteriales; Methanobacteriaceae; Methanothermobacter; Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus. Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum is a strictly anaerobic rod-shaped archaebacterium which optimally lives at 65oC. These chemoautotrophs require only CO2, H2, and salts for growth. Cell walls appear to be Gram positive, but are composed of pseudomurein rather than peptidoglycan. They are non-motile and flagella are absent. Metabolism is strictly anaerobic and H2 and/or formate are used as an electron donor. All species grow with H2 and CO2 as a substrate for methanogenesis. Cells are mesophillic or thermophillic. All species fail to grow under aerobic conditions and most are acid tolerant (will grow at ph less than 5) Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Methylococcus capsulatus Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Methylococcales; Methylococcaceae; Methylococcus capsulatus. Obligate, Gram-negative methanotroph. Methanotrophs are responsible for the oxidation of biologically generated methane and therefore help reduce the amount of this greenhouse gas that is released to Earth's atmosphere. The conversion of methane to biomass by M. capsulatus has been exploited for large-scale commercial production of microbial proteins by fermentation.

75 74 Order: Methylococcales Family: Methylococcaceae Genus: Methylococcus 292. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Mycobacteriaceae Mycobacterium avium Taxonomy Bacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria (class); Actinobacteridae; Actinomycetales; Corynebacterineae; Mycobacteriaceae; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC); Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis. It is Gram positive non-spore forming, non-motile, slightly curved, aerobic, slow-growing bacterium and is the etiologic agent of Paratuberculosis. It has also been implicated as the etiologic agent of Crohn's disease leading researchers to speculate on a potential pathogenic role for this organism in humans. Testing of aerial bactericides Genus: Mycobacterium 293. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Mycobacterium sp. Degradation of Cycloparaffinic hydrocarbons, Oxidation /Utilization of C2-C10 Hydrocarbons, Propane Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Mycobacteriaceae Genus: Mycobacterium 294. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Mycobacteriaceae Mycobacterium tuberculosis Taxonomy Bacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria (class); Actinobacteridae; Actinomycetales; Corynebacterineae; Mycobacteriaceae; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex; Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Gram positive non-spore forming, non-motile, slightly curved, aerobic, slow-growing bacterium. It is the causative agent of tuberculosis in cattle and other animals, including buffalo, lions and antelopes. Genus: Mycobacterium 295. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Mycobacteriaceae Mycobacterium bovis Taxonomy Bacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria (class); Actinobacteridae; Actinomycetales; Corynebacterineae; Mycobacteriaceae; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex; Mycobacterium bovis. It is a Gram positive non-spore forming, non-motile, slightly curved, aerobic, slow-growing bacterium. It is the causative agent of tuberculosis in cattle and other animals, including buffalo, lions and antelopes. The organism can also cause tuberculosis in humans. The current vaccine against TB, the so-called BCG vaccine (short for 'Bacillus Calmette-Guerin') is not very effective. It is made from a live but weakened strain of Mycobacterium bovis.

76 75 Genus: Mycobacterium 296. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Mycobacteriaceae Mycobacterium leprae Taxonomy Bacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria (class); Actinobacteridae; Actinomycetales; Corynebacterineae; Mycobacteriaceae; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium leprae. Mycobacterium leprae has seriously plagued mankind for centuries. With the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains of tuberculosis, research into mycobacteria has become all the more important in combating these modern mutants of ancient pathogens. It is rod-shaped, Gram-positive aerobes, or facultative anaerobes. Genus: Mycobacterium 297. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Mollicutes Order: Mycoplasmatales Mycoplasma gallisepticum Taxonomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Mollicutes; Mycoplasmatales; Mycoplasmataceae; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Mycoplasma gallisepticum are gram-negative, coccoid, ovoid and elongated pear-shaped cells that are bounded only by a plasma membrane and do not have a cell-wall and are usually non-motile. It is facultatively anaerobic and requires cholesterol or related sterols for growth. Family: Mycoplasmataceae Genus: Mycoplasma 298. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Mollicutes Order: Mycoplasmatales Family: Mycoplasmataceae Genus: Mycoplasma 299. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Mollicutes Order: Mycoplasmatales Family: Mycoplasmataceae Mycoplasma genitalium Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Taxonomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Mollicutes; Mycoplasmatales; Mycoplasmataceae; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma genitalium. Mycoplasma has become important in the understanding of chronic diseases. As both an extracellular and intracellular pathogen, a better understanding of the virulence mechanisms of mycoplasma will provide fresh understanding of how to diagnose and combat this pathogen. Mycoplasma genitalium is thought to have the smallest genome of any self-replicating organism. flask-shaped and are most likely descended from Gram-positive bacteria. Due to their seriously degraded genome they cannot perform many metabolic functions, such as cell wall production or synthesis of purines. Taxonomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Mollicutes; Mycoplasmataceae; Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Causative agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia, a prevalent and persistent respiratory disease of swine that is often complicated by opportunistic infections with other bacteria. Despite relative control through vaccination programs, it continues to be a major economic problem in the swine industry. M. hyopneumoniae closely adheres to swine respiratory epithelium both in vivo and in vitro. Genus: Mycoplasma 300. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Mollicutes Order: Mycoplasmatales Mycoplasma mobile Taxonomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Mollicutes; Mycoplasmatales; Mycoplasmataceae; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma mobile. M. mobile is a non-pathogenic organism, yet shares many of the simple features found in the pathogenic species. Research on this organism can be performed without the additional regulatory and safety issues necessary with other mycoplasma species. It has been isolated from a fresh-water fish, the tench, and as such is the first instance of a Mycoplasma which colonizes an aquatic organism. It glides much faster and more

77 76 Family: Mycoplasmataceae Genus: Mycoplasma robustly than any other Mycoplasma sequenced to date. The availability of its genome sequence provides a powerful tool for comparative genomics targeting the identification of genes necessary for locomotion Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Mollicutes Order: Mycoplasmatales Family: Mycoplasmataceae Genus: Mycoplasma 302. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Mollicutes Order: Mycoplasmatales Family: Mycoplasmataceae Mycoplasma mycoides Mycoplasma penetrans Taxonomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Mollicutes; Mycoplasmatales; Mycoplasmataceae; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma mycoides; Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides; Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. Mycoides. Mycoplasma is a genus of small bacteria which lack cell walls. It is best known as the cause of bovine contagious pleuropneumonia (CBPP), a highly destructive disease in bovine cattle that is the only bacterial disease included in the World Organization for Animal Health's A-list of prioritized communicable animal diseases. It is the first bacterium that causes a severe disease in livestock whose genome has been sequenced. Knowledge of this genome sequence will help facilitate the development of new vaccines, drugs, and diagnostic tools for CBPP. Taxonomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Mollicutes; Mycoplasmatales; Mycoplasmataceae; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma penetrans. This human pathogen infects the urogenital and respiratory tracts. As the name indicates, it is typically penetrates human cells. It has mitogenic activity to lymphocytes from HIV-infected individuals, it may be suggested that persistent M. penetrans infection may contribute to the deterioration of the immune system in HIV-infection. Its infection has also been suggested to be a primary cause of human disease in non-hiv-related urethritis and respiratory disease. Genus: Mycoplasma 303. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Mollicutes Order: Mycoplasmatales Mycoplasma pneumonia Taxonomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Mollicutes; Mycoplasmatales; Mycoplasmataceae; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma pneumonia. The study of Mycoplasma has become important in the understanding of chronic diseases. As both an extracellular and intracellular pathogen, a better understanding of the virulence mechanisms of mycoplasma will provide fresh understanding of how to diagnose and combat this pathogen. Family: Mycoplasmataceae Genus: Mycoplasma 304. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Mollicutes Mycoplasma pulmonis Taxonomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Mollicutes; Mycoplasmatales; Mycoplasmataceae; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma pulmonis. M. pulmonis belongs to a slightly different branch of mollicutes compared to the closely related M. pneumonia and M. genitalium. Order: Mycoplasmatales Family: Mycoplasmataceae Genus: Mycoplasma

78 Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Deltaproteobacteria Order: Myxococcales Myxococcus Xanthus Production of antibiotics. Myxococcus xanthus(greek: xanthos, ξανθος, "yellow") colonies exist as a self-organized, predatory, saprotrophic, single-species biofilm. Countries: Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico Family: Myxococcaceae Genus: Myxococcus 306. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Micromonospora rhodorangea Production of aminoglycoside antibiotic G-418, gentamicin Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Micromonosporace ae Genus: Micromonospora 307. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Micromonospora halophytica Production of Halomycin Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Micromonosporace ae Genus: Micromonospora 308. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Micromonospora rosaria Production of rosaramycin Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Micromonosporace ae Genus: Micromonospora

79 Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Micromonospora sp. Production of rufinosporin Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Micromonosporace ae Genus: Micromonospora 310. Kingdom: Bacteria Moraxella bovis Production of restriction endonuclease Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Pseudomonadales Family: Moraxellaceae Genus: Moraxella 311. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Nonomuria pusilla Production of actiticin Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Streptosporangiacea e 312. Genus: Nonomuraea Kingdom: Archaea Phylum: Nanoarchaeota Genus: Nanoarchaeum Nanoarchaeum equitans Taxonomy Archaea; Nanoarchaeota; Nanoarchaeum; Nanoarchaeum equitans. Discovered as being tiny dots on another organism, Nanoarchaeum was published as being an organism in need of a new phylum among the Archaea. They have not been able to grown on their own and while a parasitic lifestyle cannot be excluded at present, there have been several observations that promote a symbiotic mode of life. It is very common for parasitic and symbiotic bacteria to have small genomes. They can develop these by the elimination of unneeded genes and the acquisition of new genes by lateral gene transfer Kingdom: Bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Betaproteobacteria; Neisseriales; Neisseriaceae; Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the causative agent of gonorrhea which is a sexually transmitted disease of worldwide importance. It typically infects the mucous membranes causing infections such as urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis, pelvic inflammatory disease,

80 79 Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Neisseriales Family: Neisseriaceae proctitis, conjunctivitis and pharyngitis. Gonorrhea can also be spread from mother to baby during delivery. This can cause blindness, joint infection, or a life-threatening blood infection in the infant. Genus: Neisseria 314. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Neisseriales Family: Neisseriaceae Genus: Neisseria 315. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Nitrosomonadales Family: Nitrosomonadaceae Genus: Nitrosomonas 316. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Nitrosomonadales Family: Nitrosomonadaceae Neisseria meningitides Nitrosomonas europaea Nitrosomonas eutropha Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Betaproteobacteria; Neisseriales; Neisseriaceae; Neisseria; Neisseria meningitidis; Neisseria meningitides. Neisseria are aerobic, non-sporeforming Gram-negative coccobacilli which inhabit the mucous membranes of many animals (and humans). These non-motile microbes require a moist environment and warm temperatures (human body temperature range) to achieve optimum growth. Neisseria meningitidis causes bacterial meningitis and is therefore responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality in both the developed and the developing world. Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Betaproteobacteria; Nitrosomonadales; Nitrosomonadaceae; Nitrosomonas; Nitrosomonas europaea. Nitrosomonas europaea is a gramnegative obligate chemolithoautotroph that can derive all its energy and reductant for growth from the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite. Nitrosomonas europaea is a Gramnegative obligate chemolithoautotroph that can derive all its energy and reductant for growth from the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite and lives in several places such as soil, sewage, freshwater, the walls of buildings and on the surface of monuments especially in polluted areas where the air contains high levels of nitrogen compounds. It is commonly found in strongly eutrophic environments such as municipal and industrial sewage disposal systems and has a high tolerance for elevated ammonia concentrations. The cells are motile. The utilization of urea was not observed. Although N. eutropha is very similar to N. europaea, some notable differences exist. N. eutropha is able to grow anaerobically with H2 as the reductant and nitrite as the electron acceptor. Genus: Nitrosomonas 317. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Cyanobacteria Order: Nostocales Family: Nostocaceae Genus: Nostoc Nostoc sp. Taxonomy Bacteria; Cyanobacteria; Nostocales; Nostocaceae; Nostoc It is commonly accepted that cyanobacteria played a key role in the manufacturing of oxygen during the Precambrian period of earth's history. They perform oxygenic photosynthesis, very similar to that of eukaryotic plants and algae, by utilizing water as a reductant source, consequently producing molecular oxygen. Heterocysts, mentioned above, are terminally differentiated cells that specialize in nitrogen fixation. It is believed that the capacity for developing heterocysts first developed when the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere (largely produced by cyanobacteria) reached

81 80 levels high enough to cause the inactivation of the nitrogenfixing enzyme nitrogenase Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobactera Order: Actinomycetales Nocardia vaccinii nflibnet/doc?id= &ppg=105 It is a gram positive bacteria cause Blueberry gall Family: Nocardiaceae Genus: Nocardia 319. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Nocardia hydrocarbonxydans Degradation of Alcohols, Organic acids Class: Actinobactera Order: Actinomycetales Family: Nocardiaceae Genus: Nocardia 320. Kingdom: Bacteria Nitrobacter hamburgensis Found in soil; model organism for biochemical, structural, and molecular investigations; has carboxysomes. Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rhizobiales Family: Bradyrhizobiaceae Genus: Nitrobacter 321. Kingdom: Bacteria Nitrobacter winogradskyi Widely distributed, also nitrite oxidizing; can grow with several metabolic modes and anoxically by denitrification; can fix carbon dioxide. Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rhizobiales

82 81 Family: Bradyrhizobiaceae Genus: Nitrobacter 322. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Nesterenkonia occidentalis Production of alpha amylase Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Micrococcaceae Genus: Nesterenkonia 323. Kingdom: Bacteria Nitrosomonas europaea Aids incorporation of carbon dioxide into biomass. Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Nitrosomonadales Family: Nitrosomonadaceae Genus: Nitrosomonas 324. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Nitrosomonadales Nitrosomonas eutropha Physiologically diverse; can oxidize nitrous oxide while reducing either ammonia or hydrogen; important in wastewater treatment systems; potential for remediation of high ammonia concentrations in waters Family: Nitrosomonadaceae 325. Genus: Nitrosomonas Orskovia Orskovia xantheneolytica Production of Lytic enzymes 326. Kingdom: Bacteria Oceanobacillus iheyensis Taxonomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Bacilli; Bacillales; Bacillaceae; Oceanobacillus; Oceanobacillus iheyensis In 1998,

83 82 Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Bacillaceae Genus: Oceanobacillus 327. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rhizobiales Family: Brucellaceae Genus: Ochrobactrum 328. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Family: Leuconostocaceae Ochrobactrum anthropi Oenococcus oeni Japanese researchers discovered a previously unknown organism in mud taken from the sea at a depth of 1050m, near Okinawa, Japan. This organism is extremely salt-tolerant. The researchers were surprised to find that O. iheyensis grows at depths of up to 3,000 m. The bacteria thrive under high hydrostatic pressure and grow optimally at about 30 degrees Celsius and genes were discovered that help the organism adapt to the highly saline and alkaline environment O. iheyensis has at least 29 'proteolytic' enzymes, which can be used as additives in laundry detergent and could be important for future industrial applications. Taxonomy: Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhizobiales; Brucellaceae ; Ochrobacterium anthropi. It is a common soil alphaproteobacteria that colonizes a wide spectrum of organisms and is being increasingly recognized as a potentially problematic opportunistic and nosocomialhuman pathogen. It is also characterized by a broad spectrum of antibiotic resistance. It is a versatile alphaproteobacterium with ability to colonize an exceptionally wide variety of habitats, from hostile environments such as polluted soil, to water, plants, nematodes, insects, animals, and humans. They are rod shaped, gram negative, and motile by means of peritrichous flagella. It is a Gram-positive bacteria species in the genus of Oenococcus. It used to be the only species in the genus; in 2006, Oenococcus oeni holds major importance in the field of oenology, where it is the primary bacteria involved in completing the malolactic fermentation. It can be produced as a metabolite of citric acid when all of the malic acid has been consumed. Diacetyl rarely taints wine to levels where it becomes undrinkable. Genus: Oenococcus 329. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rickettsiales Family: Rickettsiaceae Genus: Orientia 330. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Chlamydiae Class: Chlamydiae Order: Chlamydiales Family: Parachlamydiaceae Orientia tsutsugamushi Parachlamydia sp. It is the causative organism of scrub typhus, and the natural vector and reservoir is probably trombiculid mites. The organism is an obligate intracellular pathogen, which needs to infect eukaryotic cells in order to multiply. The envelope is similar to that of Gram negative bacteria, but it is not easily stained with Gram stain and the Gimenez stain is preferred. It is sensitive in vitro to doxycycline, Rifampicin and azithromycin. It is innately resistant to all β- lactam antibiotics, because it lacks a peptidoglycan cell wall. Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin) are also ineffective in human infection because the organism is intracellular, and aminoglycosides do not penetrate intracellularly. Taxonomy Bacteria; Chlamydiae/ Verrucomicrobia group; Chlamydiae; Chlamydiae (class); Chlamydiales; Parachlamydiaceae; Parachlamydia. Chlamydiae were recognised as having a very wide host range while being closely related with each other, forming a common evolutionary lineage quite distinct from all other known bacteria. P. acanthamoebae have variable Gram staining characteristics and it was noted that they can be grown in Vero cells (although no data was provided for this observation), growing best at moderate temperatures (> 25 C). FLA feed on bacteria and other micro organisms including fungi, yeasts, algae and other protozoa. They thus have an important ecological role as

84 83 Genus: Parachlamydia predators controlling microbial communities Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Pasteurellales Family: Pasteurellaceae Genus: Pasteurella 332. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Pasteurellales Pasteurella multocida Pasteurella multocida Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Pasteurellales; Pasteurellaceae; Pasteurella; Pasteurella multocida; Pasteurella multocida subsp. Multocida. Gramnegative, non-motile, facultatively anaerobic coccobacilli belonging to the gamma division of proteobacteria. Researchers have identified two Pm proteins which resemble the filamentous hemagglutinin (fha) genes found in the whooping cough bacterium, Bordella pertussis. These proteins are components of the whooping cough vaccine and may prove useful for preventing infections caused by Pm. The fha proteins help the pertussis bacterium grab onto the host cell, and the Pm versions of these proteins may play similar roles, making them promising vaccine targets. Gram-negative,nonmotile, penicillinsensitive coccobacillus belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family. [1] It can cause avian cholera in birds and a zoonotic infection in humans, which typically is a result of bites or scratches from domestic pets. Production of vaccine. Family: Pasteurellaceae Genus: Pasteurella 333. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Photorhabdus Photorhabdus luminescens 334. Kingdom: Bacteria Proteus mirabilis Assay of Leucine, Valine Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Enterobacteriales; Enterobacteriaceae; Photorhabdus; Photorhabdus luminescens; Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. Laumondii. Photorhabdus luminescens is a gram-negative gamma proteobacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is symbiotic with soil entomopathogenic nematodes of the family Heterorhabditidae and pathogenic to a wide range of insects. P. luminescens has also been found as an opportunistic pathogen in human wounds. It was suspected of causing wounds of some Civil War combatants to glow, thus providing a curative effect against infections caused by other microbes.

85 84 Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Proteus 335. Kingdom: Bacteria Proteus vulgaris Assay of Leucine, Valine Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Proteus 336. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Pantoea agglomerans Small colonies that are greyish to yellow in colour. There is no alteration of the blood. General characteristics: Gram-negative rods. Catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. Attacks sugars fermentatively usually without gas production. Pantoea agglomerans consists of yellow pigmented strains that are arginine dihydrolase, lysine decarboxylase and ornithine decarboxylase negative. Motile. Genus: Pantoea 337. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Mollicutes Order: Acholeplasmatales Family: Acholeplasmataceae Genus: Phytoplasma Phytoplasma asteris Taxonomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Mollicutes; Acholeplasmatales; Acholeplasmataceae; Phytoplasma; 16SrI (Aster yellows group); Onion yellows phytoplasma Phytoplasmas associated with yellows diseases were firstly described in 1926 by Kunkle in American aster plants showing virescence and flower malformations. Since then the etiological agent of this and of similar diseases was believed to be a virus;until in 1967 Doi et al. detected under electron microscope phytoplasmas in aster and other plants with "yellows" symptoms opening phytoplasmology history. The metabolic pathways and host interactions of Onion yellows phytoplasma is of interest in agricultural and basic sciences 338. Kingdom: Archaea Phylum: Euryarchaeota Class: Thermoplasmata Order: Thermoplasmatales Picrophilus torridus Taxonomy Archaea; Euryarchaeota; Thermoplasmata; Thermoplasmatales; Picrophilaceae; Picrophilus; Picrophilus torridus The euryarchaea Picrophilus torridus and Picrophilus oshimae are able to grow around ph 0 at up to 65 C, thus they represent the most thermoacidophilic organisms known. Picrophilus torridus is a thermoacidophilic euryarchaeon thriving optimally at 60 C and ph 0.7. Strains of this species were first isolated from a dry solfataric field in northern Japan. Another unusual trait of Picrophilus is a very low intracellular ph of 4.6, in contrast to other thermoacidophilic organisms that maintain internal ph values close to neutral. The high

86 85 Family: Picrophilaceae Genus: Picrophilus specialization of Picrophilus strains for growth in extremely acidic habitats is evident from their inability to grow at ph values above 4.0, and makes them model organisms to study thermoacidophilic adaptation Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Planctomycetes Class: Planctomycetacia Order: Planctomycetales Family: Planctomycetaceae Genus: Pirellula 340. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Bacteroidetes Class: Bacteroidetes Order: Bacteroidales Family: Porphyromonadacea e Pirellula sp. Taxonomy Bacteria; Planctomycetes; Planctomycetacia; Planctomycetales; Planctomycetaceae; Rhodopirellula; Rhodopirellula baltica. Pirellula sp. strain 1, which has also been called Rhodopirellula baltica, is a marine bacterium that can be found all over the world. Pirellula sp. strain 1, which has also been called Rhodopirellula baltica, is a marine bacterium that can be found all over the world. Pirelulla bacterial cell walls contain no peptidoglycan; in fact, Planctomycetes are the only group of free-living bacteria to lack peptidoglycan. The cell walls are instead stabilized by the protein sacculus with disulfide bonds. Another characteristic property of Pirellula and other Planctomycetes are their complex internal structures such as an intracytoplasmic membrane surrounding the nuclear regions and compartmentalizing the cell as well as ribosomes located only within the intracytoplasmic membrane Porphyromonas gingivalis Taxonomy Bacteria; Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi group; Bacteroidetes; Bacteroides (class); Bacteroidales; Porphyromonadaceae; Porphyromonas; Porphyromonas gingivalis. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative, anaerobic pathogenic oral bacterium and is a major etiological agent in the initiation and progression of severe forms of periodontal disease. Although periodontal disease is localised to the tissues surrounding the tooth, evidence is accumulating that infection with P. gingivalis may predispose to more serious systemic conditions such as cardiovascular disease and to delivery of preterm infants Genus: Porphyromonas Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Cyanobacteria Order: Chroococcales Family: Synechococcaceae Genus: Prochlorococcus Prochlorococcus marinus Taxonomy Bacteria; Cyanobacteria; Prochlorophytes; Prochlorococcaceae; Prochlorococcus; Prochlorococcus marinus; Prochlorococcus marinus subsp. Marinus. Although Prochlorococcus is the smallest known phototroph it contributes 30-80% of primary production in the world's oligotrophic oceans, and is consequently plays a significant role in the global carbon cycle and the Earth's climate. Prochlorococcus wasn't discovered until the 1980s when researchers were able to detect the dim red fluorescence emitted by its unique divinyl derivatives of chlorophyll a and b. In addition to the already unique compliment of pigments adapted to low-light conditions, strains of prochlorococcus adapted to low light, also have the unique ability to accumulate large amounts of chlorophyll b relative to chlorophyll a. These, low-light adapted strains also must cope with low oxygen condition as well. They derive some of their energy from photosynthesis still, but use dissolved organic carbon as a source of reduced carbon and energy.

87 Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Propionibacteriaceae Genus: Propionibacterium 343. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Propionibacterium acnes Propionibacterium freudenreichii Taxonomy Bacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria (class); Actinobacteridae; Actinomycetales; Propionibacterineae; Propionibacteriaceae; Propionibacterium; Propionibacterium acnes. Propionibacterium acnes is the most common grampositive, non-spore forming, anaerobic rod encountered in clinical specimens. It typically grows as an obligate anaerobe, however, some strains are aerotolerant, but still show better growth as an anaerobe. It has the ability to produce propionic acid. It also has the ability to produce catalase along with indole, nitrate. Propionibacterium resembles Corynebacterium in morphology and arrangement, but is non-toxigenic. Other infections for which P. ances has been implicated include corneal ulcers, heart valves and prosthetic devices, and central nervous system shunts. A rare heart disease known as Propionibacterium acnes endocarditis has been discovered in a prosthetic valve infected with it. Production of Vitamin B12 Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Propionibacteriacea e Genus: Propionibacterium 344. Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii (Smith 1898) Mergaert, Verdonck and Kersters 1993 Stewart s disease, bacterial wilt. Main hosts: Maize especially sweet corn. Also fodder grasses such as Tripsacum dactyloides (eastern gamma grass) and Zea mexicana have been reported as natural hosts. Geographical distribution and importance Smith (1898) described the bacterium adequately for the first time in the USA. Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Guyana, Puerto Rico, Peru, USA Pecilomyces Pecilomyces variotii Assay of Amphoterecin B, Candicidin, Hamycin, Oxidation/utilization of o-phthalic acid, salicyclic acid 346. Pecilomyces lilacinus Production of dextranase

88 Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Paenibacillus polymyxa Production of pectic enzymes, pollulanase, Xylanase. Paenibacillus polymyxa is a Gram-positive bacterium used as a soil inoculant in agriculture and horticulture. It is capable of fixing. Family: Paenibacillaceae Genus: Paenibacillus 348. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Paenibacillaceae Paenibacillus macerans Small semi-transparent, grey colonies. Paenibacillus means bacillus-like. Production of amylase, bita amylase,dextrines, Xylanase. General characteristics: Gram-positive, gram-variable or gram-negative spore-forming large rods with a diameter < 0.9 µm. Catalase-positive. Attacks sugars by fermentation and gas is produced although not in as great quantities as forclostridia species. Motile Genus: Paenibacillus 349. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Pseudomonadales Family: Pseudomonadaceae Genus: Pseudomonas Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae van Hall 1902 Bacterial canker or blast of stone and pome fruits; apoplexy of apricots; bacterial brown spot of bean; bacterial leaf blight of wheat; bacterial spot disease; blister spot of apple; pear blossom blight. Main hosts: Very wide host range,commonly attacked hosts are apple, apricot, kidney bean, European bird cherry. Geographical distribution and importance The bacterium occurs worldwide and was first described from lilac in 1902 in The Netherlands by van Hall, but is most prevalent in temperate climates, where wet and cold springs with frosts prevail. The bacterium is ice-nucleation active (INA) and therefore is often associated with (night) frosts, causing frost injury 350. Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Pseudomonas Pseudomonas desmolyticum Phenol degradation. Pseudomonas is a genus of Gramnegative aerobic gammaproteobacteria, belonging to the family Pseudomonadaceae containing 191 validly described species

89 Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Pseudomonas 352. Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Pseudomonas 353. Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Pseudomonas Pseudomonas pictorum Pseudomonas putida Pseudomonas resinovorans Phenol degradation. Phenol degradation, degradation of naphthalene, toluene. Phenol degradation, degradation of resins Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Pseudomonas Pseudomonas aeruginosa Medium sized grey or bluish colonies. In areas of confluent growth the colonies and agar are dark due to production of the pigments pyoverdin and pyocyanin. Phenol degradation, production of polysacchardie, hydrocarbons etc. Assay of disinfectants, testing of paints. General characteristics: Gram-negative, straight or curved rods. Catalase- and oxidase-positive. Attacks sugars by oxidation. Obligately aerobic. Motile Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Pseudomonas Pseudomonas stutzeri Degradation of Hydrocarbon. It degraded the organic compounds present in the frescoes, making it possible to see figures that previously had appeared like ghosts in a thick mist. The glue, the exposure to weather and, in a recent controversy, the use of ammonium carbonate as a cleaning solvent in the ongoing restoration, caused much of the paint to dissolve. It is rod-shaped organism that essentially eats nitrogen. Strains of the species have shown the ability to degrade one of the world's most serious pollutants, tetrachloroethylene - a chemical used for dry cleaning and metal degreasing. It is a very resourceful organism, making a living in rather nutrient-poor environments, such as soil," said Dr Tom Lewis University of Vermont, a microbiologist who has carried out extensive research on the bacteria.

90 Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Pseudomonas Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Pseudomonas 358. Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Pseudomonas Pseudomonas fluoresces Pseudomonas putida Pseudomonas tollasii Small, greyish colonies. There is no alteration of the blood.pseudomonas fluorescens produces the water soluble, yellowish-green pigment, pyoverdin. Pigment production can be stimulated by growing the bacteria on Kings B Agar, where the pigment can be seen in the agar around the colonies. Pyoverdin fluoresces in ultra violet light. This culture was incubated at 30 C. Degradation of benzoic acid. General characteristics: Gram-negative, straight or curved rods. Catalase- and oxidase-positive. Attacks sugars by oxidation. Obligately aerobic. Motile. They belong to the group of non-fermentative Gram-negative cocci and rods. Optimum temperature for growth is C. They are found in soil and water, and are part of the aerobic, psychrotrophic spoilage flora of raw foods. Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Pseudomonadales; Pseudomonadaceae; Pseudomonas; Pseudomonas putida group; Pseudomonas putida. It is a gramnegative bacteria with rod-shaped cells and multitrichous flagella, it is one of nature's most versatile microbes. This soil bacterium has the potential to help clean up organic pollutants as it is a unique soil microorganism, which can resist the adverse effects of these organic solvents. it has the most genes of any known species involved in breaking down aromatic hydrocarbons, like TNT. Aromatic hydrocarbons are hazardous chemicals generated by the burning of coal, gas, tobacco, meat and other organic matter. P. tolaasii is a ubiquitous soilborne pathogen, closely related to soil saprophytes. It can be considered to be a weak pathogen, susceptible to control by careful management of mushroom house hygiene and mushroom growing conditions Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Pseudomonas Pseudomonas syringae pv. delphinii (Smith 1904) Young, Dye and Wilkie 1978 Black spot, black blotch or bacterial leaf spot of Delphinium. Main hosts: Larkspur or staggerweed (Delphinium spp.). Geographical distribution and importance First described by Smith (1904, 1905b) from the USA. Australia, Brazil, Canada, former Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Kenya, The Netherlands, New Zealand, UK, USA Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Pseudomonas Pseudomonas avellanae Janse, Rossi, Angelucci, Scortichini, Derks, Akkermans, De Vrijer and Psallidas 1997 Canker or decline of hazelnut. Main hosts: Corylus avellana. Geographical distribution and importance First reported in Greece in 1976 (Psallidas and Panagopoulos, 1979) and the causal organism first described from Greece by Psallidas in The disease has been observed in Greece and Italy. P. avellanae has caused substantial losses in N. Greece and especially also in central Italy (Scortichini et al., 2001).

91 Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Pseudomonas Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Takikawa, Serizawa, Ichikawa, Tsuyumu and Goto1989 Bacterial canker and leaf spot of kiwifruit. Main hosts: Kiwifruit and Chinese gooseberry. The wild species A. arguta and A. kolomikta (Ushiyama et al., 1992) have also been reported as natural hosts. Geographical distribution and importance First described by Takikawa et al. (1989) from Japan. Japan, Italy (Scortichini, 1994), Korea and New Zealand Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Pseudomonas Pseudomonas syringae pv. mori (Boyer and Lambert 1893) Young, Dye and Wilkie 1978 Mulberry blight or mulberry leaf spot. Main hosts: White mulberry. M. alba var. tartarica, M. bombycis, M. kagayamae, M. latifolia, M. multicaulis, M. nigra and M. rubra have been reported as natural hosts of P. s. pv. mori. Geographical distribution and importance First (incompletely) described by Boyer and Lambert from France in Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, former Czechoslovakia, China, Dominican Republic, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iran, India Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Pseudomonas Pseudomonas syringae pv. Morsprunorum (Wormald 1931) Young, Dye and Wilkie 1978 Bacterial canker of stone fruits, blossom blast, gummosis, leaf spot of stone fruits. Main hosts: Sweet cherry. P. amygdalus, P. armeniaca, P. cerasifera, P. cerasoides, P. cerasus, P. domestica, P. institia, P. persica, P. pissardi, P. salicina and P. triloba (flowering almond) have also been reported as natural hosts. Geographical distribution and importance Australia, Canada, former Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Ukraine, USA, former Yugoslavia Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Pseudomonas syringae pv. ribicola (Bohn and Maloit 1946) Young, Dye and Wilkie 1978 Bacterial leaf spot. Main hosts: Golden currant (Ribes aureum), Red currant (Ribes rubrum). Geographical distribution and importance Bohn and Maloit

92 91 Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Pseudomonas (1945) first reported the disease and the bacterium was first described by Bohn and Maloit (1946) from the USA. The Netherlands and USA Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Pseudomonas Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. fraxini Janse 1982 Bacterial knot disease or bacterial canker of ash tree. Main hosts: Common ash tree (Fraxinus excelsior) and some of its cultivated varieties. Geographical distribution and importance Noack described the disease as a bacterial disease for the first time in 1893 from Germany. Brown (1932) in the USA described the bacterium, studying material from Austria. Austria, Belgium, former Czechoslovakia, France, Russia, Switzerland, UK, former Yugoslavia Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Pseudomonas Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi (ex Smith 1908) Gardan et al and P. savastanoi pv. nerii (Janse 1982) Olive knot, Oleander knot. Main hosts: Olive tree. Japanese privet, jasmine, Phillyrea, Spanish broom, Alvarez et al., 1998), all in the family of Oleaceae, have also been reported as hosts. Geographical distribution and importance Savastano (1889) in Italy described the bacterium for the first time as Bacillus oleae tuberculosis. E.F. Smith in the USA (1908), who named it Bacterium savastanoi later, completed his description Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Pseudomonas Pseudomonas reptilivora Pseudomonas reptilivora is a fluorescent, yellow-green, Gramnegative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, multiple polar flagellated, motile bacterium that is pathogenic to reptiles. Milk acidified, indole produced Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Pseudomonas syringae Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Pseudomonadales; Pseudomonadaceae; Pseudomonas; Pseudomonas syringae group; Pseudomonas syringae group genomosp. 1; Pseudomonas syringae. This plant pathogen causes disease in a wide range of plants and crops, including bacterial speck on tomatoes. Black specks form on the leaves

93 92 Genus - Pseudomonas and fruit, stunting growth. This gram negative pathogen also causes halo blight of beans. It is primarily seed-borne, and can also be spread from plant to plant by rain. Pseudomonas syringae is a model organism in plant pathology Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Pseudomonas Pseudomonas corrugata (Roberts and Scarlettm1981) Tomato pith necrosis. Main hosts: Tomato. Furthermore,sweet pepper and Chrysanthemum spp. (Fiori, 1992). The bacterium has been observed in the rhizosphere of lucerne and wheat and as an endophyte in strawberry and grapevine (Bell et al., 1995; Lukezic, 1979; Roberts and Brewster, 1991). Geographical distribution and importance First described by Scarlett et al. (1978) from the UK. Albania, Argentina, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Macedonia Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Pseudomonas [Pseudomonas levistici] Osterwalder 1909 Bacterial leaf spot of lovage. Main hosts: Lovage (Levisticum officinale). Geographical distribution and importance Lovage (Levisticum officinale) is a perennial herb native to the mountainous regions of northern Europe and was introduced and naturalized in the eastern United States Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Pseudomonas Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans (Smith and Bryan 1915) Young, Dye and Wilkie 1978 Angular leaf spot of cucumber, cucurbit angular leaf spot. Main hosts: Cucumber and gherkin. Furthermore hispida, Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo, moschata, Luffa acutangula and Sechium edule. Geographical distribution and importance Reported for the first time by E.F. Smith and Bryan in 1915 from the USA. Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Egypt, widespread in Europe, Gabon, India, Iran, Israel, Japan Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Pseudomonas Pseudomonas syringae pv. Phaseolicola (Burkholder 1926) Young, Dye and Wilkie 1978 Halo blight or grease spot of bean. Main hosts: Kidney bean = French bean, snap bean, string bean,phaseolus vulgaris. Furthermore Cajanus cajan, Desmodium sp., glycine, a tropical forage legume, P. acutifolius, Macroptilium atropurpureum. Geographical distribution and importance First described from the USA by Burkholder in Worldwide distribution, everywhere where beans are grown under cool, wet climatic conditions.

94 Divison - Prtophyta Class - Schizomycetes Order - Pseudomonadales Suborder- Pseudomonadineae Family- Pseudomonadaceae Genus - Pseudomonas Pseudomonas coronofaciens (Elliot 1920) Schaad and Cunfer 1979 Halo blight of oat and bacterial stripe blight of oat and barley. Main hosts: Oat and barley. Furthermore Secale cereale, Triticum aestivum red oat, Algerian oat, quackgrass,brome grass and timothy have been reported as natural hosts. Geographical distribution and importance Described for the first time by Elliot (1920) from the USA. Widespread in most oatand other grain-producing countries in the world Kingdom: Bacteria Providencia alcalifaciens Production of restriction endonuclease Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Providencia 375. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Vibrionales Family: Vibrionaceae Photobacterium phosphoreum Medium sized, semitransparent colonies. Photobacterium phosphoreum can emit a blue-green light due to the production of the luciferase enzyme. This culture has been grown on Long and Hammer Agar (1% NaCl). General characteristics: Gram-negative, large, plump rods. Coccoid forms occur in older cultures. Oxidase reaction varies. Requires presence of sodium ions for growth. Motile. Genus: Photobacterium 376. Kingdom: Bacteria Proteus vulgaris Assay of Chlortetraycline Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Proteus

95 Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Proteus mirabilis Proteus mirabilis does not form distinctive colonies on Blood Agar, instead the bacteria swarm across the surface of the agar. Discontinuous swarming produces concentric circles around the point of inoculation. Continuous swarming produces a uniform film. There is no alteration of the blood. Production of ethanol,assay of Glucose, Leusine. General characteristics: Gram-negative rods. Catalasepositive and oxidase-negative. Attacks sugars fermentatively and gas is produced. Motile. Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Proteus 378. Pediococcus Pediococcus pentosaceous Assay of Folic acid, alanine, arginine, threonine, Citrovorum factor, cystine, tyrosin 379. Pediococcus acidilactici Assay of amino acids 380. Pediococcus aureus Assay of Methionine 381. Pediococcus phaeochromogenes Production of tyrosinase 382. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Betaproteobacteria Ralstonia metallidurans gram-negative, non-spore forming bacillus that flourishes in millimolar concentrations of toxic heavy metals. Its optimal growth temperature is 30 çc. Although the reference strain, CH34, was first isolated in 1976 from the sludge of a zinc decantation tank in Belgium that was polluted with high concentrations of several heavy metals, it and other metalresistant members of the genus Ralstonia are frequently found Order: Burkholderiales in sediments and soils with a high content of heavy metals from diverse geographical locations. A typical feature of these metalresistantralstonia Family: Burkholderiaceae is the presence of one or two large megaplasmids which contain genes for multiple resistances to heavy metals.

96 95 Genus: Ralstonia 383. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Burkholderiales Family: Burkholderiaceae Genus: Ralstonia 384. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Burkholderiales Family: Burkholderiaceae Genus: Ralstonia 385. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Ralstonia pickettii Ralstonia solanacearum Renibacterium salmoninarum It is an aerobic Gram-negative, oxidase positive, nonfermentative rods that are found in water and soil. They have been recently separated from Burkholderia spp. Ralstonia pickettii is emerging as an opportunistic nocosomial pathogen in both the hospital setting and from environmental sources. R. pickettii has been isolated from a wide variety of clinical specimens including blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. It has been identified in biofilm formation in plastic water piping as well as in ultrapure water in industrial systems, in the space shuttle water system and in laboratory-based ultrapure water systems. It also has considerable biodegradative properties, being able to degrade a number of toxic compounds such as aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated phenolic compounds. Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Betaproteobacteria; Burkholderiales; Burkholderiaceae; Ralstonia; Ralstonia solanacearum. It is a Gram-negative, aerobic, motile rod bacteria from the Pseudomonas family, whose genome is G+C rich (69%) and organised on 2 chromosomes. It causes extremely harmful plant disease, with a number of unique features, that makes it a model system for plant pathogenicity. Found worldwide, the bacterium is well-adapted to life in the soil, where it waits for a host plant to inhabit. It causes southern wilt in over 200 species by infecting the host's roots and invading the xylem vessels. Typically, the stem cross-sections ooze a whitish bacterial exudate. R. solanacearum is also the agent of the Moko disease in bananas and brown rot in potatoes. It is small, non-motile, Gram positive rod shaped bacterium Renibacterium salmoninarum that usually occurs in pairs referred to as diplobacilli. It causes Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD) Order: Actinomycetales Family: Micrococcaceae Genus: Renibacterium 386. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rickettsiales Family: Rickettsiaceae Genus: Rickettsia Rickettsia prowazekii Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Rickettsieae; Rickettsia; typhus group; Rickettsia prowazekii, Rickettsia prowazekii is an obligate intracellular Gram negative parasite. It is the causative agent of epidemic typhus which infected million people in the wake of the First World War and killed another few million following the Second World War. it is the descendant of free-living organisms R. prowazekii is of interest as being possibly the closest extant relative of the ancestor to mitochondria. As an intracellular parasite in eukaryotic cells, the Rickettsia genome, like that of mitochondria, shows the effects of the evolutionary forces reducing its complexity and insight into adaptations of the obligate intracellular lifestyle Kingdom: Bacteria Rickettsia typhi Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Rickettsieae; Rickettsia; typhus group. Rickettsia typhi is the causative agent of murine typhus

97 96 Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rickettsiales Family: Rickettsiaceae Genus: Rickettsia or endemic typhus. Infection with Rickettsia typhi causes headache, fever, myalgia and leads to multisystem disease, including infection of the brain, lung, liver, kidney and heart. In severe cases R.typhi can cause meningoencephalitis, interstitial pneumonia and disseminated vascular lesions. It can be transmitted to the mammalian host by the bite of an infected flea or louse but the most important mechanism of inoculation is through the feces of the vector. Although distributed worldwide, it is mostly present in warm coastal areas harbouring large rat populations Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rhizobiales Family: Bradyrhizobiaceae Genus: Rhodopseudomonas Rhodopseudomonas palustris Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhizobiales; Bradyrhizobiaceae; Rhodopseudomonas; Rhodopseudomonas palustris. purple nonsulfur phototrophic organisms that can be found many types of marine environments and soils. It converts sunlight into energy and converts atmospheric carbon dioxide into biomass. R. palustris has the potential to be very useful because it can degrade and recycle several different aromatic compounds that make up lignin, the "main constituent of wood and the second most abundant polymer on earth" (DOE). Thus, this bacteria and those like it may be useful in removing these types of waste from the environment. In addition, R. palustris converts N2 into NH4 and H2, which can be used as a biofuel Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Burkholderiales Family: Burkholderiaceae Genus: Ralstonia 390. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Nocardiaceae Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith 1896) Yabuuchi, Kosako, Yano, Hotta and Nishiuchi 1996 Rhodococcus fascians (Tilford 1936) Goodfellow 1984) Bacterial wilt, bacterial slime disease, potato brown rot, Granville wilt of tobacco; Moko disease of banana, southern bacterial wilt of tomato. Main hosts: Very wide host range, especially race 1; the most important hosts are: Arachis hypogea, Heliconia, Lycopersicon esculentum,banana, Musa paradisiaca, Nicotiana tabacum, Solanum melongena and Solanum tuberosum. Geographical distribution and importance EPPO A2 quarantine pest First described as Bacillus solanacearum by Smith (1896) in the USA. The bacterium occurs worldwide, but is most prevalent in warm and humid climates. Bacterial fasciation, leafy gall, cauliflower disease. Main hosts: Wide host range (see Bradbury, 1986 and Main hosts are cabbage, carnation, dahlia, gladiolus, lily, mullein, pelargonium and sweet pea. Geographical distribution and importance Disease first described from sweet pea by Brown in 1927 from the USA and bacterium described by Tilford in Occurs worldwide,damage for plants is usually low, even when a high number of galls is present, but when young bulbs that are used as planting material are heavily attacked, serious crop loss may occur (Miller et al., 1980). Genus: Rhodococcus 391. Kingdom: Bacteria Rickettsia conorii Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Rickettsieae; Rickettsia; spotted

98 97 Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rickettsiales Family: Rickettsiaceae Genus: Rickettsia 392. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rickettsiales Rickettsia rickettsii fever group; Rickettsia conorii.it is obligate intracellular bacteria normally living in arthropod cells. They occasionally cause diseases in humans. It is the agent of Mediterranean spotted fever, which is transmitted by brown dog ticks. it requires an arthropod (insect) vector for transmission. Transovarian transmission of the pathogen from one generation of insect to the next is important in many rickettsial diseases. From the portal of entry in the skin, rickettsiae spread via the bloodstream to infect the endothelium and sometimes the vascular smooth muscle cells. Common symptons of disease in humans include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, encephalitis, hypotension, acute renal failure, and respiratory distress. Rickettsias are small Gram-negative bacteria that live intracellularly and they can cause serious diseases in man and animals. causing Rocky Mountain spotted fever). Rickettsias are vector transmitted, usually by ticks. Both rickettsias and chlamidias cannot be cultured on/in artificial media. Family: Rickettsiaceae Genus: Rickettsia 393. Kingdom: Bacteria Rhizobium etli Nitrogen fixation Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rhizobiales Family: Rhizobiaceae Genus: Rhizobium 394. Kingdom: Bacteria Rhizobium trifolii Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rhizobiales Family: Rhizobiaceae Genus: Rhizobium

99 Rhizobacter daucus It is a gram negative bacteria cause bacterial gall of carrot 396. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria nflibnet/doc?id= &ppg=105 Rhodococcus zopfi Degradation of cholorobenzene Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Nocardiaceae Genus: Rhodococcus 397. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Rhodococcus fascians It is a gram positive bacteria cause Leafy gall Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Nocardiaceae Genus: Rhodococcus 398. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Rhodococcus erythropolis Production of citric acid, flavin-ademine dinucleotide, L-glutamic acid Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Nocardiaceae Genus: Rhodococcus 399. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Rhodococcus fascians Production of penicillin derivatives, polysaccharide Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Nocardiaceae Genus: Rhodococcus 400. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Rhodococcus rhodochrous Production of restriction endonuclease

100 99 Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Nocardiaceae Genus: Rhodococcus 401. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Rhodococcus equi Relatively large and mucoid colonies. Initially the colonies are greyish but after further incubation may appear slightly salmon in colour. General characteristics: Gram-positive cells with a pronounced rod-coccus cycle. Cells in early exponential phase are rod-shaped and cells in stationary phase are coccoid. Catalase-positive. Does not attack sugars. Obligate aerobes. Non-motile. Family: Nocardiaceae Genus: Rhodococcus 402. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Rhodococcus sp. Production of L-Glutamic acid, L-Tryptophan Oxidation/utilization of hydrocarbons Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Nocardiaceae Genus: Rhodococcus 403. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Streptosporangium violaceochramogenes Production of antibiotic XK-49-1-B-2 Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Streptosporangiacea e Genus: Streptosporangium 404. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Streptosporangium album Production of Sporoviridin like antibiotic Class: Actinobacteria

101 100 Order: Actinomycetales Family: Streptosporangiacea e Genus: Streptosporangium 405. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Family: Streptococcaceae Streptococcus cremoris Production of Cheese. Gram-positive, low-gc, acid-tolerant, generally nonsporulating, non-respiring rod or cocci that are associated by their common metabolic and physiological characteristics. These bacteria, usually found in decomposing plants and lactic products, produce lactic acid as the major metabolic end-product of carbohydrate fermentation. Genus: Streptococcus 406. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Family: Streptococcaceae Genus: Streptococcus 407. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Family: Streptococcaceae Streptococcus diacetilactis Streptococcus lactis Production of Cheese. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, represent the alpha subunit of the holoenzyme citrate lyase composed of alpha (EC), beta, and acyl carrier protein. Citrate lyase is an enzymewhich converts citrate to oxaloacetate. In bacteria, this reaction is involved in citratefermentation. The alpha subunit catalyzes the reaction Acetyl-CoA + citrate = acetate + (3S)-citryl-CoA. Production of Cheese, diacetyl. Gram-positive bacterium used extensively in the production ofbuttermilk and cheese, [1] but has recently also become famous as the first genetically modified organism to be used alive for the treatment of human disease Genus: Streptococcus 408. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Streptococcus faecalis Assay of clindamycin, cephalothin, colistin, folic acid. Gram-positive, commensal bacterium inhabiting the gastrointestinal tractsof humans and other mammals. [1] Like other species in the genus Enterococcus, E. faecalis can cause lifethreatening infections in humans, especially in the nosocomial(hospital) environment, where the naturally high levels of antibiotic resistance found in E.

102 101 Order: Lactobacillales faecalis contribute to its pathogenicity Family: Streptococcaceae Genus: Streptococcus 409. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Family: Streptococcaceae Streptococcus agalactiae Pinpoint, semi-transparent, smooth colonies. There is no 'greening' around the colonies due to the production of pseudocatalase which prevents the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide. The pictures below are of another strain where there is a haemolytic zone around the colonies. General characteristics: Gram-positive cocci. Catalase-negative. Attacks sugars by fermentation. Non-motile. Genus: Streptococcus 410. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Streptococcus thermophilus Assay of penicillin. Taxonomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Lactobacillales; Streptococcaceae; Streptococcus thermophilus. Streptococcus thermophilus is a Gram-positive facultative anaerobe. It is used, along with Lactobacillus spp., as a starter culture for the manufacture of several important fermented dairy foods, including yogurt and Mozzarella cheese. Consequently, over 1021 live cells are ingested annually by the human population. Family: Streptococcaceae Genus: Streptococcus 411. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Family: Streptococcaceae Streptococcus pyogenes Taxonomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Bacilli; Lactobacillales; Streptococcaceae; Streptococcus; Streptococcus pyogenes. are nonmotile, Gram-positive, nonsporeforming bacteria, that live in pairs or chains of varying length. They are characteristically round or ovoid in shape. It can be counted among their numbers as one of the major pathogens in group A streptococci. Necrotizing fasciitis is one of the most deadly strep infections, due to its rapid progression. It is an infection caused by a deadly strain of group A strep that attacks the deep layers of tissue Genus: Streptococcus 412. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Streptococcus pneumonia Taxonomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Bacilli; Lactobacillales; Streptococcaceae; Streptococcus; Streptococcus pneumonia. nonmotile, Gram-positive, nonsporeforming bacteria, that live in pairs or chains of varying length. They are characteristically round or ovoid in shape. Most Streptococci are facultative anaerobes, although some are obligate anaerobes. They have come to public attention recently as antibiotic-resistant strains have started appearing and causing epidemics. Family: Streptococcaceae

103 102 Genus: Streptococcus 413. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Streptococcus bovis Pinpoint, semi-transparent, smooth kolonier. There is no 'greening' around the colonies due to the production of pseudocatalase which prevents the accumulation on hydrogen peroxide around the colonies. General characteristics: Catalase-negative. Attacks sugars by fermentation. Non-motile. Family: Streptococcaceae Genus: Streptococcus 414. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Streptococcus mutans Taxonomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Bacilli; Lactobacillales; Streptococcaceae; Streptococcus; Streptococcus mutans. It is nonmotile, Gram-positive, nonsporeforming bacteria, that live in pairs or chains of varying length. They are characteristically round or ovoid in shape. Most Streptococci are facultative anaerobes, although some are obligate anaerobes. They usually require a complex culture medium in order to grow Family: Streptococcaceae Genus: Streptococcus 415. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Streptococcus zooepidemicus Correct name: Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. Pinpoint to small, semi-transparent, mucoid colonies. The colonies are surrounded by a narrow haemolytic zone. General characteristics: Catalase-negative. Attacks sugars by fermentation. Non-motile. Family: Streptococcaceae Genus: Streptococcus 416. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Shigella sonnei Medium sized, grey colonies that cause no alteration of the blood. General characteristics: Gram-negative, small rods. Catalasepositive and oxidase-negative. Attack sugars by fermentation without production of gas. Non-motile. Family: Enterobacteriaceae

104 103 Genus: Shigella 417. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Shigella boydii Shigella boydii is a Gram-negative bacteria of the genus Shigella. Like other member of the genus, S. boydii is a non-motile, non-sporeforming, rod-shaped bacteria which can cause dysentery in humans through fecal-oral contamination. Shigella boydii is restricted to the Indian subcontinent. Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Shigella 418. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Shigella 419. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Streptomycetaceae Genus: Streptomyces 420. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Shigella dysenteriae Streptomyces griseus Streptomyces olivaceus Shigella dysenteriae is a species of the rodshaped bacterial genus Shigella. Shigella can cause shigellosis (bacillary dysentery). Shigellae are Gramnegative, non-spore forming, facultatively anaerobic, nonmotile bacteria. S. dysenteriae, spread by contaminated water and food, causes the most severe dysentery because of its potent and deadly Shiga toxin, but other species may also be dysentery agents. Contamination is often caused by bacteria on unwashed hands during food preparation, or soiled hands reaching the mouth. Production of streptomycin, streptocin. It is a Gram positivebacterium with high GC content. Along with most other streptomycetes, S. griseus strains are well known producers of antibiotics and other such commercially significant secondary metabolites. These strains are known to be producers of 32 different structural types of bioactive compounds. The first antibiotic ever reported from a bacterium comes from strains of S. griseus Production of olivacin. It is an aerobic, Gram-positive, filamentous bacteria which produce well developed vegetative hyphae (between µm in diameter) with branches. They form a complex substrate mycelium that aids in scavenging organic compounds from their substrates. [9] Although the mycelium and the aerial hyphae that arises from them are amotile, mobility is achieved by dispersion of spores. [9] Spore surfaces may be hairy, rugose, smooth, spiny or warty.

105 104 Family: Streptomycetaceae Genus: Streptomyces 421. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Streptomyces nitrosporeus Production of nitrosporin. Streptomyces nitrosporeus Okami Order: Actinomycetales Family: Streptomycetaceae Genus: Streptomyces 422. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Streptomyces albogriseolus Production of neomycin. Streptomyces albogriseolus; Streptomyces albogriseolus Benedict et al (Approved Lists 1980) Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Streptomycetaceae Genus: Streptomyces 423. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Streptomyces fradiae Production of neomycin. Streptomyces fradiae is a species of actinobacteria. It produces the antibiotics neomycin, tylosinand fosfomycin [1] (AKA phosphomycin, phosphonomycin). It is produced naturally by the bacterium Streptomyces fradiae Neomycin as a DNA binder: Neomycin belongs to the family of aminoglycosides. Family: Streptomycetaceae Genus: Streptomyces 424. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Streptomyces badius Degradation of Lignin. Streptomyces badius; Streptomyces badius (Kudrina 1957) Pridham et al (Approved Lists 1980). Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales

106 105 Family: Streptomycetaceae Genus: Streptomyces 425. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Streptomyces viridosporus Degradation of Lignin Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Streptomycetaceae Genus: Streptomyces 426. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Streptomyces luteospore Production of Acetopyrothine (thiolutin). Gram-positive, and have genomes with high GC content. Found predominantly in soil and decaying vegetation, most streptomycetes produce spores, and are noted for their distinct "earthy" odor that results from production of a volatile metabolite, geosmin. Family: Streptomycetaceae Genus: Streptomyces 427. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Streptomyces peuceticus Production of Adriamycin Order: Actinomycetales Family: Streptomycetaceae Genus: Streptomyces 428. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Streptomyces candidus Production of Alazopeptin. Streptomyces candidus (ex Krasil'nikov 1941) Sveshnikova, Class: Actinobacteria

107 106 Order: Actinomycetales Family: Streptomycetaceae Genus: Streptomyces 429. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Streptomyces phaeochromogenes Production of Antibacterial and antifungal metabolite. Streptomyces phaeochromogenes; Streptomyces phaeochromogenes (Conn 1917) Waksman 1957 (Approved Lists 1980) Family: Streptomycetaceae Genus: Streptomyces 430. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Streptomycetaceae Genus: Streptomyces Streptomyces scabiei (ex Thaxter 1892) Lambert and Loria 1989 Common scab. Main hosts: Potato. Arachis hypochea in rotation with potato, de Klerk et al., 1997), Beta vulgaris, B. vulgaris var. rubra, Brassica rapa, Daucus carota and Pastinaca sativa have also been reported as hosts for S. scabiei. Geographical distribution and importance S. scabiei was described for the first time by Thaxter from the USA in 1891 as Oospora scabies and is ubiquitous. It is also found in unfarmed land and potato scab is widespread in all potatogrowing areas, especially in light soils Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Streptomycetaceae Streptomyces scabiei, Streptomyces scabiei is a streptomycete bacterium species found in soils around the world. [1] Unlike most of the 500 or sostreptomyces species it is a plant pathogen causing corky lesions to form on tuber and root crops as well as decreasing the growth of seedlings. Along with other closely related species it causes the potato disease common scab, which is an economically important disease in many potato growing areas. Genus: Streptomyces 432. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Streptomyces albus Younger colonies are grey and have a smooth surface. The larger, older colonies are white in colour and have velvet-like surface (due to spore formation). The colonies adhere to the surface of the agar, and are extremely tough in consistency. Production of restriction enzymes. General characteristics: Gram-positive rods, which form branched filaments that produce coccoid spores terminally.

108 107 Order: Actinomycetales Family: Streptomycetaceae Genus: Streptomyces 433. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Streptomycetaceae Streptomyces avermitilis Taxonomy Bacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria (class); Actinobacteridae; Actinomycetales; Streptomycineae; Streptomycetaceae; Streptomyces; Streptomyces avermitilis. Usually inhabit soil and are important decomposers. They also produce more than half of the world's antibiotics, and are consequently invaluable in the medical field. consequently play an important role in the degradation of organic matter, most commonly noted in compost piles. Genus: Streptomyces 434. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Streptomyces flavovirians Streptomyces belongs to the order Actinomycetales within the phylum Actinobacteria. They were originally classified as fungi due to their ability to make branching filaments, but are in fact Gram-positive bacteria. They constitute an important part of the soil microorganisms and contribute in the decomposition of organic material. They are also frequently found in airsamples taken during handling of organic material. Family: Streptomycetaceae Genus: Streptomyces 435. Kingdom: Archaea Phylum: Crenarchaeota Class: Thermoprotei Order: Sulfolobales Family: Sulfolobaceae Sulfolobus acidocaldarius Cells coccoid, highly irregular, about µm in diameter, usually occurring singly. Neither motility nor flagella were detected. Cell envelope composed of protein subunits in hexagonal array. Aerobic lithotrophic growth via oxidation of sulfur, sulfide, or tetrathionate. Organitrophic growth by oxidizing complex organic material (e.g. yeast extract), sugars or amino acids. Thermoacidophilic. Growth temperature C (87 C) opt C. ph optimum 2-3. All Sulfolobales are extremely acidophilic thermophilic sulfur metabolizers. Genus: Sulfolobus 436. Kingdom: Archaea Phylum: Crenarchaeota Class: Thermoprotei Order: Sulfolobales Family: Sulfolobaceae Genus: Sulfolobus Sulfolobus solfataricus Taxonomy Archaea; Crenarchaeota; Thermoprotei; Sulfolobales; Sulfolobaceae; Sulfolobus; Sulfolobus solfataricus. Sulfolobales grow in terrestrial volcanic hot springs with optimum growth occurring at ph 2-3 and a temperature of 75-80oC. Analysis of the genomes can provide information on the thermostability of proteins as well as characteristics of cells living in an acidic environment. oxidize hydrogen sulfide to sulfate intracellularly, which has been used to treat industrial waste water. Sulfolobus can grow either lithoautotrophically by oxidizing sulfur or chemoheterotrophically on reduced carbon compounds. Heterotrophic growth has only been observed in the presence of oxygen.

109 Kingdom: Archaea Phylum: Crenarchaeota Class: Thermoprotei Order: Sulfolobales Family: Sulfolobaceae Genus: Sulfolobus 438. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Lactobacillales Genus: Symbiobacterium 439. Kingdom: Bacteria Sulfolobus tokodaii Symbiobacterium thermophilum Serratia grimesii Taxonomy Archaea; Crenarchaeota; Thermoprotei; Sulfolobales; Sulfolobaceae; Sulfolobus; Sulfolobus tokodaii. Sulfolobales grow in terrestrial volcanic hot springs with optimum growth occurring at ph 2-3 and a temperature of 75-80oC. Analysis of the genomes can provide information on the thermostability of proteins as well as characteristics of cells living in an acidic environment. There can also be industrial applications for these microbes. For example, S. tokodaii strain is known to oxidize hydrogen sulfide to sulfate intracellularly, which has been used to treat industrial waste water. S. tokodaii, has been located in an acidic spa in Beppu Hot Springs, Kyushu, Japan. Taxonomy Bacteria; Actinobacteria; Symbiobacterium thermophilum. Symbiobacterium thermophilum is an uncultivable bacterium isolated from compost that depends on microbial commensalism. The Gram-stain result indicates that S.thermophilum is Gram-negative whereas the results of the 16S ribosomal DNA phylogenic study indicates that it belongs to the Gram-positive group. Proteins associated with the S-layer have been identified in S.thermophilum and Gram variability was observed in several S-layer-coated bacteria. Production of L-Carnitine Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Serratia 440. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Serratia Serratia liquefaciens Production of Acetoin diacetyl. S. liquefaciens is a straight rod shaped bacterium with a diameter of μm, a length of μm, and is Gram negative. Serratia species are usually motile and contain peritrichous flagella.s. liquefaciens are facultative anaerobes making oxygen inessential to survival. They can inhabit both aerobic and anaerobic environments. Thus, S. liquefaciens is a widespread bacteria found in the environment and capable of colonizing on soil, water, plants, and the digestive tracts of rodents, insects, fish, and humans. However, it must be noted that S. liquefaciens is not a normal component of human fecal

110 Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Serratia 442. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Serratia marcescens Serratia proteamaculans flora. Medium-sized colonies that appear buff in colour on Blood Agar. The bacteria produce a red pigment which is easily seen when grown on blood-free media such as nutrient agar or Kings agar B. This culture has been incubated at 30 C. The picture below shows Serratia marcescens on a Plate Count Agar. Production of Glutaminase, L-Asparagenase Degradation of Hydrocarbons. General characteristics: Gram-negative rods. Catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. Attacks sugars by fermentation. Motile. Production of FSH binding inhibitor. Serratia proteamaculans, which belongs to the family of the Enterobacteriaceae, was isolated as a root endophyte from Populus trichocarpa. S. proteamaculans has been found promote plant growth, and it has been hypothesized and demonstrated that this occurs via the production of specific compounds, such as lipo-chitin oligosaccharides, which are used as specific bacteria-to-plant signals. Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Serratia 443. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobactria Class: Gammaprotebacteria Order: Alteromonadales Family: Shewanellaceae Shewanella amazonensis Shewanella amazonensis is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile, polarly flagellated, rod-shaped eubacterium. It was isolated from shelf coastal muds, in intertidal sediments in the Amazon River delta, off the Amapá coast of Brazil. It is exceptionally active in the anaerobic reduction of iron, manganese and sulfur compounds. This ability makesshewanella amazonensis important for bioremediation of contaminated metals and radioactive wastes. Genus: Shewanella 444. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobactria Class: Gammaprotebacteria Order: Alteromonadales Family: Shewanellaceae Genus: Shewanella 445. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobactria Class: Gammaprotebacteria Shewanella baltica Shewanella denitrificans Shewanella baltica (baltica of the Baltic Sea) is both an aerobic and anaerobic bacterium. Shewanella is the sole genus in the Shewanellaceae family of marine bacteria.it is H2S-producing bacteria isolated from marine fish (mainly cod, plaice, and flounder) caught from the Baltic Sea. In aerobic conditions, the Black Sea strains of S. baltica absorbed significant quantities of Fe(III) from its medium, then reducing it to Fe (II) in anaerobic conditions. Under anaerobic conditions, it also oxidizes organic matter from the reduction of nitrate and sulfur compounds as well. It also has putrefaciens capable of high-rate azoreduction and humus reduction under anaerobic conditions. It is noted primarily for its ability to vigorously denitrify nitrate and nitrite, converting these molecules to gaseous nitrogen. Although there are many other members of the genus that are denitrifiers, it is unique in its enthusiastic denitrification. It was first described in 2002 by Brettar et al., who aligned it with the genus and distinguished it as a novel species based on physiological and 16S rrna comparisons, among others. It is a rod shaped, Gram-negative bacterium with polar flagella. It is found at the oxic-anoxic interface and was first isolated from

111 110 Order: Alteromonadales Family: Shewanellaceae the Gotland Deep, a basin in the Baltic Sea. S. denitrificans is a mesophilic organism with an optimum growth temperature of C. Genus: Shewanella 446. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobactria Class: Gammaprotebacteria Order: Alteromonadales Family: Shewanellaceae Genus: Shewanella 447. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobactria Class: Gammaprotebacteria Order: Alteromonadales Family: Shewanellaceae Genus: Shewanella 448. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobactria Class: Gammaprotebacteria Order: Alteromonadales Family: Shewanellaceae Genus: Shewanella 449. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobactria Class: Gammaprotebacteria Order: Alteromonadales Shewanella frigidimarina Shewanella loihica Shewanella pealeana Shewanella sediminis It is a facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, motile by polar flagella, rod-like, and generally associated with aquatic or marine environments.. They are capable of using a variety of compounds as electron acceptors, including oxygen, iron, manganese, uranium, nitrate, nitrite, fumarate, to name but a few. This ability makes it is important for bioremediation of contaminated metals and radioactive wastes. Substrates that can be used as electron acceptors in include nitrate, nitrite, trimethylamine N-oxide, Fe(III) and Mn(IV). The organism is rich in c-type cytochromes, the synthesis of many of which appears to be increased during anaerobic growth with ferric irons present as respiratory electron acceptor. It is noted as being Gram-negative (having both outer and inner membranes) and motile through polar flagella (Haichun Gao et al.). Metabolizing through facultative means, it has been studied extensively for its electron transport systems and ability to use a variety of electron acceptors under anaerobic conditions. Such compounds include iron, manganese, uranium, nitrate, nitrite and fumurate. Studies with this imply the use of quinonederivatives as electron shuttles to ferric oxides and the notable presence of Q-7 and Q-8 ubiquinones as well as MK-7 menaquinone in the PV-4 strain of S. loihica offer future analysis of this reduction mechanism. It was originally isolated from the Atlantic squid for their capacity to respire on sulfur. This bacterium was able to degrade RDX and was closely related to RDX-mineralizing bacterium S. halifaxensis. On the other hand, Shewanella are ubiquitous in marine environment and play very important role in global carbon and nitrogen cycle. The present strain is moderately halophilic, requiring Na + for growth. It can live at low temperatures and by reducing heavy metals Mn (IV) and Fe (III) and non-metal electron acceptors such as sulfur. Genome sequencing and comparative genomics will unlock the genes involved in metabolism of carbon, nitrogen, metal, and sulfur in marine environment. Comparative genomics will also provide insight into how marine bacteria evolve to adapt to cold and salty marine environment. Shewanella are facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative bacteria, motile by polar flagella, rod-like, and generally associated with aquatic or marine environments. They are capable of using a variety of compounds as electron acceptors, including oxygen, iron, manganese, uranium, nitrate, nitrite, fumarate, to name but a few. This ability makes Shewanella important for bioremediation of contaminated metals and radioactive wastes. Family: Shewanellaceae Genus: Shewanella

112 Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobactria Class: Gammaprotebacteria Order: Alteromonadales Shewanella violacea Shewanella are facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative bacteria, motile by polar flagella, rod-like, and generally associated with aquatic or marine environments. They are capable of using a variety of compounds as electron acceptors, including oxygen, iron, manganese, uranium, nitrate, nitrite, fumarate, to name but a few. This ability makes Shewanella important for bioremediation of contaminated metals and radioactive wastes. Family: Shewanellaceae Genus: Shewanella 451. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobactria Class: Gammaprotebacteria Order: Alteromonadales Family: Shewanellaceae Shewanella woodyi It was originally isolated from the squid, sediment and water of the Alboran Sea (mixture of Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea) as a bioluminescent bacterium. Like its relative S. sediminis, S. woodyi was also able to degrade RDX with relatively lower activity. Shewanella are ubiquitous in marine environment and play important role in global carbon and nitrogen cycles. S. woodyi and S. sediminis are two bacteria from different geological regions of marine environment and have many complementary properties in carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Genus: Shewanella 452. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobactria Class: Gammaprotebacteria Order: Alteromonadales Family: Shewanellaceae Shewanella putrefaciens Small to medium-sized colonies that are yellow-orange or brown in colour. In areas of confluent growth the colonies become dark, probably due to formation of hydrogen sulphide. The culture has a fish-like smell. This culture has been incubated at 30 C. General characteristics: Gram-negative rods. Catalase and oxidase-positive. Does not attack sugars. Motile. Genus: Shewanella 453. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Cyanobacteria Order: Chroococcales Family: Synechococcaceae Genus: Synechococcus Synechococcus sp. Taxonomy Bacteria; Cyanobacteria; Chroococcales; Synechococcus. Marine unicellular cyanobacteria of the synechococcus group occupy an important position at the base of the marine food chain. They are abundant in the world's oceans and as a result are one of the most numerous genomes on earth. They have the ability to acquire major nutrients and trace metals from the submicromolar concentrations found in the oligotrophic open seas and their light-harvesting apparatus is uniquely adapted to the spectral quality of light in the ocean. These are responsible for an estimated 20-40% of chlorophyll biomass and carbon fixation in the oceans Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Saccharothrix aerocolonigenes Production of restriction endonuclease Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales

113 112 Family: Actinosynnematace ae Genus: Saccharothrix 455. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Pseudonocrdiaceae Saccharomonospora viridis Saccharomonospora viridis (Schuurmans et al. 1956) Nonomurea and Ohara 1971 is the type species of the genus Saccharomonospora which belongs to the family Pseudonocardiaceae. S. viridis is of interest because it is a Gram-negative organism classified among the usually Grampositive actinomycetes. Members of the species are frequently found in hot compost and hay, and its spores can cause farmer s lung disease, bagassosis, and humidifier fever. Strains of the species S. viridis have been found to metabolize the xenobiotic pentachlorophenol (PCP). Genus: Saccharomonospora 456. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Alteromonadales Family: Alteromonadaceae Genus: Saccharophagus 457. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Pseudonocardiaceae Genus: Saccharopolyspora 458. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Bacteroidetes Class: Sphingobacteria Saccharophagus degradans Saccharopolyspora erythraea, Salinibacter ruber Saccharophagusdegradans (formerly Microbulbifer degradans) is a bacterium which can perform the function of fermenting Xylose to ethanol. In recent studies, Saccharophagus degradans from Chesapeake Bay was effectively used to produce cellulosic ethanol. Cellulosic ethanol production by means of bacterial action could be the key cheap production of cellulosic ethanol for global mass market production of bioethanol. It is currently produced by such means as gasification. S. degradans is the only species in its newly created genus. Saccharopolyspora erythraea, formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus, is a species of actinomycete bacteria within the genus Saccharopolyspora. Saccharopolyspora erythraea is known for the production of the macrolide antibiotic Erythromycin. Cytochrome P450 eryf (CYP107A1) originally from the bacterium is responsible for the biosynthesis of the antibiotic by C6-hydroxylation of the macrolide 6- deoxyerythronolide. Salinibacter ruber is an extremely halophilic red bacteria and was found in saltern crystallizer ponds in Alicante and Mallorca, Spain in 2002 by Anton et al.. This environment has very high salt concentrations, and Salinibacter ruber itself cannot grow below 15% salt concentration, with an ideal concentration between 20-30%. Salinibacter ruber survives in this harsh environment because of its adaptations in order to

114 113 Order: Sphingobacteriales Family: Crenotrichaceae Genus: Salinibacter cope with the high salt concentrations. These adaptations are: modifying the sequences of its proteins, recruiting proteins from different sources with different functions, as well as lateral gene transfer from other halophilic organisms Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Micromonosporacea e Genus: Salinispora 460. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Micromonosporacea e Salinospora arenicola Salinispora tropica The first marine actinomycetes, and more generally, the first marine Gram-positive bacteria, to be sequenced, thus providing important new information about an environmentally significant yet poorly studied group of prokaryotes. They will also be the only actinomycetes in the family Micromonosporaceae, as well as the only secondary-metabolite-producing actinomycetes other than two Streptomyces species to be sequenced, providing useful opportunities for comparative analyses. The genome sequences will advance our understanding of how secondary metabolites are produced and provide new information about the evolutionary significance of secondary metabolite production, how bacteria adapt to life in the ocean, and the ecological roles of actinomycetes in marine sediments. Salinispora tropica belongs to a group of high G+C bacteria commonly known as the actinomycetes. These bacteria have the remarkable distinction of accounting for approximately 70% of the naturally derived antibiotics used today for clinical applications. One significant feature of S. tropica is its ability to produce structurally unique secondary metabolites. This observation supports the exploitation of marine actinomycetes as a source of new medicines. The metabolites observed from S. tropica include salinosporamide A (Feling et al., 2003), a potent inhibitor of the 20S proteasome that is currently in human clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. Genus: Salinispora 461. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Salmonella enteritidis Salmonella enteritidis is a rod-shaped, gram negative, nonmotile bacteria, that does not form spores. Unlike other strains ofsalmonella that are primarily adapted to people, Salmonella enteritidis is primarily adapted to animal hosts, at least for the beginning of its life cycle. S. enteritidis are considered facilitative anaerobes, which means that these bacteria can survive with or without oxygen.this broadens the environments in which they can be found. Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Salmonella 462. Kingdom: Bacteria Salmonella enterica Medium-sized, greyish colonies which cause no alteration of the blood. General characteristics: Gram-negative rods. Catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. Attacks sugars by fermentation and gas is produced (Salmonella Gallinarum is anaerogenic and

115 114 Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Salmonella Pullorum is variable). Motile with the exception of Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Pullorum. Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Salmonella 463. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacte ria Order: Alteromonadales Family: Shewanellaceae Genus: Shewanella Shewanella oneidensis Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Alteromonadales; Alteromonadaceae; Shewanella; Shewanella oneidensis. Shewanella oneidensis is an important model organism for bioremediation studies because of its diverse respiratory capabilities. It is a non-pathogenic gram negative microbe which can grow both aerobically and anaerobically utilising a diversity of electron acceptors (nitrite, nitrate, thiosulfate, iron, manganese, uranium) and presents a unique opportunity to investigate how environmental conditions alter the biology and ecology of a microorganism Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Shigella 465. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Shigella flexneri Shigella flexnarii Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Enterobacteriales; Enterobacteriaceae; Shigella; Shigella flexneri; Gram-negative, nonmotile, nonsporeforming rodshaped bacteria that are highly infectious agents that are transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Shigella flexneri is a human intestinal pathogen, causing dysentery by invading the epithelium of the colon and is responsible, worldwide, for an estimated 165 million episodes of shigellosis and 1.5 million deaths per year. S. flexneri strain was isolated from a patient with severe acute shigellosis in Beijing in 1984, the bacterium has about 4,700 genes. The S. flexneri genome consists of a chromosome and a smaller DNA structure called a virulence plasmid, which contains genes important in causing disease. It is a facultative anaerobe belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, is a Gram-negative rod that is the causative agent of diarrhea and dysentery in humans. Potentially life-threatening, S. flexneri's effects include bacteremia, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and toxic megacolon. The principle disease of diarrhea and dysentery caused by this pathogen is known as shigellosis. Genus: Shigella 466. Kingdom: Bacteria Shigella sonnei It is a non-motile, nonspore-forming, facultative anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium. Its non-motile characteristic means that this species doesn t have flagella to facilitate its movement like many other human enterobacteria. Shigella sonnei is a rod-

116 115 Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Shigella shape bacterium and is lactose-fermenting bacterium causing dysentery. Shigella sonnei is extremely fragile in experimental settings. Its natural habitat is in a low ph environment such as the human gastrointestinal tract. Its optimal environmental temperature is 37 degrees Celsius, similar to the temperature in the human body. Therefore, human s gastrointestinal tract appears to be the only found natural host of Shigella sonnei Kingdom: Archaea Phylum: Crenarchaeota Sulfolobus acidocaldarius Production of citrate synthase, restriction endonuclease Class: Thermoprotei Order: Sulfolobales Family: Sulfolobaceae Genus: Sulfolobus 468. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rhodobacterales Family: Rhodobacteraceae Silicibacter pomeroyi Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodobacterales; Rhodobacteraceae; Silicibacter pomeroyi. Silicibacter pomeroyi is a member of the marine Roseobacter clade whose relatives comprise 10-20% of coastal and oceanic mixed-layer bacterioplankton. It relies on a lithoheterotrophic strategy that uses inorganic compounds to supplement heterotrophy and it harbors genes advantageous for associations with plankton and suspended particles. Silicibacter pomeroyi has a physiology distinct from that of marine oligotrophs. Genus: Silicibacter 469. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rhodobacterales Silicibacter lacuscaerulensis a mesophilic moderately halophilic bacterium characteristic of the Blue Lagoon geothermal lake in IcelandSilicibacter lacuscaerulensis Petursdottir and Kristjansson 1999; Silicibacter lacuscaerulensis; Ruegeria lacuscaerulensis (Petursdottir and Kristjansson 1999) Yi et al. 2007; Ruegeria lacuscaerulensis (Petursdottir and Kristjansson 1999) Yi et al emend. Vandecandelaere et al Family: Rhodobacteraceae Genus: Silicibacter 470. Sinorhizobium meliloti Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhizobiales; Rhizobiaceae; Sinorhizobium/Ensifer group; Sinorhizobium; Sinorhizobium meliloti. Gram-negative, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that form nodules on host plants. They also have symbiotic relationships with legume plants, which can't live without these bacteria's essential nitrogen-fixing processes.

117 Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Clostridia Order: Clostridiales Sarcina lutea Assay of Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Penicillin, Carbomycin, Cephalexin, Tetracyclin, Testing of Sterility. Sarcina is a genus of Gram-positive cocci bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae Family: Clostridiaceae 472. Genus: Sarcina Streptoverticilleum Streptoverticilleum cinnamoneum Production of Leucomycin, Magnamycin, Niddamycin 473. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Staphylococcus faecalis Assay of Histidine Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Staphylococcaceae Genus: Staphylococcus 474. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Staphylococcus lentus Oxidation/Utilization of Hydrocarbons Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Staphylococcaceae Genus: Staphylococcus

118 Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Staphylococcaceae Genus: Staphylococcus 476. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcusaureus subsp. aureus. Medium-sized, raised, glistening colonies. The colonies are pigmented, the colour varying from grey-white, to yellow, or orange. Assay of Ampicillin, Antibiotics, Carbenicillin, Cefadroxin, Cefazolin, Cefotaxime, Histidine, Hygromycin B, Streptomycin. General characteristics: Gram-positive cocci that occur in pairs, tetrads or clusters. Catalase-positive. Attacks sugars by fermentation. Non-motile. Medium-sized, white colonies. The same Blood Agar plate examined with transmitted light. There is no alteration of the blood. Assay of Kanamycin, Netilmycin. General characteristics: Gram-positive cocci that occur in pairs, tetrads or clusters. Catalase-positive. Attacks sugars by fermentation. Non-motile. Family: Staphylococcaceae Genus: Staphylococcus 477. Streptomycin antibioticus Production of Antibiotics 478. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Thermoactinomyces thalophilus Production of thermorubin Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Thermoactinomycet aceae Genus: Thermoactinomyces 479. Thermoactinopolyspora Thermoactinopolyspora coremialis Production of thermothiocin

119 Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Thermobifida fusca Degradation of cellulose, Production of cellulose Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Nocardiopsaceae Genus: Thermobifida 481. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Alteromonadales Genus: Teredinibacter 482. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Rhodocyclales Family: Rhodocyclaceae Teredinibacter turnerae Thauera sp. strain MZ1T The cells are Gram-negative, rigid, rods (0<4 0<6x3 6 lm) that bear a single polar flagellum. All isolates are capable of chemoheterotrophic growth in a simple mineral medium supplemented with cellulose as a sole source of Carbon and energy. Xylan, pectin, carboxy Methylcellulose, cellobiose and a variety of sugars and organic acids also support growth. Growth requires addition of combined nitrogen when cultures are vigorously aerated, but all Isolates fix dinitrogen under microaerobic conditions. It is a floc-forming bacterium isolated from the wastewater treatment plant of a major industrial chemical manufacturer. It is related to the genus Azoarcus and Zoogloea, another prominent community member of activated sludge. In previous research, MZ1T was identified as a significant component of clusters that resulted in poor sludge dewaterability and in pure culture, produces copious quantities of EPS from relatively simple short chain fatty acids. Genus: Thauera 483. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Clostridia Order: Clostridiales Thermanaerovibrio acidaminovorans T. acidaminovorans cells are curved rods of μm in size (Table 1 and Figure 2), with round ends, occur singly, in pairs, or in long chains when grown in a complex medium [3]. The organ-ism is Gram-negative, non-sporeforming, mod-erately thermophilic, motile by means of a tuft of lateral flagella at the concave side, and strictly anaerobic for growth [1]. Interestingly, it tolerates flushing with air for at least one hour, and it pro-duces catalase. Family: Syntrophomonadac eae Genus: Thermanaerovibrio 484. Kingdom: Bacteria Thermoanaerobacter italicus Thermoanaerobacter italicusis a species of thermophilic, anaerobic, sporeformingbacteria.it was first isolated from hot springs in the north of Italy. The growth range

120 119 Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Clostridia Order: Thermoanaerobacteri ales Family: Thermoanaerobacte riaceae Genus: Thermoanaerobacter 485. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Clostridia Order: Thermoanaerobacteri ales Family: Thermoanaerobacte riaceae Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis for the organism is 45 to 78 C, with optimal growth conditions at 70 C and ph 7.0. The organism stains Gram-negative, although it has a Gram-positive cell structure. The species was named italicus in reference to the Italian hot springs in which it was first isolated. The organism was originally isolated because of its ability todigest pectin and pectate.it grows well on pectin, glucose and xylose, with ethanol and organic acids as the major end products. Taxonomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Clostridia; Thermoanaerobacteriales; Thermoanaerobacteriaceae; Thermoanaerobacter; Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis. Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis is a rod-shaped, Gramnegative, anaerobic eubacterium that was isolated from a freshwater hot spring in Tengchong, China. It grows optimally at 80 degrees Celsius and metabolizes sugars as the principal source of energy and carbon source, and gains energy anaerobically by sulfur respiration. More than half the T. tengcongensis genes are 'extremely similar' to those of Bacillus halodurans. Genus: Thermoanaerobacter 486. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Clostridia Order: Thermoanaerobacteri ales Family: Thermoanaerobacte riaceae Thermoanaerobacter pseudoethano licus It is a thermophilic anaerobic bacterium, ferments a wide range of hexose and pentose sugars, as well as starch and pullulan, to ethanol. The organism expresses amylase and pullulanase enzymes under a variety of conditions, and the optimal growth temperature is approximately 65 C. it can also carry out iron reduction at elevated temperatures. Due to the ability to efficiently ferment pentoses, it has been proposed as a means for the production of industrial alcohol and has an approximate yield of 0.40 g of ethanol per g of xylose in batch or continuous culture. Economic analyses have shown that efficient fermentation of hemicellulosic sugars to ethanol by T. pseudoethanolicus. It could have a large impact on the overall viability of the lignocellulosic bioconversion process Genus: Thermoanaerobacter Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Chloroflexi Class: Thermomicrobia Order: Thermomicrobiales Family: Thermomicrobiaceae Genus: Thermobaculum Thermobaculum terrenum It is a non-phototrophic gram-positive, contained a novel fattyacid profile, had cell wall muramic acid content similar to that of Bacillus subtilis (significantly greater than Escherichia coli), and failed to display a lipopolysaccharide profile in SDSpolyacrylamide gels that would be indicative of a gram-negative cell wall structure and thermophile representing an environmental clone group related to the Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria). This organism was found to be an obligate aerobic, non-spore-forming rod, and formed pink-colored colonies Kingdom: Bacteria Thermobifida fusca It is a rod shaped; thermophilic organism found in decaying organic matter and is a major degrader of plant cell wall. Its

121 Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Nocardiopsaceae Genus: Thermobifida Kingdom: Archaea Phylum: Euryarchaeota Class: Thermoplasmata Order: Thermoplasmatales Family: Thermoplasmatacee Genus: Thermoplasma Thermoplasma acidophilum preferred habitat are compost heaps, rotting hay, manure piles, or mushroom growth medium because these are self-heated organic materials that can reach Thermobifida fusca s growth temperature of 55ºC. The genus is acid fast, Gram-positive aerobic organisms. It is important to map out the entire genome of this organism because of its biotechnological uses. The organism produces multiple extracellular enzymes including cellulases that are responsible for the decomposition of cellulose and lignocellulose residues, which are important for the breakdown of agricultural and urban wastes. Taxonomy Archaea; Euryarchaeota; Thermoplasmata; Thermoplasmatales; Thermoplasmataceae; Thermoplasma; Thermoplasma acidophilum. A thermoacidophilic archaeon, Thermoplasma is a fascinating microorganism whose study can give new insight into how extremophiles can live in such conditions missing some of the generic cell structure that other thermophilic's have. Protease and chaperone assemblies from Thermoplasma have helped illuminate the structure and function of their more complex eukaryotic homologues. Environments that have characteristics including a ph level between with temperatures ranging from 55-60oC are where you can find Thermophiles. Optimum growth conditions are about ph 2 and 60oC. Strands have been isolated from selfheating coal refuse piles and solfatara fields Kingdom: Archaea Phylum: Euryarchaeota Class: Thermococci Order: Thermococcales Family: Thermococcaceae Genus: Thermococcus 491. Kingdom: Archaea Phylum: Euryarchaeota Class: Thermococci Order: Thermococcales Family: Thermococcaceae Genus: Thermococcus 492. Kingdom: Archaea Phylum: Euryarchaeota Thermococcus celer Thermococcus gammatolerans Thermococcus onnurineus Thermococcus celer has an optimal growth temperature of 88 C, and a maximal growth temperature of >93 C. Optimal ph 7. Carbon source: peptides, proteins. Generation time < 50 minutes. The heat loving archae Thermococcus celer lives at a temperature of up to 93 C. It has a circular genome of DNA with 1,890 kilobase pairs. They utilize peptides, yeast extracts, in some cases proteins or amino acids, and, rarely, carbohydrates as carbon sources. Elemental sulfur has also been found to stimulate growth considerably (tenfold for the growth of T. celer on yeast extract) together with the formation of H 2 S. It is not altered by changing conditions in its growth phase, but the lack of ideal conditions and nutrients decreases its radioresistance. The system of chromosomal DNA repair shows that cells in stationary phase of growth reconstitute DNA more rapidly than cells in exponential growth phase.it can slowly or quickly rebuild damaged chromosomes without loss of viability. Its application to the development of new enzymatic markers those are resistant to high temperatures and their application in the study of carcinogenesis and the study of the development of mitochondrial diseases. It has been speculated that DNA repair mechanisms of T. gammatolerans could be incorporated into the genome of higher species in order to improve DNA repair and reduce cellular ageing. Thermococcus onnurineus, a single-celled organism known as an archaeon living in deep-sea vents, has another enviable ability. It is the first microbe found to survive on the meagre energy provided by a very simple respiratory pathway: the conversion of formate (HCOO ) and water into hydrogen and bicarbonate.

122 121 Class: Thermococci Order: Thermococcales Family: Thermococcaceae Genus: Thermococcus 493. Kingdom: Archaea Phylum: Euryarchaeota Class: Thermococci Order: Thermococcales Thermococcus sibiricus Anaerobic organotrophic hyperthermophilic Archaea were isolated from five of eight samples from oil wells of the Samotlor oil reservoir. It is an obligate organotroph, utilizing peptone, yeast extract, beef extract, and soya bean extract. The presence of elemental sulfur in the medium was not obligatory but stimulated growth. No growth was observed on starch, pyruvate, glucose, acetate, methanol, ethanol, lactate. Family: Thermococcaceae Genus: Thermococcus 494. Kingdom: Archaea Phylum: Crenarchaeota Class: Thermoprotei Order: Thermoproteales Family: Thermofilaceae Genus: Thermofilum 495. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Thermofilum pendens Thermomonospora curvata It is a thermophile and moderate acidophile isolated from a solfataric hot spring in Iceland. Like several other Archaea, it appears to respire with sulfur and utilize peptides as an energy source. It has an unusual long filamentous structure, with a length of up to 100 mm. Another unusual feature of T. pendens is its mode of reproduction. It does not appear to form a septum in the middle of the cell. Instead "golf club" shaped organisms are found with a spherical enlargement at one end of the cell, and these likely detach to become new cells. T. pendensis almost always found associated with a related organism. Thermomonospora curvata is an aerobic, cellulolytic, thermophilic Gram-positive bacterium isolated from straw compost. It produces a number of industrially important compounds like cellulase, alpha-amylase, and polygalacturonate lyase. T. curvata can utilize many organic compounds present in the natural environment, such as cellulose starch, xylose or pectin. Family: Thermomonosporac eae Genus: Thermomonospora 496. Kingdom: Archaea Phylum: Euryarchaeota Class: Thermoplasmata Order: Thermoplasmatales Family: Thermoplasmatacea Thermoplasma volcanium Taxonomy Archaea; Euryarchaeota; Thermoplasmata; Thermoplasmatales; Thermoplasmataceae; Thermoplasma; Thermoplasma volcanium. Heterotrophic, facultatively anaerobic thermophiles that require the presence of yeast extract or similar extracts for growth. They can also grow in the presence of meat extract or bacterial extracts. Therefore, the nutrition of Thermoplasma in its natural habitat is most likely based on the products of decomposing cells of organisms sharing the biotope. It Grow as facultative anaerobes on molecular sulfur by sulfur respiration, forming large amounts of H 2 S.

123 122 e Genus: Thermoplasma 497. Kingdom: Archaea Phylum: Crenarchaeota Class: Thermoprotei Order: Thermoproteales Family: Thermoproteaceae Genus: Thermoproteus Thermoproteus neutrophilus It can be described as hyperthermophilic and chemolithoautotrophic. However, it has been shown to be facultatively autotrophic, using organic carbon sources when present. Microorganisms belonging to the genus Thermoproteus are stiff rods with "golf club" like protrusions on their ends. This structure may contribute to budding. The cells are approximately.4 um in diameter and anywhere between 1-80 um in length. They are nonmotile and lack flagella.it has been suspected of contributing to the corrosion of stainless steel vapor ducts. Vapor ducts are important in the utilization of geothermal energy, a clean source of energy. The impact of this could potentially affect the environment and the economy because decreased energy efficiency is very costly.it is commonly found in hot springs and solfataras. It requires high temperatures and elemental sulfur, as an electron acceptor for growth Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Thermotogae Class: Thermotogae Order: Thermotogales Family: Thermotogaceae Genus: Thermosipho 499. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Cyanobacteria Order: Chroococcales Family: Synechococcaceae Genus: Thermosynechococc us Thermosipho melanesiensis Thermosynechococcus elongatus T. melanesiensis is a deep-sea marine organism closely related to a hot springs isolate, it could reveal mechanisms of survival in marine environments and high pressures. A new thermophilic, anaerobic rod-shaped bacterium, isolated from the gills of a deep-sea vent hydrothermal mussel, Bathymodiolus brevior, from the Lau Basin (Southwestern Pacific Ocean). Phenotypically, this isolate exhibited characteristics similar to those described for members of the order Thermotogales. its 16S rrna sequence, and its ability to grow on carbohydrates (sucrose, starch, glucose, maltose, lactose, cellobiose, and galactose). The cells of this organism were gram negative and rod shaped and generally occurred singly or in pairs, rarely occurring as chains with a maximum of five rods. Taxonomy Bacteria; Cyanobacteria; Chroococcales; Thermosynechococcus; Thermosynechococcus elongates. Thermosynechococcus elongatus has long been used as a model organism for investigating photosynthesis. It is a thermophilic unicellular rod shaped cyanobacterium, the organism lives in hot springs and has an optimum growth temperature of 55C. The sequenced strain was isolated from Beppu hot spring in Japan. Cyanobacteria are a general term for bacteria capable of oxygenic photosyntheses, which comprises over 1500 species.

124 Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Thermotogae Class: Thermotogae Order: Thermotogales Family: Thermotogaceae Genus: Thermotoga 501. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Deinococcusthermus Class: Deinococci Order: Thermales Family: Thermaceae Genus: Thermus 502. Kingdom: Bacteria 503. Phylum: Spirochaetes Class: Spirochaetes Order: Spirochaetales Family: Spirochaetaceae Genus: Treponema Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Spirochaetes Class: Spirochaetes Order: Spirochaetales Family: Spirochaetaceae Genus: Treponema Thermotoga maritime Thermus thermophilus Treponema denticola Treponema pallidum Taxonomy Bacteria; Thermotogae; Thermotogae (class); Thermotogales; Thermotogaceae; Thermotoga; Thermotoga maritime. Thermotoga is typically a rod-shaped cell enveloped in an outer cell membrane (the 'toga'). Thermotoga enzymes are known for being active at high temperatures. Thermotogales are extremely thermostable and therefore useful for many industrial processes such as in chemical and food industries (R. Huber et al., 2004). This aerobic gram-negative organism is typically nonsporeforming and metabolizes several carbohydrates, both simple and complex, including glucose, sucrose, starch, cellulose, and xylan (EBI, 2003). The L-alanine production of Thermotogales is similar to the achaeal Thermococcales, suggesting that L-alanine production from sugar is a trait of a former ancestral metabolism. Taxonomy Bacteria; Deinococcus-Thermus; Deinococci; Thermales; Thermaceae; Thermus; Thermus thermophilus. It is Gram-negative bacteria and are "either immotile or possess flagella and are motile" (R. Huber et al. 2004). Thermus is both more active at higher temperatures and more thermostable than most other enzymes. Thermus has an optimum growth temperature of between 70 C and 75 C (min: C, max: 79 C), though some have lower growth temperatures of about 60 C (min: C, max: 70 C). High temperature Thermus ph ranges between 7.5 and 8.0, though strains grow as low as 5.1 and as high as 9.5. No strain of Thermus appears to be capable of fermentation. Taxonomy Bacteria; Spirochaetes; Spirochaetes (class); Spirochaetales; Spirochaetaceae; Treponema; Treponema denticola. It is an obligate anaerobe and is one of a number of spirochetes found in the oral cavity of humans. It is commonly associated with periodontal disease, an inflammation of gum tissue that frequently precedes bone resorbtion and subsequent tooth loss. DNA and antigens have been detected in atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta in human patients. An association between preterm birth/low birth weight of infants and periodontal disease in the mother has also been described. Of veterinary importance, organisms closely related to T. denticola also cause digital dermatitis in cattle. Taxonomy Bacteria; Spirochaetes; Spirochaetes (class); Spirochaetales; Spirochaetaceae; Treponema; Treponema pallidum; Treponema pallidum subsp. Pallidum. It is the causative agent of syphilis. Treponemes are mostly human pathogens, and have been studied extensively. However, they remain a very elusive organism; little has been learned despite all the extensive research. It has been termed a 'stealth pathogen' because of its lack of surface proteins. Because of this lack of proteins, creating a vaccine has been impossible. By sequencing the genome researchers hope to find rare outer membrane proteins that have been unidentifiable to date. Syphilis first appeared in the late fifteenth century, shortly after Columbus and his men returned from the New World. It is capable of infecting all tissues. Syphilis is a relatively painless, slow evolving disease marked by long asymptomatic periods followed by short symptomatic periods during which the organism is multiplying rapidly.

125 Trignopsis Trignopsis variabilis Taxonomy: Ascomycota, saccharomyceta, Saccharomycotina, Saccharomycetes, Saccharomycetales. Production of D-amino acid oxidase 505. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Cellulomonadaceae Genus: Tropheryma 506. Kingdom: Bacteria Tropheryma whipplei Thiobacillus ferroooxidans Taxonomy Bacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria (class); Actinobacteridae; Actinomycetales; Micrococcineae; Cellulomonadaceae; Tropheryma; Tropheryma whipplei. Tropheryma whipplei is an emerging gram positive human pathogen which causes Whipple's disease which is characterised by systemic effects with alteration in the general state of health, chronic enteritis, joint pain, culture-negative endocarditis, encephalitis and uveitis. Whipple s disease can have numerous symptoms and manifestations, it can also cause arthritis, intestinal disorders, and dementia, it can live undetected in the body for decades and then, without warning, cause a fatal illness. The first case of Whipple's disease was reported in Removal of Coal from Iron Pyrite Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Hydrogenophilales Family: Hydrogenophilacea e Genus: Thiobacillus 507. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Betaproteobacteria Thiobacillus denitrificans Fixes carbon; oxidizes sulfur and iron; involved in bioremediation Order: Hydrogenophilales Family: Hydrogenophilaceae Genus: Thiobacillus 508. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Mollicutes Order: Mycoplasmatales Ureaplasma urealyticum Taxonomy Bacteria; Firmicutes; Mollicutes; Mycoplasmatales; Mycoplasmataceae; Ureaplasma; Ureaplasma urealyticum. Ureaplasma urealyticum is a mycoplasma and a pathogenic ureolytic mollicute which colonises the urogenital tracts of humans. It is an opportunistic pathogen that is a significant cause of adverse pregnancy outcome, neonatal disease, and supperative arthritis.. During delivery it can also spread to the central nervous system and lower respiratory tract of newborn infants resulting in infant pneumonia, meningitis, and septicemia. The bacterium uniquely lacks several proteins standard in comparable organisms and its low biosynthetic

126 125 Family: Mycoplasmataceae Genus: Ureaplasma capacity means that it must import more nutrients needed for growth that most other bacteria Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Vibrionales Vibrio fischeri Production of Nitrate and Nitrite Reductase. Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Vibrionales; Vibrionaceae; Vibrio fischeri. Vibrio fischeri belongs to the Vibrionaceae, a large family of marine gamma-proteobacteria that includes several dozen species known to engage in a diversity of beneficial or pathogenic interactions with animal tissue. Family: Vibrionaceae Genus: Vibrio 510. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Vibrionales Family: Vibrionaceae Genus: Vibrio 511. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Vibrionales Family: Vibrionaceae Genus: Vibrio 512. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Vibrionales Vibrio parahaemolyticuss Vibrio cholerae Vibrio vulnificus Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Vibrionales; Vibrionaceae; Vibrio; Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Vibrios are facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are metabolically similar to the Enterobacteriaceae. They are ubiquitous to oceans, coastal waters, and estuaries. Catalaseand oxidase-positive. Attacks sugars by fermentation. gram negative bacillus from same family as those that cause cholera. It naturally inhabits coastal waters and is present in higher concentrations during summer; it is a halophilic, or saltrequiring organism. causes food-borne gastroenteritis, which inflames the stomach and small intestine. The bacterial pathogen is a growing concern in North America, particularly in places where seafood is popular.. Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Vibrionales; Vibrionaceae; Vibrio; Vibrio cholerae; Vibrio cholerae O1; Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar eltor. Vibrios are facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are metabolically similar to the Enterobacteriaceae. They are ubiquitous to oceans, coastal waters, and estuaries. The best known species is Vibrio cholerae, which can cause severe diarrhea illness in humans. The genus Vibrio consists of Gram-negative straight or curved rods, motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Vibrios are capable of both respiratory and fermentative metabolism. The Vibrio cholerae genome sequences provide a starting point for understanding how a free living, environmental microorganism is also a human pathogen. Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Vibrionales; Vibrionaceae; Vibrio; Vibrio vulnificus. Vibrio vulnificus is a lactose-fermenting, halophilic, gram-negative, opportunistic pathogenic bacterium from the same family as those that cause cholera. It normally lives in warm seawater and is part of a group of vibrios that are called "halophilic" because they are salt requiring organisms. This organism causes wound infections, gastroenteritis, or a syndrome known as primary septicemia. Found in warm coastal waters, this bacterium is related to the cholera pathogen and can cause a severe and

127 126 Family: Vibrionaceae Genus: Vibrio potentially fatal illness. Infections tend to occur through eating raw or improperly cooked shellfish, particularly oysters Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Vibrionales Family: Vibrionaceae Genus: Vibrio Vibrio harveyi It is a Gram-negative, bioluminescent, marine bacteria in the genus Vibrio, and are rod-shaped, motile (via polar flagella), facultatively anaerobic, halophilic, and competent for both fermentative and respiratory metabolism. They do not grow at 4 C or above 35 C. it can be found free-swimming in tropical marine waters, commensally in the gut microflora of marine animals, and as both a primary and opportunistic pathogen of marine animals, including Gorgonian corals, oysters, prawns, lobsters, the commonsnook, barramundi, turbot, milkfish, and seahorses. It is responsible for luminous vibriosis, a disease that affects commercially farmed penaeid prawns Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Vibrionales Family: Vibrionaceae Genus: Vibrio 515. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Pantoea Vibrio splendidus Variovorax paradoxus It is a gram negative bacterium. It is rod-shaped, and has perichous polar flagella with sheaths. It is also bioluminescent, and for optimal growth it requires a salt concentration. It is chemoorganotrophic in nature, obtaining its energy and carbon from organic compounds. Its metabolism is facultatively fermentative; it makes ATP through aerobic respiration when oxygen is present, but it can also switch to fermentation when not in the presence of oxygen.it is also capable of metabolizing alginate, a linear block copolymer of uronic acids b-dmannuronate and a-l-guluronate. It contains a class of enzymes known as alginate lyases (Alys) which catalyze the depolymerization of alginate into oligomers through an endolytic b-elimination reaction. These oligomers can then be broken down further into unsaturated monomers by the exolytic enzyme oligoalginate lyase (Oal). It is a ubiquitous, aerobic, gram negative bacterium present in diverse environments. This organism, originally classified in either the genus Alcaligenes or Hydrogenomonas, it has been associated with a number of interesting biotransformations, including atrazine degradation, nitrotyrosine assimilation, and mineralization of acyl-homoserine lactone signals. Recently, the hydrogen gas oxidation growth strategy of this has been implicated in plant growth promotion, as part of the rhizosphere consortium with nodulating diazotrophs. This microorganism was also recently identified as a member of methylotrophic community in the human oral cavity Kingdom: Bacteria Veillonella parvula It is a gram negative, strict anaerobic, non-spore-forming coccus-shaped bacterium. It is found in the gut of humans and

128 127 Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Clostridia Order: Clostridiales Family: Acidaminococcacea e Genus: Veillonella The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. dental plaque. While considered non-pathogenic, it has been linked with rare cases of meningitis, osteomyelitis, and periodontal disease. It cannot metabolize carbohydrates, but instead uses organic acids like lactate. Perhaps the most significant role of V. parvula is its involvement in biofilms. It is able to coaggregate with other organisms, namely Streptococcus mutans, to the dental plaque Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Firmicutes Class: Clostridia Order: Clostridiales Family: Acidaminococcacea e Verminephrobacter eiseniae Taxonomy: Verminephrobacter Proteobacteria Betaproteobacteria. Gram negative bacteria that colonize the nephridia of earthworms within the family Lumbricidae. It is associated with earthworm nephridia in a poorly understood animal/bacterium symbiotic system. it belongs to a group of recently isolated bacteria, inhabitants of the earthworm nephridia (excretory organs present in every segment of the worm). Recognized cases of annelid-bacteria symbioses are numerous, diverse and ecologically important. Genus: Veillonella 518. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Wigglesworthia 519. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rickettsiales Family: Anaplasmataceae Genus: Wolbachia 520. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Epsilonproteobacteria Wigglesworthia glossinidia Wolbachia pipientis Wolinella succinogenes Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Enterobacteriales; Enterobacteriaceae; Wigglesworthia; Wigglesworthia glossinidia. Wigglesworthia glossinidia lives inside the gut of the blood-sucking tsetse fly. The fly transmits a parasite called a trypanosome which causes the deadly African sleeping sickness. The gram negative bacterium and fly live in symbiosis, The bacterium has co-evolved with its insect host over millions of years; this co-evolution has allowed the bacterium to streamline its genome, eliminating genes found in its & genome still contains remnants of a free-living organism, such as genes for motility. Although scientists have never seen Wigglesworthia swim, they found genes that synthesise flagella whip-like cellular propellers. The flagella may help Wigglesworthia travel from adult tsetse flies to larvae. Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia. Wolbachia, which are found in a variety of invertebrate species, are of great interest due to their diverse interactions with different hosts, which range from many forms of reproductive parasitism to mutualistic symbioses. It is intracellular gramnegative bacteria that are found in association with a variety of invertebrate species, including insects, mites, spiders, terrestrial crustaceans, and nematodes. Wolbachia are transovarialy transmitted from females to their offspring and are extremely widespread, having been found to infect 20% 75% of invertebrate species. Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; delta/epsilon subdivisions; Epsilonproteobacteria; Campylobacterales; Helicobacteraceae; Wolinella; Wolinella succinogenes. it is a nonfermenting bacterium that grows anaerobic respiration and has been reported to grow in the presence of 2% oxygen). The darting motility of it has triggered several projects that investigated the unique aspects of its monotrichous flagellation and the insertion

129 128 Order: Campylobacterales Family: Helicobacteraceae of the flagellar motor into the pole of the cell. It has been isolated from the bovine rumen, the human gingival sulcus, and dental root canal infections. Genus: Wolinella 521. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Xanthomonas campestris Production of Xanthan gum. Xanthomonas campestris is bacterial species that causes a variety of plant disease s. Available from the NCPPB. Countries: New Zealand, Australia Order: Xanthomonadales Family: Xanthomonadaceae Genus: Xanthomonas 522. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Xanthomonadales Family: Xanthomonadaceae Genus: Xanthomonas Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Dieffenbachiae (McCulloch and Pirone 1939) Vauterin, Hoste, Kersters and Swings 1995 Bacterial blight of aroids, bacterial blight or tip burn of Anthurium. Main hosts: Flamingo flower or Anthurium (Anthurium amnicola, A. andraeanum, A. cristalinum, A. scherzerianum, Araceae). Furthermore Aglaonema commutatum, A. robeliniii, A. pseudobracteatum, Caladium hortulanum, Colocasia esculenta. Geographical distribution and importance Reported for the first time on Dieffenbachia maculata in the USA by McCulloch and Pirone in 1939 and described as Bacterium dieffenbachiae. Australia, Barbados, Bermuda, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Dominica, French Polynesia, Guadeloupe, Italy, 523. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Xanthomonadales Family: Xanthomonadaceae Genus: Xanthomonas Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (ex Ishiyama 1922) Swings, Van den Mooter, Vauterin, Hoste, Gillis, Mew and Kersters 1990 Gram-negative bacterium and is the causative agent of bacterial blight on rice, Kresek disease. Main host Rice. Also other Gramineae such as para grass buffel grass bermudagras rice sedge,purple nut sedge, barnyardgrass, cutgrass, obligate wetland weed, sprangletop, wild Oryza. Geographical distribution and importance First described from Japan by Ishiyama in Widespread in S.E. Asia. Furthermore reported from Australia, Bolivia, Colombia, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Ecuador, Gabon, Honduras, Mali, Mexico, Niger, Panama, S.E. Russia, Senegal, Togo, USA and Venezuela.

130 Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Xanthomonadales Family: Xanthomonadaceae Genus: Xanthomonas Xanthomonas translucens (Jones, Johnson and Reddy 1917) Dowson 1939 Black chaff, leaf streak, bacterial stripe or bacterial blight of cereals and grasses Main hosts: rye, triticale and wheat Geographical distribution and importance translucens was described for the first time in 1917 by Jones et al. from the USA. translucens has been described from Argentina, Asia (widespread), Africa, Spain, Syria, Tanzania, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay and Zambia. X. translucens can occasionally cause serious crop losses of up to 15% Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Xanthomonadales Family: Xanthomonadaceae Genus: Xanthomonas Xanthomonas vasicola pv. holcicola (Elliot 1930) Vauterin, Hoste, Kersters and Swings 1995 Bacterial leaf streak Main hosts: Sorghum or Indian millet and its varieties caffrorum. Columbus grass or five-year sorghum, Arabian millet or Aleppo grass Sudangrass, broomcorn millet maize have also been reported as natural hosts. Geographical distribution and importance First described by Elliot (1930) from the USA. Argentina, Australia, Ethiopia, Gambia, India, Israel, Mexico, New Zealand, Niger, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, Romania, S. Russia, Ukraine, USA. Never observed in Europe Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Xanthomonadales Family: Xanthomonadaceae Genus: Xanthomonas 527. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Xanthomonadales Family: Xanthomonadaceae Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vasculorum (ex Cobb 1893) Vauterin, Hoste, Kersters and Swings 1995 Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum (Smith 1901) Vauterin, Hoste, Kersters and Swings 1995 Gummosis or Cobb s disease of sugarcane Main hosts: Betel nut palm, princess palm, hurricane palm, royal palm in the family palmae and sugarcane. Geographical distribution and importance first reported the disease from Brazil in 1869, but Cobb in Australia described the causal bacterium only in Antigua and Barbuda, Australia (not in recent years), Argentina, Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, French Guyana,etc.. Angular leaf spot. Main hosts: Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense,g. herbaceum, G. populifolium, Hibiscus vitifolius and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Chase, 1986), and outside the family of Malvaceae Lochnera pusilla, Ceiba pentandra and Jatropha curcas have been reported as natural hosts. Geographical distribution and importance Widespread in all cotton-growing regions of the world. In Europe reported from Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Moldavia, Poland, Romania, Russia, Spain, Ukraine and former Yugoslavia. Genus: Xanthomonas

131 Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Xanthomonadales Family: Xanthomonadaceae Genus: Xanthomonas Xanthomonas hortorum pv. hederae (Arnaud 1920) Vauterin, Hoste, Kersters and Swings 1995 Bacterial leaf spot of ivy. Main hosts: Ivy (Hedera helix, Araliaceae); Brassaia actinophylla, Fatsia japonica, Polyscias spp. and Schefflera arboricola, all Araliaceae, have also been reported as natural hosts in the USA (Norman et al., 1999). Geographical distribution and importance Described as a bacterial disease (but without isolation and characterization) in 1894 by Lindau in Germany. In 1920 Arnaud reported the disease from France, still without description of the bacterium. Burkholder and Guterman (1932) and later White and McCulloch (1934) characterized the causal bacterium in the USA Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Xanthomonadales Family: Xanthomonadaceae Genus: Xanthomonas Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Pammel 1895) Dowson 1939 Syn. Xanthomonas campestris It is Gram neagetive, flagellated, rod-shaped bacterium, which allows the bacteria to move throughout an infected plant. Xanthomonas is dependent on the type III protein secretion system, which relies on transport protiens, secreting several hypersensitive reaction proteins and outer proteins, causing an interaction with the planblack rot of cabbage. Main hosts: Cabbag, including Brussels sprouts, broccoli, borecole or kale, cauliflower, collards, Chinese kale, kohlrabi, pe-tsai and Savoi cabbage Geographical distribution and importance First adequately described by Pammel in 1895 in the USA. Widespread all over the world where cabbage is cultivated Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Xanthomonadales Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis (Pierce 1901) Vauterin, Hoste, Kersters and Swings 1995 Black spot of walnut or walnut bacterial blight. Main hosts: Persian walnut (Juglans ailantifolia (Japanese California black walnut), walnut). Geographical distribution and importance First described by Pierce in 1901 from California. Argentina, Australia, Azebaijan, Bermuda, Canada, Chile, China, widespread in Europe. Family: Xanthomonadaceae Genus: Xanthomonas 531. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Xanthomonadales Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni (Smith 1903) Vauterin, Hoste, Kersters and Swings Doc?id= &ppg=251 Bacterial leaf spot, shot-hole, black spot. Main hosts: Peach (Prunus persica), Japanese bush cherry, plum and Japanese plum) and apricot. Geographical distribution and importance EPPO A2 quarantine pest irst described by E.F. Smith in 1903 from the USA. Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bermuda, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, France, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, Lebanon, Mexico, Moldova.

132 131 Family: Xanthomonadaceae Genus: Xanthomonas 532. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Xanthomonadales Family: Xanthomonadaceae Xanthomonas vesicatoria (Doidge 1920) Dowson 1939 Syn.) Bacterial spot, bacterial scab, black spot Main hosts: Tomato and sweet pepper Geographical distribution and importance First described in 1920 and 1921 by Doidge in North America. Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Barbados, Belau, Bermuda, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czech Republic, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, France, Germany,etc.. Genus: Xanthomonas 533. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Xanthomonadales Family: Xanthomonadaceae Genus: Xanthomonas Xanthomonas hortorum pv. pelargonii (Brown 1923) Vauterin, Hoste, Kersters and Swings 1995 Bacterial leaf spot, blight, stem rot or wilt of Pelargonium ortorum. Greying of plant, yellowing, wilting and brown necrosis of whole leaves. Natural infection. Yellowing of leaves, wilting absent. Natural infection. Main hosts: Pelargonium (Pelargonium x hortorum, P. zonale) and their hybrids. Geographical distribution and importance First described by Brown in 1923 from the USA. Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Morocco etc Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Xanthomonadales Family: Xanthomonadaceae Genus: Xanthomonas Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Glycines (Nakano 1919) Bacterial pustule. Main hosts: Soybean (Glycine max). Furthermore Brunnichia cirrhosa, Macrotyloma uniflorum (horsegram, Patel et al., 1949), Phaseolus lunatus, P. vulgaris and a number of other Phaseolus and Vigna spp., including Vigna unguiculata. Geographical distribution and importance Described for the first time in Japan by Nakano in Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belize, Brunei, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Central African Republic, China Kingdom: Bacteria Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli Common bacterial blight and fuscous blight of bean. Main hosts: Kidney bean = French bean, snap bean, string

133 132 Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Xanthomonadales Family: Xanthomonadaceae (Smith 1897) Vauterin, Hoste, Kersters and Swings 1995 bean,phaseolus vulgaris. Furthermore Dolichos lablab,hyacinth bean, soybean, garden lupin, velvet bean,tepary bean. Geographical distribution and importance EPPO A2 quarantine pest First described by E.F. Smith from the USA in Widespread all over the world, where hosts are grown. Bacterial blight is one of the major diseases of bean and yield losses of 2040% are quite common (Yoshii et al., 1976; Allen et al., 1998). Genus: Xanthomonas 536. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Xanthomonadales Family: Xanthomonadaceae Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola (Burkholder 1944) Vauterin, Hoste, Kersters and Swings 1995 Cowpea blight, cowpea canker or bacterial pustule of cowpea Main hosts: Cowpea.Furthermore hyacinth bean, Sudanese weed and kidney bean. Geographical distribution and importance Described for the first time by Burkholder in 1944 in the USA. Benin, Brazil, China, India, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, South Africa, Puerto Rico, Senegal, Sudan, Thailand, Tanzania, Uganda, USA, Venezuela, Zimbabwe. Genus: Xanthomonas 537. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Xanthomonadales Family: Xanthomonadaceae Xanthomonas campestris pv. gummisudans Leaf spot and scorch of Gladiolus Main hosts: Gladiolus (Gladiolus x hortulanus). Symptoms and transmission: Dark green, water-soaked leaf spots that are more or less rectangular are the first symptoms of the disease. Development of the disease is strongly dependent on free water (irrigation, wet weather). Geographical distribution and importance Reported by McCulloch from the USA for the first time in 1924,Australia, Canada, Finland, The Netherlands, South Africa, USA. Genus: Xanthomonas 538. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Xanthomonadales Family: Xanthomonadaceae Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse 1915) Vauterin, Hoste, Kersters and Swings 1985 Citrus canker, citrus bacterial canker. Main hosts: Xanthomonas is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium known for being a common plant pathogen. it is a flagellated, rodshaped bacterium, which allows the bacteria to move throughout an infected plant. it is dependent on the type III protein secretion system, which relies on transport protiens, secreting several hypersensitive reaction proteins and outer proteins, causing an interaction with the plant. Geographical distribution and importance The disease was first described by Stevens in 1914 and the bacterium by Hasse in 1915 from the USA. Originating from and widespread in Asia.

134 133 Genus: Xanthomonas 539. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Xanthomonadales Family: Xanthomonadaceae Genus: Xanthomonas Xanthomonas fragariae Kennedy and King 1962 Angular leaf spot. Main hosts: Cultivated strawberry and its varieties which was originally a cross between F. chiloensis, beach strawberry from Chile, and F. virginiana, wild strawberry from N. America). Geographical distribution and importance First described by Kennedy and King from the USA in Argentina, Australia (eradicated), Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile (eradicated), Ecuador, Germany, France, Greece, Italy, The Netherlands, New Zealand (eradicated), Paraguay, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, 540. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Xanthomonadales Family: Xanthomonadaceae Xylella fastidiosa Wells, Raju, Hung, Weisburg, Mandelco- Paul and Brenner 1987 Pierce s disease, California vine disease variegated chlorosis (citrus). Main hosts: Grapevine. V. labrusca,, peach and orange. On C. limon, C. reshni, C. volkameriana rootstocks: citrus variegated chlorosis). Geographical distribution and importance Described for the first time by Wells et al. (1987) from the USA. Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Mexico, Paraguay, Slovenia, USA, Venezuela. Genus: Xylella 541. Xylophilus ampelinus (Panagopoulos 1969) Willems, Gillis, Kersters, Van den Broecke and De Ley 1987 Bacterial blight of vine. Main hosts: Grapevine (Vitis vinifera). Geographical distribution and importance First described from Crete, Greece (Panagopoulos, 1969). France, Greece, Italy, Slovenia, Turkey (eradicated), Moldova, Spain, South Africa.

135 Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Xanthomonadales Xylella fastidiosa Xylella fastidiosa. Xylella fastidiosa is a gram negative, fastidious, xylem-limited bacterium that causes a range of economically important plant diseases including citrus variegated chlorosis disease (CVC) of oranges and other citrus fruits.x. fastidiosa is also known to cause Pierces disease, a lethal disease to grapevines. Family: Xanthomonadaceae Genus: Xylella 543. Kingdom: Bacteria Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al It is a gram negative bacteria cause Pierce s disease of grape. Main host: American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Xanthomonadales Family: Xanthomonadaceae Genus: Xylella 544. Xylophilus ampelinus It is agram negative bacteria cause Bacterial blight of grape. canker of grapevine 545. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Yersinia enterocolitica Relatively small, grey colonies. There is no alteration of the blood. General characteristics: Gram-negative. Catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. Attacks sugars by fermentation. Motile at 20 C but not at 37 C. Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Yersinia 546. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Yersinia pestis Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Enterobacteriales; Enterobacteriaceae; Yersinia; Yersinia pestis. rod shaped, gram negative, and non-motile yet has two distinct flagellar gene clusters; one set is incomplete and the other has a truncated FldH, which is a transcriptional activator for the flagellar genes. Uses aerobic respiration and anaerobic fermentation to produce and consume hydrogen gas for

136 135 Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae energy. Yersinia spp. are responsible for disease syndromes ranging from gastroenteritis to plague. Genus: Yersinia 547. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Taxonomy Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Enterobacteriales; Enterobacteriaceae; Yersinia; Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a soil- and water-borne enteropathogen. Numerous species are potential carriers of Y.pseudotuberculosis. The asymptomatic carriage can evolve into a fatal infection when the animals are stressed. In Human, different degrees of illness are observed, from fever and abdominal pain to septicemia. Genus: Yersinia 548. Kingdom: Bacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Sphingomonadales Zymomonas mobilis Taxanomy Bacteria, Proteobacteria, Alpha Proteobacteria, Sphingomonadales, Sphingomonadaceae, Zymomonas, Z. mobilis. It is rod-shaped and shows cross-linked polymer fibres. These bio-hybrid materials are insoluble in water, and the bacteria remain immobilised but viable for applications in biotechnology. This particular microbe is used in the production of bioethanol. Family: Sphingomonadacea e Genus: Zymomonas

137 136 Systematic index of Fungi 1. Kingdom: Fungi Genus: Micrococcus Micrococcus flavus Assay of bacitracin, Chlorhexidine diacetate, gluconate, Phenylmercuric acetate, Phenylmercuric nitrate 2. Kingdom: Fungi Micrococcus glutamicus Production of L-Glutamic acid Genus: Micrococcus 3. Kingdom: Fungi Genus: Micrococcus Micrococcus luteus Circular, entire, convex and smooth colonies. They have a yellow, yellowish green or orange pigment. There is no alteration of the blood. Production of 6-aminopenicillianic acid. Assay of bacitracin, Chlorampheicol, Chlorhexidine diacetate, Lysozyme, phenylmercuric acetate, Phenylmercuric nitrate, amphomycin. General characteristics: Gram-positive cocci occurring in tetrads or clusters. Catalase and oxidase-positive. Attacks sugars oxidatively or not at all. Non-motile. 4. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Basidiomycota Order: Malasseziales Genus: Malassezia Malassezia furfur Malassezia furfur is characterized by globose, oblongellipsoidal to cylindrical yeast cells. Reproduction is by budding on a broad base and from the same site at one pole (unipolar). M. furfur is a lipophilic yeast, therefore in vitro growth must be stimulated by natural oils or other fatty substances. The most common method used is to overlay Sabouraud's dextrose agar containing cycloheximide. Malassezia (formerly known as Pityrosporum) is a genus of fungi.... to refer to a single species of fungus 5. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Loboa loboi All attempts to culture the aetiologic agent known as "Loboa loboi" have failed and the natural habitat of this organism also remains unknown. Tissue sections stained by Grocott's methenamine silver (GMS) stain show the presence of chains of darkly pigmented, spheroidal, yeast-like organisms. Order: Onygenales Family: Ajellomycetaceae Genus: Loboa

138 Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes Family: Glomerellaceae Genus: Colletotrichum Colletotrichum coccodes Colonies usually darkly pigmented with white aerial mycelium, consisting of numerous black sclerotia and light brown coloured conidial masses, reverse is dark brown. Sclerotia are usually abundant, setose, spherical and are often confluent. Conidia are straight, fusiform, attenuated at the ends, X 3-4 um. Appressoria are common, clavate, brown, X6-9.5, variable in shape. Countries: New Zealand, United Kingdom, Germany, Ireland, Sweden. 7. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Dothideomycetes Order: Botryosphaeriales Family: Botryosphaeriaceae Lasiodiplodia theobromae Colonies are greyish sepia to mouse grey to black, fluffy with abundant aerial mycelium; reverse fuscous black to black. Pycnidia are simple or compound, often aggregated, stromatic, ostiolate, frequently setose, up to 5 mm wide. Conidiophores are hyaline, simple, sometimes septate, rarely branched cylindrical, arising from the inner layers of cells lining the pycnidial cavity. Conidiogenous cells are hyaline, simple, cylindrical to subobpyriform, holoblastic, annellidic. Countries: Malaysia, Australia, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Thailand, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, Mexico Genus: Lasiodiplodia 8. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Subdivision: Pezizomycotina Class: Dothideomycetes Order: Pleosporales Family: Pleosporaceae Genus: Alternaria 9. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomaceae Genus: Aspergillus 10. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomaceae Alterneria alternate Aspergillus ochraceus Aspergillus foetidus Degradation of Plastic. Colonies are fast growing, black to olivaceous-black or greyish, and are suede-like to floccose. Microscopically, branched acropetal chains (blastocatenate) of multicelled conidia (dictyoconidia) are produced sympodially from simple, sometimes branched, short or elongate conidiophores. Conidia are obclavate, obpyriform, sometimes ovoid or ellipsoidal, often with a short conical or cylindrical beak, pale brown, smoothwalled or verrucose. Temperature: optimum 25-28C; maximum 31-32C. Risk Group1 organism. Production of steroids. Ochratoxin A is a potent teratogen in mice, rats, hamsters and chickens, but not apparently in pigs when fed to sows during early pregnancy. Ochratoxin A is known to affect the immune system in a number of mammalian species. Degradation of Aromatic compounds. Production of Amylase. It is not commonly seen in indoor environments. In fact, this type of aspergillus mold has several uses in various industrial processes. For instance, it is used to produce koji for shochu - a distilled Japanese alcoholic beverage - and it is also utilized for the production of many useful enzymes that serve differing purposes. It is found to be allergenic for some

139 138 Genus: Aspergillus 11. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomace Genus: Aspergillus 12. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomace Genus: Aspergillus 13. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomace Genus: Aspergillus 14. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomace Genus: Aspergillus 15. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomace Genus: Aspergillus Aspergillus awamori Aspergillus nidulans Aspergillus aculeatus Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus terreus individuals like those with suppressed immune systems. However, to this day, there are no severe health issues related to this type of mold. Production of Acid protease, Acid carboxipeptidase. It has been used in the field of brewing sake, miso, and soy sauce koji mold. In recent years, protein secretion capacity and excellent safety of Aspergillus is noted, the use of foreign gene expression as a host is expected. On Czapek dox agar, colonies are typically plain green in color with dark red-brown cleistothecia developing within and upon the conidial layer. Reverse may be olive to drab-gray or purplebrown. Conidial heads are short, columnar (up to 70 x 30 um in diameter) and biseriate. Conidiophores are usually short, brownish and smooth-walled. Conidia are globose ( um in diameter) and rough-walled. RG-2 organism. Production of Aculeacin A. it is a ubiquitous species that is commonly isolated from soil and rotting fruit. Like other blackspored Aspergillus species, morphological criteria like color, shape, size, and ornamentation of conidia have been used to classify strains. However, the black aspergilli vary significantly in their morphological and physiological characteristics, and unambiguous identification of an isolate requires molecular and biochemical identification techniques. It have been used to produce a number of important industrial enzymes (cellulases, hemicellulases, proteases) that are used commercially in the food and feed industries. Production of cellulose. On Czapek dox agar, colonies show typical blue-green surface pigmentation with a suede-like surface consisting of a dense felt of conidiophores. Conidial heads are typically columnar (up to 400 x 50 um but often much shorter and smaller) and uniseriate. Conidiophores are short, smooth-walled and have conical-shaped terminal vesicles which support a single row of phialides on the upper two thirds of the vesicle. Conidia are produced in basipetal succession forming long chains and are globose to subglobose ( um in diameter), green and rough-walled. Production of antiviral agent. it is a fungus commonly used in industry to produce important organic acids, such as itaconic acid and cis-aconitic acid. It was also the initial source for the drug mevinolin (lovastatin), a drug for lowering serum cholesterol. It may cause opportunistic infection in people with deficient immune systems. It is refractory to amphotericin B therapy. It also produces aspterric acid and 6- hydroxymellein, inhibitors of pollen development in Arabidopsis thaliana.

140 Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomace Genus: Aspergillus 17. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomace Genus: Aspergillus 18. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomace Genus: Aspergillus 19. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Onygenales Family: Onygenaceae Genus: Chrysosporium 20. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Onygenales Family: Onygenaceae Aspergillus oryzae Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus niger Chrysosporium indicum Chrysosporium tropicum Production of aflatoxin, amylase, diastase etc. it isa filamentous fungus (a mold). It is usedin Chinese and Japanese cuisine to ferment soybeans. It is also used to saccharify rice, other grains, and potatoes in the making of alcoholic beverages such as huangjiu, sake, makgeolli and shōchū. The Domestication of A. oryzaeoccurred at least 2000 years ago. It is used for the production of rice vinegars. Production of acylase, aflatoxin, and aspergillic acid.it is a saprophytic fungal pathogen in the Aspergillus Genus that can cause Aspergillus ear rot of corn. it can also cause severe damage in post-harvest storage and/or transit of grains and preharvest infections on grain seeds. In addition to causing preharvest and post-harvest infections of grains and is acarcinogenic andacutely toxic compound it is also an opportunistic human and animal pathogen causing Aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals. It is highly important in nutrient breakdown and recycling. Production of steroids, aconitic hydrase, a-amylase, aniline, glucose oxidase etc. Degradation of apple distillery waste, Testing of electronic equipment, environment. Degradation of Keratin. Degradation of Keratin. Colonies are moderately fast growing, flat, white to tan to beige in colour, often with a powdery or granular surface texture. Reverse pigment absent or pale brownish-yellow with age. Hyaline, one-celled (ameroconidia) are produced directly on vegetative hyphae by non-specialized conidiogenous cells. Conidia are typically pyriform to clavate with truncate bases (6 to 7 by 3.5 to 4 um) and are formed either intercalary (arthroconidia), laterally (often on pedicels) or terminally. No macroconidia or hyphal spirals are seen 21. Genus: Chrysosporium Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Dothideomyceetes Order: Capnodiales Family: Davidiellaceae Genus:Cladosporium Cladosporium sp. Degradation of Cellulose.

141 Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes Order: Hypocreales Family: Nectriaceae Cylindrocarpon lichenicola Colonies are fast growing, hyaline or bright-coloured, suedelike or woolly. Sporodochia may occasionally be present. Conidiophores consist of simple or repeatedly verticillate phialides, arranged in brush-like structures. Phialides are cylindrical to subulate, with small collarettes producing hyaline, smooth-walled conidia, which are arranged in slimy masses. Two types of conidia may be produced; macroconidia which are one to several septate, hyaline, straight or curved, cylindrical to fusiform, with a rounded apex and flat base; and microconidia which are one-celled, which are usually clearly distinct from the macroconidia. 23. Genus: Cylindrocarpon Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes Subclass: Hypocreomycetidae Order: Hypocreales Family: Nectriaceae Genus:Fusarium Fusarium sp. Production of cellulose. Fusarium is a large genus of filamentous fungi widely distributed in soil and in association with plants. Most species are harmless saprobes, and are relatively abundant members of the soil microbial community. Some species produce mycotoxins in cereal crops that can affect human and animal health if they enter the food chain. The main toxins produced by these Fusarium species are fumonisins and trichothecenes. 24. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes Subclass: Hypocreomycetidae Order: Hypocreales Family: Nectriaceae Genus:Fusarium 25. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes Subclass: Hypocreomycetidae Order: Hypocreales Family: Nectriaceae Genus:Fusarium Fusarium monolioforme Fusarium proliferatum Production of Gibberellic acid, Gibberellins, Fusaric acid Production of Gibberellic acid. It is a fungal plant pathogen. 26. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes Subclass: Hypocreomycetidae Order: Hypocreales Family: Nectriaceae Genus:Fusarium Fusarium solani Colonies growing rapidly, 4.5 cm in 4 days, aerial mycelium white to cream, becoming bluish-brown when sporodochia are present. Macroconidia are formed after 4-7 days from short multi-branched conidiophores which may form sporodochia. They are 3- to 5- septate (usually 3- septate), fusiform, cylindrical, often moderately curved, with an indistinctly pedicellate foot cell and a short blunt apical cell, x 4-6 µm. Microconidia are usually abundant, cylindrical to oval, one- to two-celled and formed from long lateral phialides, 8-16 x µm.

142 Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes Subclass: Hypocreomycetidae Order: Hypocreales Family: Nectriaceae Genus:Fusarium Fusarium oxysporum Colonies growing rapidly, 4.5 cm in 4 days, aerial mycelium white, becoming purple, with discrete orange sporodochia present in some strains; reverse hyaline to dark blue or dark purple. Conidiophores are short, single, lateral monophialides in the aerial mycelium, later arranged in densely branched clusters. Macroconidia are fusiform, slightly curved, pointed at the tip, mostly three septate, basal cells pedicellate, x µm. Microconidia are abundant, never in chains, mostly non-septate, ellipsoidal to cylindrical, straight or often curved, 5-12 x µm. 28. Regnum: Fungi Divisio: Ascomycota Subphylum: Saccharomyco tina Classis: Saccharomycetes Ordo: Saccharomycetales Familia: Endomycetaceae Genus: Geotrichum Geotrichum candidum Species of the genus Geotrichum produce chains of hyaline, smooth, one-celled, subglobose to cylindrical, slimy arthroconidia (ameroconidia) by the holoarthric fragmentation of undifferentiated hyphae. On Sabouraud's dextrose agar, colonies are fast growing, flat, white to cream, dry and finely suede-like with no reverse pigment. Hyphae are hyaline, septate, branched and break up into chains of hyaline, smooth, one-celled, subglobose to cylindrical arthroconidia. They are 6-12 x 3-6 um in size and are released by the separation of a double septum. 29. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes Subclass: Hypocreomycetidae Order: Hypocreales Family: Hypocreaceae Genus:Gliocladium Gliocladium sp. The genus Gliocladium is often described as a counterpart of Penicillium with slimy conidia. Colonies are fast growing, suede-like to downy in texture, white at first, sometimes pink to salmon, becoming pale to dark green with sporulation. The most characteristic feature of the genus is the distinctive erect, often densely penicillate conidiophores with phialides which bear slimy, one-celled hyaline to green, smooth-walled conidia in heads or columns. Although, some penicillate conidiophores are always present, Gliocladium species may also produce verticillate branching conidiophores 30. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes Order: Microascales Family: Microascaceae Genus:Graphium Graphium sp. The genus Graphium is characterized by the formation of synnemata which consist of a more or less compact group of erect conidiophores that are cemented together, usually splaying out and bearing conidia at the apex. Synnemata are darkly pigmented, erect and occur solitary or in clusters. Conidia are hyaline, 1-celled, smooth, subglobose to ovoid and are usually aggregated in slimy heads at the apex of the synnemata. Colonies are effuse, grey, olivaceous brown or black 31. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes Order: Sordariales Family: Incertae sedis Genus:Madurella Madurella grisea Colonies are slow growing, dark, leathery, folded with radial grooves and with a light brown to greyish surface mycelium. With age colonies become dark brown to reddish-brown and have a brownish-black reverse. Microscopically cultures are sterile although hyphae of two widths have been described, thin at 1 to 3 um in width or broad at 3 to 5 um in width. The optimum temperature of growth for M. grisea is 30C, it does not grow at 37C

143 Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes Order: Sordariales Family: Incertae sedis Genus:Madurella Madurella mycetomatis Colonies are slow growing, flat and leathery at first, white to yellow to yellowish-brown, becoming brownish, folded and heaped with age and the formation of aerial mycelia. A brown diffusable pigment is characteristically produced in primary cultures. Although most cultures are sterile, two types of conidiation have been observed, the first being flask-shaped phialides that bear rounded conidia, the second being simple or branched conidiophores bearing pyriform conidia (3-5 um) with truncated bases. The optimum temperature for growth of this mould is 37C 33. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Dothideomycetes Family: Myxotrichaceae Genus: Malbranchea Malbranchea sp. Colonies are white to sulphur-yellow to ocher-brown in colour, suede-like in texture, with a reddish-brown reverse, and often a reddish diffusible pigment. Microscopic morphology shows typical hyaline, one-celled, cylindrical, truncate, alternate arthroconidia produced in terminal fertile portions of the hyphae. Arthroconidia are released by lysis of the disjunctor cells. These arthroconidia may be perceived as a yellow dust when released at maturity. 34. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Eurotimycetes Order: Onygenales Family: Arthrodermataceae Genus:Microsporum Microsporum gypseum Degradation of Keratin. 35. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Eurotimycetes Order: Onygenales Family: Arthrodermataceae Genus:Microsporum Microsporum canis Degradation of Keratin. Microsporum canis is an organism that can cause tinea capitis in humans, and simple ringworm in pets. [1] Despite its name, its major reservoir in companion animals is the domestic cat and dog. It is closely related to other dermatophytes. 36. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Subphylum: Pezizomycotina Class: Ascomycetes Order: Sordariales Family: Soradiaceae Genus:Neurospora Neurospora crassa Assay of adenine, cholin inositol, nicotinic acid, thiamine etc. Production of ethanol, cellulose, amino acid oxidase 37. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Subphylum: Neurospora sitophila Assay of biotin

144 143 Pezizomycotina Class: Ascomycetes Order: Sordariales Family: Soradiaceae Genus:Neurospora 38. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Archnomycetales Family: Archanomycetaceae Genus: Onychocola Onychocola Canadensis Colonies grow slowly and are velvety to lanose, white to yellowish, with a brownish reverse. Arthroconidia are cylindrical to broadly ellipsoidal, one- or two-celled, hyaline to subhyaline, 4-16 x 2-5 µm in size, forming long chains. Older cultures may show broad, brown, rough-walled hyphae 39. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomaceae Genus:Paecilomyces Paecilomyces lilacinus Colonies are fast growing, suede-like to floccose, vinaceous to violet-coloured. Conidiophores are erect µm in length, bearing branches with densely clustered phialides. Conidiophore stipes are 3-4 µm wide, yellow to purple and rough-walled. Phialides are swollen at their bases, gradually tapering into a slender neck. Conidia are ellipsoidal to fusiform, smooth-walled to slightly roughened, hyaline to purple in mass, x µm, and are produced in divergent chains. Chlamydospores are absent 40. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomaceae Genus:Paecilomyces Paecilomyces variotii Colonies are fast growing, powdery to suede-like, funiculose or tufted, and yellow-brown or sand-coloured. Conidiophores bearing dense, verticillately arranged branches bearing phialides. Phialides are cylindrical or ellipsoidal, tapering abruptly into a rather long and cylindrical neck. Conidia are subspherical, ellipsoidal to fusiform, hyaline to yellow, smoothwalled, 3-5 x 2-4 µm and are produced in long divergent chains. Chlamydospores are usually present, singly or in short chains, brown, subspherical to pyriform, 4-8 µm in diameter, thickwalled to slightly verrucose. 41. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomaceae Genus:Penicillium Penicillium crysosporium Degradation of lignin, synthetic 42. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomaceae Genus:Penicillium Penicillium janthinallum Production of Xylanase

145 Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomaceae Genus:Penicillium Penicillium citrinum Production of citrinin 44. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomaceae Genus:Penicillium Penicillium notatum Production of penicillin, citrinin, fatty acids, lipids 45. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomaceae Genus:Penicillium Penicillium frequentans Production of asterric acid 46. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomaceae Genus:Penicillium Penicillium fellutanum Production of carlosic acid, carolic acid, galactocarlose 47. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomaceae Genus:Penicillium Penicillium chrysogenum Production of penicillin, antiviral agent, glucose oxidase, leucomycin derivatives, polyamine oxidase etc. Penicillium chrysogenum is a fungus, common in temperate and subtropical regions and can be found on salted food products 48. Kingdom: Fungi Penicillium ochro-chloron Degradation of plastic, Testing of textiles, aircraft component

146 145 Division: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomaceae Genus:Penicillium etc. crude oil, degrade, break down. 49. Kingdom: Fungi Order: Mucorales Family: Mucoraceae Genus: Rhizopus Rhizopus oryzae Production of Lactic acid, Fumeric acid, Steroids, Imipramine, Degradation of Cyanide, insecticides 50. Kingdom: Fungi Order: Mucorales Family: Mucoraceae Genus: Rhizopus Rhizopus microspores Degradation of Phytic acid 51. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Subphylum: Pezizomycotina Class: Sordariomycetes Order: Hypocreales Family: Hypocreaceae Genus:Trichoderma 52. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Subphylum: Pezizomycotina Class: Sordariomycetes Order: Hypocreales Family: Hypocreaceae Genus:Trichoderma Trichoderma reesei Trichoderma viridie Production of protein, Cellulose, paracelsin, acetyl xylan esterase etc. Degradation of plastic, Production of cellulose 53. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Zygomycota Class: Zygomycetes Order: Mucarales Family: Mucaraceae Genus:Mucor Mucor azygosporus Production of Carotenoids, Ergosterol 54. Chaetomium globosum Production of Cellulose, B-1, 4-Glucan-4-glucanohydrolase

147 Chaetomium cochliodes Production of Chaetomin, Imipramine 56. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Polyporales Family: Polyporaceae Genus:Coriolus Coriolus versicolor Production of Cellulose. 57. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes Subclass: Hypocreomycetidae Order: Hypocreales Family: Incertae sedis Genus:Myrothecium Myrothecium verrucaria Production of cellulose, Chitinase, Degradation of Cellulose, Testing of Textiles, Transmissions (aircraft) 58. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Polyporales Family: Polyporaceae Genus:Trametes Trametes versicolor Production of Cellulose 59. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Polyporales Family: Polyporaceae Genus:Trametes Trametes carbonaria Production of Culture Diagnosis

148 Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Polyporales Family: Polyporaceae Genus:Trametes Trametes hirsute Degradation of Cellulose, Lignin, Production of Laccase 61. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes Order: Hypocreales Family: Cordycipitaceae Genus:Beauveria 622.Beauveria bassiana Production of Chitinase, Lipase, Protease, Leucomycin, Magnamycine 62. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes Order: Hypocreales Family: Cordycipitaceae Genus:Beauveria Beauveria nivea Production of Cyclosporins A, B, C, D & E 63. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Sub phylum: Agaricomycotina Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Polyporales Family: Polyporaceae Genus:Poria Poria Placenta Degradation of Coal, Assay of Copper, Production of Glycocide degrading enzymes, Polysaccharide Tolerance of Zinc. 64. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Polyporales Family: Phanerochaetaceae Genus:Phaenerochaete Phaenerochaete chrysoporium Production of Glucose oxidase, Oxidase, Production of Vanillate hydroxylase, Ligninase, Lignin peroxidase Synthesis of Veratryl alcohol 65. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Daedalea flavida Degradation of Lignin, Production of Laccase

149 148 Order: Polyporales Family: Formitopsidaceae Genus:Daedalea 66. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes Order: Hypocreales Family: Clavicipitaceae Genus:Claviceps Claviceps paspali Production of Lysergic acid derivatives. 67. Claviceps purpurea Assay of Succinic Acid, Production of Alkaloids, Ergotamine. 68. Claviceps fusiformi Production of Agroclavin, Chanoclavin Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Dothideomycetes Subclass: Dothideomycetidae Order: Dothideales Family: Dothioraceae Genus:Aureobasidium 70. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Dothideomycetes Subclass: Dothideomycetidae Order: Dothideales Family: Dothioraceae Genus:Aureobasidium Aureobasidium mausonii Aureobasidium pollulans Producttion of Polysaccharide. Production of Pollulan hydrolysis, Testing of Varnish

150 Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Subphylum: Pezizomycotina Class: Leotiomycetes Subclass: Dothideomycetidae Order: Helotiales Family: Sclerotiniaceae Genus:Botrytis Kingdom: Fungi Division: Zygomycota Class: Zygomycetes Order: Mucorales Family: Mucoraceae Genus: Phycomyces Botrytis cinerea Phycomyces blakesleeanus Degradation of B-(1,3) (1,6)-D-Glucan. Production of Adenylate cyclase, Ferritin, Lactate dehydrogenase, Assay of Chitin synthetase, Ornithin decarboxilase. 73. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes Order: Hypocreales Family: Insertae sedis Genus: Acremonium 74. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes Order: Hypocreales Family: Insertae sedis Genus: Acremonium Acremonium diospyri Acremonium chrysogenum Production of carotenoids, exocellular glucan, riboflavin Production of Cephalosporin P, N, C, Protease 75. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Polyporales Family: Polyporaceae Genus: Datronia Datronia mollis Production of Culture diagnosis. 76. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Sclerotium rolfsii Production of B-Glucosidase. Athelia rolfsii is a corticioid fungus in the family Atheliaceae.... He placed the species in the old form genussclerotium Countries: Australia, Canada. Order: Agaricales

151 150 Family: Typhulaceae Genus: Sclerotium 77. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Pleurotaceae Genus: Pleurotus Pleurotus fossulatus Production of cellulolytic and lignolytic enzymes 78. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Pleurotaceae Genus: Pleurotus 79. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Pleurotaceae Genus: Pleurotus Pleurotus ostreatus Pleurotus pulmonarius Degradation of Ligonocellulose, Lignolytic enzymes. Pleurotus ostreatus, the oyster mushroom, is a common edible mushroom. It was first cultivated in Germany as a subsistence measure. Countries: Sweden, Norway, United Kingdom, Denmark, Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Poland, Mexico, Costa Rica, United States, New Zealand, Finland, Luxembourg, Czech Republic, France, Belgium, Croatia, Canada, Nicaragua, Russia, Hungary, Panama, Spain, Ireland, Estonia, Argentina, Chile, Slovakia, Isle of Man, Italy, Australia, Netherlands, Andorra, Taiwan, Japan, French Guiana Production of cellulolytic and lignolytic enzymes. Pleurotus pulmonarius, commonly known as the Indian Oyster, Phoenix Mushroom, or the Lung Oyster, is a mushroom very similar to Pleurotus. Countries: Sweden, Norway, Finland, United Kingdom, Mexico, Austria, Denmark, Russia, Slovenia, Germany, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, New Zealand, United States, Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Japan, Poland, Isle of Man, Estonia, Costa Rica, Panama 80. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Pleurotaceae Genus: Pleurotus Pleurotus sapidus Production of cellulolytic and lignolytic enzymes. Pleurotus is a genus of gill ed mushroom s which includes one of the most widely... Phylogenetic species: P.sapidus III. P. populinus North. Countries: United States, Costa Rica, Nicaragua 81. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Pleurotaceae Genus: Pleurotus Pleurotus sajor-caju Production of Lignolytic enzymes. Pleurotus sajor-caju may refer to: pulmonarius, a commonly cultivated species of Oyster Mushroom, often incorrectly called Pleurotus sajor-caju

152 Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Physalacriaceae Genus: Flammulina Flammulina velutypes Production of Oxalic acid decarboxylase. 83. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomaceae Genus: Paecilomyces Paecilomyces varioti Degradation of Plastic. 84. Kingdom: Fungi Order: Entomophthorales Family: Ancylistaceae Genus: Conidiobolus Conidiobolus coronatus \ Production of Protease (alkaline). 85. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Dothideomycetes Family: Myxotrichaceae Genus: Oidiodendron Oidiodendron echinulatum Degradation of cellulose, xylan, pectin, Production of polyphenol oxidase. 86. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Dothideomycetes Order: Chaetothyriales Family: Herpotrichiellaceae Genus: Phialophora Phialophora hoffmannii Degradation of cellulose, Oxidation/utilization of phenols. 87. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes Scopulariopsis acremonium Degradation of cellulose and xylan

153 152 Order: Microascales Family: Microascaceae Genus: Scopulariopsis 88. Kingdom: Fungi Subphylum: Mucoromycotina Order: Mucorales Family:Cunninghamellace ae Genus: Cunninghamella Cunninghamella echinulata var elegans Degradation of crude oil. 89. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomaceae Genus:Penicillium Penicillium fellutanum Production of carlosic acid, carolic acid, galactocarlose 90. Kingdom: Fungi Order: Mucorales Family: Mucoraceae Genus: Rhizopus Rhizopus oryzae Production of Lactic acid, Fumeric acid, Steroids, Imipramine, Degradation of Cyanide, insecticides 91. Rhizopus microspores Degradation of Phytic acid 92. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Subphylum: Pezizomycotina Class: Sordariomycetes Order: Hypocreales Family: Hypocreaceae Genus:Trichoderma 93. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Subphylum: Pezizomycotina Class: Sordariomycetes Order: Hypocreales Family: Hypocreaceae Trichoderma reesei Trichoderma viridie Production of protein, Cellulose, paracelsin, acetyl xylan esterase etc. Degradation of plastic, Production of cellulose

154 153 Genus:Trichoderma 94. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Zygomycota Class: Zygomycetes Order: Mucarales Family: Mucaraceae Genus:Mucor Mucor azygosporus Production of Carotenoids, Ergosterol 95. Chaetomium globosum Production of Cellulose, B-1, 4-Glucan-4-glucanohydrolase 96. Chaetomium cochliodes Production of Chaetomin, Imipramine 97. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Polyporales Family: Polyporaceae Genus:Coriolus Coriolus versicolor Production of Cellulose. 98. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Dothideomycetes Order: Pleosporales Family: Pleosporaceae Genus: Phialophora Stemphylium Stemphylium loti Degradation of cyanide, Production of formamide hydrolase.

155 Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Onygenales Family: Gymnoascaceae Genus: Gymnoascoideus Gymnoascoideus petalosporus Degradation of Keratin 100. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Dothediomycetes Family:Myxotrichaceae Genus: Malbranchea Malbranchea pulchella Degradation of keratin 101. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Onygenales Family: Onygenaceae Genus: Pectinotrichum 102. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Class: Basidiomycetes Subclass: Insertae sedis Order: Russulales Family: Bondarzewiaceae Genus: Heterobasidion 103. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Basidiomycota Class: Microbotryomycetes Order: Sporidiobolales Pectinotrichum llanense Heterobasidion annosum Rhodotorula minuta Degradation of keratin Degradation of Lignin. Heterobasidion annosum is a basidiomycete fungus in the family Bondarzewiaceae. It is considered to be the most economically important. Countries: Sweden, Norway, United Kingdom, Germany, Denmark, Poland, Austria, Slovenia, Mexico, Finland, Czech Republic, Croatia, France, Ireland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Spain, Isle of Man, Belarus, Switzerland, Italy, Hungary, Canada, Portugal, United States, Russia, Estonia, Liechtenstein, Slovakia, New Zealand, Netherlands Production of lipid. Rhodotorula is a pigmented yeast, part of the Basidiomycota phylum, quite easily... Species: Rhodotorulaminuta var. minuta Rhodotorula minuta. Countries: Argentina, Chile Family: Sporidiobolaceae Genus: Rhodotorula 104. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Basidiomycota Class: Microbotryomycetes Order: Sporidiobolales Family: Sporidiobolaceae Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Production of lipase. Candida tropicale, Pichia sp., Rhodotorula sp., can use alkanes as a source of carbon and/or energy. The fungus Amorphotheca resinae. Rhodotorula is a pigmented yeast, part of the Basidiomycota phylum, quite easily... Rhodotorula mucilaginosavar. Mucilaginosa. Countries: Argentina, Chile Genus: Rhodotorula

156 Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Basidiomycota Rhodotorula sp. Production of Levanase Class: Microbotryomycetes Order: Sporidiobolales Family: Sporidiobolaceae Genus: Rhodotorula 106. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Basidiomycota Class: Microbotryomycetes Rhodotorula glutinis var. glutinis Oxidation/utilization of diesel oil, hydrocarbons, uric acid. Rhodotorula is a pigmented yeast, part of the Basidiomycota phylum, quite easily... Species: Rhodotorulaglutinis var. glutinis Order: Sporidiobolales Family: Sporidiobolaceae Genus: Rhodotorula 107. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Polyporales Fomitopsis palustris Production of acid. Fomitopsis palustris is a species of fungus in the family Fomitopsidaceae. It causes brown rot, a disease of wood. antifungal activity against wood decay fungi, with taxodione being especially active against Trametes versicolor and Fomitopsis palustris. Countries: Costa Rica, Mexico. Family: Fomitopsidaceae Genus: Fomitopsis 108. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Marasmiaceae Marasmius alliaceus Production of Alliacide. Marasmius alliaceus, commonly known as the Garlic Parachute, is one of the larger mushroom s of themarasmius genus, having a beige cap. Countries: Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Germany, Slovenia, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Austria, Croatia, United Kingdom, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Italy, Canada, Netherlands, Spain, Romania, New Zealand, Mexico, Switzerland, Ireland Genus: Marasmius 109. Division: Ascomycota Subphylum: Pezizomycotina Class: Sordariomycetes Subclass:Hypocreomycetida e Pseudofusarium fusarioideum Production of 6-Aminopenicillanic acid

157 156 Order: Hypocreales Family: Nectriaceae Genus: Pseudofusarium 110. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Basidiomycota Class: Microbotryomycetes Rhodosporidium toruloides Production of D-amino acid oxidase, phenylalanine ammonialyase Order: Sporidiobolales Family: Sporidiobolaceae Genus: Rhodosporidium 111. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Basidiomycota Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous Production of bita amylase Class: Tremellomycetes Order: Cystofilobasidiales Family: Cyfstofilobasidiace ae Genus: Xanthophyllomyces 112. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Endomycopsis capsularis Production of amylolytic enzymes Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycopsida ceae Genus: Endomycopsis 113. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Emericellopsis synnematicola Production of antiamoebin Class: Sordariomycetes Order: Hypocreales Genus: Emericellopsis

158 Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Emericellopsis minima Production of Cephalosporin N Class: Sordariomycetes Order: Hypocreales Genus: Emericellopsis 115. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Omphalotus olearius Production of atromentic acid, gyropin, Illudalenol, Illudin A, Illudin B, Variegatic acid, Thelephoric acid, Xerocomic acid. Countries: Spain, Slovenia, Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Israel, Jordan, Palestinian Territory, Czech Republic, Gibraltar, Italy, Syria, Belgium, Germany, France, Luxembourg Order: Agaricales Family: Marasmiaceae Genus: Omphalotus 116. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Byssochlamys fulva Production of byssochlamic acid, byssochlamys fulva, mannitol, pectate lyase Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomaceae Genus: Byssochlamys 117. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Byssochlamys nivea Production of Patulin Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomaceae Genus: Byssochlamys 118. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Arthrobotrys oligospora Production of carbohydrate binding proteins. Countries: Argentina, Papua New Guinea, Brunei, Malaysia Class: Orbiliomycetes Order: Orbiliales

159 158 Family: Orbiliaceae Genus: Arthrobotrys 119. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Arthrobotrys conoides Production of collagenase Class: Orbiliomycetes Order: Orbiliales Family: Orbiliaceae Genus: Arthrobotrys 120. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Basidiomycota Class: Dacrymycetes Dacrymyces palmatus Production of carotenoids. Countries: Canada, United States, Slovenia, Austria, Mexico, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Finland, Italy, Croatia Order: Dacrymycetales Family: Dacrymycetaceae Genus: Dacrymyces 121. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Phoma cava Production of cavoxin, cavoxinine, cavoxone. ountries: China, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Hong Kong, United Kingdom. Class: Dothideomycetes Order: Pleosporales Genus: Phoma 122. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycta Class: Sordariomycetes Order: Hypocreales Cephalosporium chrysogenum Production of cephalosporin. Metarhizium anisopliae, formerly known as Entomophthora anisopliae (basionym ), is a fungus that grows naturally in soils. Countries: New Zealand, Argentina. Genus: Cephalosporium 123. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycta Metarhizium anisopliae Production of chitinase, lipase, protease. Countries: Switzerland, Italy Class: Sordariomycetes Order: Hypocreales

160 159 Family: Clavicipitaceae Genus: Metarhizium 124. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Eurotium glabrum Production of cladosporin Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomaceae Genus: Eurotium 125. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Saccharomycetes Ashbya gossypii Production of deaminase, riboflavin. Ashbya gossypii (also known as Eremothecium gossypii) is a filamentous fungus or mold closely related to yeast Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Eremotheciaceae Genus: Ashbya 126. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Talaromyces derxii Production of dehydroisopenicillide, penicillide Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomaceae Genus: Talaromyces 127. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Cylindrocarpon destructans Production of deltatestololactone Class: Sordariomycetes Order: Hypocreales Family: Nectriaceae 128. Genus: Cylindrocarpon Nodulispoium Nodulispoium hinnuleum Production of desmethoxyviridin, Viridiol 129. Kingdom: Fungi Kluyveromyces marxianus Production of ethanol. Countries: India

161 160 Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family:Saccharomycetaceae Genus: Kluyveromyces 130. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Pachysolen tannophilus Production of ethanol Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Genus: Pachysolen 131. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Zygomycota Amylomyces rouxii Production of glucoamylase Order: Mucorales Family: Mucoraceae Genus: Amylomyces 132. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Debaryomyces occidentalis Production of glucoamylase, amylase, alpha amylase Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Genus: Debaryomyces 133. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Saccharomycetes Debaryomyces hansenii Production of riboflavin. Countries: Argentina, Chile Order: Saccharomycetales Genus: Debaryomyces 134. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Schizosaccharomyces pombe Production of B-Glucan endohydrolase and ethanol Class: Schizosaccharomycet es

162 161 Order: Schizosaccharomyce tales Family: Schizosaccharomyc etaceae Genus: Schizosaccharomyce s 135. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Coleoptera Superfamily: Elateroidea Absidia corymbifera Production of Hydroxylated biphenyl compounds. Absidia corymbifera is a species in the genus Absidia. It can cause human disease. It is sometimes referred to as Mycocladus corymbifer. Absidia corymbifera is a species in the genus Absidia. It can cause human disease. It is sometimes referred to as Mycocladus corymbifer... Countries: Ireland Family: Cantharidae Genus: Absidia 136. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Absidia pseudocylindrospora Production of Hydroxylated biphenyl compounds Class: Insecta Order: Coleoptera Superfamily: Elateroidea Family: Cantharidae Genus: Absidia 137. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Absidia glauca Production of urase oxidase Class: Insecta Order: Coleoptera Superfamily: Elateroidea Family: Cantharidae Genus: Absidia 138. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Actinomadura kijaniata Production of Kijanimicin Class: Actinobacteria

163 162 Order: Actinomycetales Family: Thermomonosporac eae Genus: Actinomadura 139. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Actinomadura madurae Production of Nonyl-prodigiosine, Undecyl-Prodigiosine Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Thermomonosporac eae Genus: Actinomadura 140. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Actinomadura cremea Production of rifamycin Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Thermomonosporac eae Genus: Actinomadura 141. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Actinoplanes deccanensis Production of Lipiarmycin Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Micromonosporace ae Genus: Actinoplanes 142. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Oomycota Lagenidium giganteum Production of protease Class: Oomycetes Order: Pythiales Family: Pythiaceae

164 163 Genus: Lagenidium 143. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Promicromonospora citrea Production of protease Class: Actinobacteria Order: Actinomycetales Family: Promicromonosporacea e Genus: Promicromonospora 144. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Pezizomycetes Order: Pezizales Family: Morchellaceae Genus: Morchella Morchella esculenta Morchella esculenta, like all morels, are among the most highly-prized of all edible mushrooms. Raw mushrooms have a gastrointestinal irritant, butparboiling or blanching before consumption will remove it. Old fruit bodies that show signs of decay may be poisonous. [8] The mushrooms may be fried in butter or baked after being stuffed with meats and vegetables. Countries: Slovenia, Denmark, Sweden, Austria, United Kingdom, Germany, Mexico, Croatia, Norway, Spain, United States, New Zealand, Poland, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Panama, Japan, France, Italy, Canada, Hungary, Belarus, Belgium, Luxembourg, Finland, Ireland, Switzerland, Australia, Russia, Peru, Liechtenstein, Slovakia, Isle of Man, Nicaragua Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Saccharomyces cerevisiae Assay of Actidione, Amphotericin-B, Anisomycin, Antifungal antibiotics, Biotine, Carcinogenic chemicals, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Inositol, Thiamine Production of Alcohol, Production of arginase, Bakery yeast, Beer, Argosterol, Nicotinic acid Degradation of Cellodextrins Fermentation of Citrus, Moltose Family: Saccharomycetaceae 146. Genus: Saccharomyces Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Candida albicans Assay of Amphotericin-B, Antimicrobial activity, Production of Autoantibiotics, Citric Acid, Phynyl alcohol Testing of sterility. Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae Genus: Candida

165 Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Candida tropicalis Assay of Amphotericin-B Production of Food Yesat, Iditol Degradation of Hydrocarbons Oxidation/Utilisation of Phenol and Catechol, Uric acid Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae 148. Genus: Candida Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Candida utilis Production of Biomass, Production of Food Yeast Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae 149. Genus: Candida Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Candida lusitaniae Degradation of Cellobiose Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae Genus: Candida

166 Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Candida wickerhamii Degradation of Cellobiose, Cellodextrins Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae 151. Genus: Candida Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Candida guilliermondii Production of Citric acid, Deaminase, Riboflavin Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae 152. Genus: Candida Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Candida rugosa Production of Lipase Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae 153. Genus: Candida Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Candida shehatae Degradation of D-Xylose Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae Genus: Candida

167 Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Candida sp. Degradation of Phenolic wastes. Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae 155. Genus: Candida Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Candida cylindracea Production of Lipase Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae 156. Genus: Candida Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Candida krusei Production of Mannitol. Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae Genus: Candida 157. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Trichosporan pullulans Production of Glcoamylase. Subphylum: Agaricomycotina Class: Tremellomycetes Order: Tramellales Family: trichosporonaceae Genus: Trichosporan

168 Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Pichia farinosa Production of Glycerol, Xylitol Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae Genus: Pichia 159. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Pichia pastoris Production of single cell protien Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae Genus: Pichia 160. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Pichia stipitis Fermentation of Xylose Degradation of D-Xylose Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae Genus: Pichia

169 Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Pichia angusta Oxidation/Utilization of Autotrophic Hydrocarbons, Methanol, Propane Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae Genus: Pichia 162. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Pichia minuta Oxidation/Utilization of Methanol Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae Genus: Pichia 163. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Pichia anomala Production of Amylase Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae Genus: Pichia

170 Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Pichia jadinii Production of 2,3-Butanediol Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae Genus: Pichia 165. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Pichia haplophila Production of Citric acid Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae Genus: Pichia 166. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Pichia capsulate Production of B-Galatosidase Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae Genus: Pichia

171 Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Pichia cellobiosa Production of single cell protein Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae Genus: Pichia 168. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Yarrowia lipolytica Degradation of Hydrocarbons Production of Isocitric acid, Phosphatase, Yeast protein. Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Dipodascaceae Genus: Yarrowia 169. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Rhodosporidium toruloides Production of Lipid, Phosphodiesterase. Class: Dstilaginomycetes Order: Ustilaginales Family: Ustilaginaceae Genus: Rhodosporidium 170. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Pachysolen tannophilus Production of Aldehyde reductase, Degradation of Cellulose, Hemicellulose, D-Galactose, Glycerol Fermentation of Xylose Family: Saccharomycetaceae Genus: Pachysolen

172 Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Kulyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus Kluyveromyces marxianus is a homothallic yeast. Unlike other inulin-assimilating Kluyveromyces species, Kluyveromyces marxianus does not assimilate or ferment alpha-glucoside. Kluyveromyces marxianus is often found on cheese and other dairy products Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Metschnikowiaceae Genus: Kulyveromyces 172. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Kulyveromyces marxianus var. lactis Production and Induction of B-galactosidase Assay of Thiamine Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Metschnikowiaceae Genus: Kulyveromyces 173. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Kulyveromyces fragilis Production of Biomass Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Metschnikowiaceae Genus: Kulyveromyces

173 Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Metschnikowia pulcherrima Production of Citric acid, Fermentation of Pentose. Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Metschnikowiaceae Genus: Metschnikowi 175. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Zygosaccharomyces rouxii Production of Gultaminase, Glycerin, Mannan Subphylum: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae Genus: Zygosaccharomyces 176. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Schwanniomyces occidentalis Degradation of Potato starch, Production of Single cell protein. Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Genus: Schwanniomyces 177. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Oosporidium margaritiferum (Stautz) Production of Ubiquinone-10. Type : 5, isolates from exudates of lime, oak and elm trees Class: Saccharomycetes Genus: Oosporidium

174 Decckera Decckera naardensis Degradation of D-Xylose Kingdom: Fungi Kloeckera apiculata Assay of Vitamin B6. Division: Ascomycota Subdivision: Saccharomycotina Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycodaceae Genus: Kloeckera 180. Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Torulaspora delbrueckii Production of acetoin. Class: Hemiascomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycodaceae Genus: Torulaspora

175 Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Monascus purpureus Production of red cheese Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Incertae sedis Family: Monascaceae Genus: Monascus 182. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Zygomycota Order: Mucorales Family: Radiomycetaceae Genus: Apophysomyces Apophysomyces elegans Apophysomyces elegans is readily distinguishable from other zygomycetes of medical importance, especially the morphologically similar, strongly apophysate pathogen Absidia corymbifera. A. elegans has sporangiophores with distinctive funnel- or bell-shaped apophyses and hemispherical-shaped columellae, a conspicuous pigmented sub-apical thickening which constricts the lumen of the sporangiophore below the apophysis, and distinctive foot cells. Apophysomyces is a filamentous fungus that is commonly found in soil and decaying... monospecific, with the only species Apophysomyces elegans Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Zygomycota Order: Basidiobolales Basidiobolus ranarum Basidiobolus ranarum is commonly present in decaying fruit and vegetable matter, and as a commensal in the intestinal tract of frogs, toads and lizards. It has been reported from tropical Africa, India, Indonesia and South East Asia including the Northern Territory of Australia. Family: Basidiobolaceae Genus: Basidiobolus 184. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Zygomycota Class: Zygomycetes Order: Entomophthorales Basidiobolus ranarum Conidiobolus coronatus is commonly present in soil and decaying leaves. It has a world-wide distribution especially tropical rain forests of Africa. Human infections are usually restricted to the rhinofacial area. However, there are occasional reports of dissemination to other sites. All human infections have been confined to the tropics. Family: Ancylistaceae Genus: Conidiobolus

176 Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Zygomycota Order: Mucorales Family: Cunninghamellace ae Genus: Cunninghamella Basidiobolus ranarum Cunninghamella bertholletiae is a rare cause of zygomycosis in humans often associated with trauma and immunosuppression. It is a common soil fungus with a worldwide distribution. Cunninghamella bertholletiae is a species of Cunninghamella. It is an opportunistic human pathogen, causing diseases such as rhino-cerebral infection, pneumonia, cutaneoarticular mucormycosis or peritonitis Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Zygomycota Order: Mortierellales Family: Mortierellaceae Mortierella wolfii Cunninghamella bertholletiae is a rare cause of zygomycosis in humans often associated with trauma and immunosuppression. It is a common soil fungus with a worldwide distribution. Cunninghamella bertholletiae is a species of Cunninghamella. It is an opportunistic human pathogen, causing diseases such as rhino-cerebral infection, pneumonia, cutaneoarticular mucormycosis or peritonitis. Genus: Mortierella 187. Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Zygomycota Order: Mucorales Family: Mucoraceae Genus: Mucor Mucor sp. The genus Mucor contains about 50 recognised taxa, many of which have widespread occurrence and are of considerable economic importance (Zycha et al. 1969, Schipper 1978, Domsch et al. 1980). However, only a few thermotolerant species are of medical importance and human infections are only rarely reported. Most infections reported list M. circinelloides and similar species such as M. indicus (M. rouxii), M. ramosissimus and M. amphibiorum as the causative agents.

177 176 Systematic index of Algae 1. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Cyanobacteria Order: Nostocales Family: Nostocaceae Nostoc punctiforme Fixes carbon dioxide and nitrogen; produces hydrogen; survives acidic, anaerobic, and low-temperature conditions. Nostoc punctiforme is a species of filamentous cyanobacteria. Under non-limiting nutritional environmental conditions Countries: Sweden Genus: Nostoc 2. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Cyanobacteria Order: Oscillatoria Genus: Lyngbya Lyngbya sp. Assay of Antibacterial activity. Lyngbya is a genus of cyanobacteria, unicellular autotroph s that form the basis of the oceanic food chain.lyngbya form long. 3. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Cyanobacteria Class: Cyanophyceae Order: Nostocales Family: Nostocaceae Genus: Anabaena Anabaena variabilis Filamentous heterocyst-forming; fixes nitrogen and carbon dioxide; produces hydrogen. Anabaena variabilis is a species of filamentous cyanobacterium. This species of the genus Anabaena and the domain Eubacteria is capable of photosynthesis. This species is also known to be heterotrophic in that it may grow without light in the presence of fructose. It also can convert atmospheric dinitrogen to ammonia via nitrogen fixation. Countries: Netherlands, Argentina, Chile, Belgium, Australia, United States, Germany, France.

178 Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Rhodophyta Class: Bangiophyceae Porphyra vietnamensis Used as food or food supplements, protein source, minerals and trace elements. Countries: United States. Order: Bangiales Family: Bangiaceae Genus: Porphyra 5. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Prasinophyta Dunaliella salina Used in mass culture as a commercial source for glycerol and the orange pigment beta-carotene. Class: Prasinophyceae Order: Dunalliellales Family: Polyblepharidaceae Genus: Dunaliella 6. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Cyanobacteria Order: Oscillatoriales Family: Pseudanabaenaceae Spirulina plantesis Used as protein source, rich source of beta-carotene, thiamine, riboflavin, Used in pharmaceuticals. Genus: Spirulina 7. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Cyanobacteria Order: Oscillatoriales Family: Pseudanabaenaceae Spirulina subsalsa Used as food supplement, rich source of beta-carotene, thiamine, riboflavin. Countries: Denmark, Germany, Sweden, Faroe Islands, Netherlands, Norway, Belgium, United States, Australia, Belize, France, United Kingdom Genus: Spirulina 8. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Ochrophyta Macrocystis sp. Produce polysaccharides Class: Phaeophyceae Order: Laminariales

179 178 Family: Lessoniaceae Genus: Macrocystis 9. Phylum: Rhodophyta Class: Florideophyceae Order: Gracilariales Family: Gracillariaceae Genus: Gracilaria Gracilaria verrucosa Produce polysaccharides, nutrient rich. Countries: Canada, Spain, United States, Ghana, Australia, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Philippines, Belgium, Chile, Bahamas, Sri Lanka, France, India, Ireland. 10. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Rhodophyta Palmaria palmate Used as protein source Class: Florideophyceae Order: Palmariales Family: Palmariaceae Genus: Palmaria 11. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Rhodophyta Class: Florideophyceae Palmaria stenogona Used as protein source. Countries: United States, Canada Order: Palmariales Family: Palmariaceae Genus: Palmaria 12. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Cyanobacteria Order: Oscillatoriales Family: Phormidiaceae Phormidium valderianum Complete aquaculture feed source, Source of phycocyanin, Degradation of phenol, Production of extracellular B lactamase. Countries: United States, Mexico Genus: Phormidium

180 Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Cyanobacteria Phormidium lucidum Production of phytobilin pigments Order: Oscillatoriales Family: Phormidiaceae Genus: Phormidium 14. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Cyanobacteria Phormidium fragile Countries: Germany, Netherlands Order: Oscillatoriales Family: Phormidiaceae Genus: Phormidium 15. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Cyanobacteria Order: Oscillatoriales Phormidium tenue Used as pharmaceuticals, Production of hydrogen. Countries: Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Mexico, France, Argentina, Chile, Cayman Islands Family: Phormidiaceae Genus: Phormidium 16. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Ochrophyta Class: Phaeophyceae Order: Fucales Family: Sargassaceae Sargassum pallidum Unique source of PUFA. Sargassum pallidum is a species of seaweed native to East Asia and Southeast Asia. It belongs to the subgenus Bactrophycus, section Teretia of the genus Sargassum. Along with Sargassum fusiforme, S. pallidum is often dried and processed into a traditional Chinese medicine known as Hai Zao or Herba Sargassi. Genus: Sargassum 17. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Ochrophyta Class: Phaeophyceae Sargassum natans Unique source of PUFA. Countries: Mexico, Bahamas, United States, Cuba, Canada, Puerto Rico, Bermuda Order: Fucales Family: Sargassaceae 18. Genus: Sargassum Kingdom: Plantae Ulva lactuca Source of protein, minerals and trace elements. Countries: United Kingdom, Denmark, Ireland, Faroe Islands, Iceland, United States, Canada, Mexico, Isle of Man, Sweden, Australia, Argentina, Norway, Venezuela, Germany, New

181 180 Phylum: Chlorophyta Class: Ulvophyceae Zealand, South Africa, India, Spain, Philippines, Netherlands, France, Belgium, Ghana, Sri Lanka, Guernsey, Jersey, Portugal, Finland, Russia, Norfolk Island, Croatia, Cuba, Italy, Honduras. Order: Ulvales Family: Ulvaceae Genus: Ulva 19. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Chlorophyta Class: Bryopsidophyceae Flabellia petiolata Source of high carbohydrate. Countries: Spain, Italy, Gibraltar, France, Croatia. Order: Bryopsidales Family: Codiaceae Genus: Flabellia 20. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Chlorophyta Class: Bryopsidophyceae Order: Bryopsidales Family: Halimedaceae Genus: Halimeda Halimeda tuna Source of high carbohydrate. Halimeda tuna is a species of green macroalgae. Halimeda tuna is the type species of the genus Halimeda. It has a rounded, flattened body and is a mottled green, a colour that mimics that of the algae Halimeda tunaand Udotea petiolata on... Countries: Spain, Australia, Belize, Italy, Cuba, Mexico, Bahamas, Panama, Tanzania, South Africa, Dominican Republic, India, Bermuda, Croatia, Honduras, Mozambique, France, Swaziland, Costa Rica 21. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Rhodophyta Class: Florideophyceae Gelidium sesquipedale Human food, Medicines, Industrial applications, Food ingredients etc. Countries: Morocco, Spain, United Kingdom, Gibraltar, France Order: Gelidiales Family: Gelidiaceae Genus: Gelidium 22. Kingdom: Plantae Gelidium abbottiorum Human food, Medicines, Industrial applications, Food ingredients, Personal care and Food Process aids etc.

182 181 Phylum: Rhodophyta Class: Florideophyceae Gelidium abbottiorum R.E.Norris 1990 (Brandfontein to northern KwaZulu-Natal), (Cape Hangklip to Kosi BayGelidium applanatum Stegenga,... Order: Gelidiales Family: Gelidiaceae Genus: Gelidium 23. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Rhodophyta Class: Florideophyceae Order: Gelidiales Family: Gelidiaceae Gelidium amansii Human food, Medicines, Industrial applications, Food ingredients, Used for making agar agar. Gelidium amansii is an economically important species of red algae commonly found in the shallow coast of many East and Southeast Asia. For commercial purposes, it is derived primarily from Gelidium amansii. In chemical terms, agar is a polymer made up of subunits. Genus: Gelidium 24. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Rhodophyta Class: Florideophyceae Gelidium capense Medicines, Industrial applications, Food ingredients, Personal care and Food Process Order: Gelidiales Family: Gelidiaceae 25. Genus: Gelidium Kingdom: Chromista Undaria pinnatifida Used in sea food products, Human food. Countries: United Kingdom, New Zealand, Japan, Spain, France, Portugal, Belgium, Netherlands Phylum: Ochrophyta Class: Phaeophyceae Order: Laminariales Family: Alariaceae Genus: Undaria 26. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Ochrophyta Class: Phaeophyceae Undaria peterseniana Used as Human food. Undariopsis peterseniana (Kjellmann) Miyabe & Okamura 1902; Undariella peterseniana (Kjellman) Y. Lee; Undaria peterseniana Order: Laminariales

183 182 Family: Alariaceae Genus: Undaria 27. Phylum:Redalgae(Rhodoph yta Class: Porphyridiophyceae Order: Porphyridiales Family: Porphyridiaceae Genus:Porphyridium Porphyridium cruentum Production of polysaccharides, lipids, PUFAs. 28. Kingdom: Chromista Monodus subterraneus Produces eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) an omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid. Phylum: Ochrophyta Class: Xanthophyceae Order: Mischococcales Family: Pleurochloridaceae 29. Genus: Monodus Crypthecodinium cohnii Production of PUFA, Polysaccharide, Kingdom: Protozoa Supplement for infant dietary intake, Phylum: Dinophyta produces docosahexaenoic acids Class: Dinophyceae Order: Peridiniales Family: Crypthecodiniaceae Genus: Crypthecodinium 30. Artemia salina Used as live larval food in aquaculture

184 183 Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Branchiopoda Order: Anostraca Family: Artemiidae Genus: Artemia 31. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Prasinophyta Class: Prasinophyceae Order: Dunalliellales Tetraselmis suecica Used as mass-oil producing crop. Tetraselmis suecica is a marine green alga. It grows as single, motile cells visible under light microscope up to concentrations over one million cells per milliliter. It can be grown as a foodstock in aquaculture, being amenable to species such as rotifers of the genus Brachionus. Family: Polyblepharidaceae Genus: Tetraselmis 32. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Cyanobacteria Oscillatoria limnetica Used in Pharmaceuticals, Order: Oscillatoriales Family: Oscillatoriaceae Genus: Oscillatoria 33. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Cyanobacteria Oscillatoria salina Used as biofertilizers Order: Oscillatoriales Family: Oscillatoriaceae Genus: Oscillatoria 34. Kingdom: Bacteria Oscillatoria laete-virens Used as biofertilizers

185 184 Phylum: Cyanobacteria Order: Oscillatoriales Family: Oscillatoriaceae Genus: Oscillatoria 35. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Cyanobacteria Oscillatoria boryana Degradation and metabolisation of melaoidin pigment. of distillery effluents Order: Oscillatoriales Family: Oscillatoriaceae Genus: Oscillatoria 36. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa Encouraged to grow in eel ponds. Besides giving out oxygen for eels, the plant has a very high nitrate demand and so absorbs pollution products from the pond. Order: Chroococcales Family: Microcystaceae Genus: Microcystis 37. Kingdom: Viridiplantae Division: Chlorophyta Class: Ulvophyceae Orer: Chladophorales Family: Chladophoraceae Genus: Chaetomorpha Chaetomorpha antennia Cultivated for Chanos culture in brackishwater ponds. Consumed as food. Used for manufacture of a sweet meat. 38. Kingdom: Viridiplantae Division: Chlorophyta Class: Ulvophyceae Orer: Chladophorales Family: Chladophoraceae Genus: Chaetomorpha Chaetomorpha crassa Cultivated for Chanos culture in brackishwater ponds. Consumed as food. Used for manufacture of a sweet meat. Countries: Ireland, Tanzania, Philippines, Japan, United Kingdom, South Africa, Cocos Islands, Australia, Micronesia, Belize, Mexico, Kenya, Maldives 39. Aponothece Aponothece halophytica Produce glutamic acid, methionin, phenylalanine

186 Kingdom: Protista Division: Chlorophyta Class: Trebouxiophyceae Orer: Chlorellales Family: Chlorellaceae Genus: Chlorella Chlorella vulgaris Food source, Production of other carotenoids such as lutein and canthaxanthin. Medium: BBM-ag. Isol.:Andreeva, 1961 Locality: thermal springs Issyk-Bulak, Tajikistan Dimensions: diameter up to 7 mm. 41. Chlorella ellipsoidea Used as food by human beings and for fish cultivation. Kingdom: Protista Division: Chlorophyta Class: Trebouxiophyceae Orer: Chlorellales Family: Chlorellaceae Genus: Chlorella 42. Chlorella pyrenoidosa Used as food by human beings and for fish cultivation. Kingdom: Protista Division: Chlorophyta Class: Trebouxiophyceae Orer: Chlorellales Family: Chlorellaceae Genus: Chlorella 43. Kingdom: Plantae Division: Chlorophyta Class: Ulvophyceae Orer: Cladophorales Family: Cladophoraceae Genus: Cladophora Cladophora glomerata Oxidative stress tolerance, Limited cultivation in brackishwater fish ponds in Philippines by application of commercial fertilizers. 44. Kingdom: Plantae Division: Chlorophyta Class: Ulvophyceae Orer: Ulvales Family: Ulvaceae Genus: Enteromorpha Enteromorpha ahlneriana Oxidative stress tolerance, antioxidant.

187 186

188 187 Systematic index of protozoa 1. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Order: Spumellaria Family: Spongodiscidae osphaera cristata (sensu Riedel, 1958) Spherical shell thick-walled, thorny. Pores subcircular or circular, variable in size, on the half-equator, as wide to five times as wide as the intervening bars. Pores surrounded by raised polygonal frames bearing short thorns at the corners in rare specimens the polygonal frames are absent but the thorns present. Diameter of shell µ. Measurements based on 5 specimens from Sta. 30, 25 from Sta. 94, and one each from Stas. 97 and 103. Genus: Osphaera 2. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa oprunum stauraxonium Owen Basin, Arabian Sea, N.W. Indian Ocean.overall length 280 microns SEM Order: Spumellaria Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Oprunum 3. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Order: Spumellaria Tocapsella cornuta (Haeckel) Rio Claro, Eastern Andalusia, Spain Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Tocapsella 4. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Lamprocyclus maritalus Owen Basin, Arabian Sea, N.W. Indian Ocean.overall length 180 microns SEM Order: Spumellaria Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Lamprocyclus 5. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Euchitonia furcata Owen Basin, Arabian Sea, N.W. Indian Ocean. overall length 170 microns SEM Order: Spumellaria

189 188 Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Euchitonia 6. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Pterocanium praetaxum Owen Basin, Arabian Sea, N.W. Indian Ocean. overall length 170 microns SEM Order: Spumellaria Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Pterocanium 7. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Order: Spumellaria Dictyocoryne truncatum Owen Basin, Arabian Sea, N.W. Indian Ocean. overall length 90 microns SEM Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Dictyocoryne 8. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Order: Spumellaria Spongaster tetras tetras Ehrenberg Owen Basin, Arabian Sea, N.W. Indian Ocean. overall length 180 microns SEM Distribution: Mexico, United States, Antarctica, New Caledonia Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Spongaster 9. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Actinomma sp. Owen Basin, Arabian Sea, N.W. Indian Ocean. 190 microns SEM Order: Spumellaria Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Actinomma 10. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Actinomma arcadophorum Haeckel Owen Basin, Arabian Sea, N.W. Indian Ocean. 180 microns SEM

190 189 Order: Spumellaria Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Actinomma 11. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Cenosphaera cristata Haeckel Owen Basin, Arabian Sea, N.W. Indian Ocean. 180 microns SEM Order: Spumellaria Family: Cenophaeraceae Genus: Cenosphaera 12. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Porodiscus sp. Owen Basin, Arabian Sea, N.W. Indian Ocean. 170 microns SEM Order: Spumellaria Family: Theoperidae Genus: Porodiscus 13. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Porodiscus sp. Owen Basin, Arabian Sea, N.W. Indian Ocean. 170 microns LM Order: Spumellaria Family: Theoperidae Genus: Porodiscus 14. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Pterocanium sp. Owen Basin, Arabian Sea, N.W. Indian Ocean Order: Nassellaria Family: Theoperidae Genus: Pterocanium 15. Kingdom: Chromista Botrystrobus aquilonarius (Bailey) Owen Basin, Arabian Sea, N.W. Indian Ocean

191 190 Phylum: Radiozoa Order: Nassellaria Family: Theoperidae Genus: Botrystrobus 16. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Pylospira octapyle Haeckel Owen Basin, Arabian Sea, N.W. Indian Ocean Order: Nassellaria Family: Theoperidae Genus: Pylospira 17. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Anthrocyrtidinium oriphense (Ehrenberg) Owen Basin, Arabian Sea, N.W. Indian Ocean Order: Nassellaria Family: Theoperidae Genus: Anthrocyrtidinium 18. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Order: Nassellaria Stylosphaera sp. Rio Claro, Eastern Andalusia, Spain. 300 microns excluding spines SEM Family: Stylospaeraceae Genus: Stylosphaera 19. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Stylochlamydium asteriscus Haeckel Rio Claro, Eastern Andalusia, Spain Order: Nassellaria Family: Stylochlamydiaceae Genus: Stylochlamydium 20. Kingdom: Chromista Stylochlamydium asteriscus Haeckel Rio Claro, Eastern Andalusia, Spain

192 191 Phylum: Radiozoa Order: Nassellaria Family: Stylochlamydiaceae Genus: Stylochlamydium 21. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Dictyocoryne spp. Ehrenberg Rio Claro, Eastern Andalusia, Spain. 150 microns SEM Order: Spumellaria Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Dictyocoryne 22. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Order: Spumellaria Lamprocyclas maritalis Haeckel Rio Claro, Eastern Andalusia, Spain Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Lamprocylas 23. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Stichocorys delemontensis (Campbell and Clark) Rio Claro, Eastern Andalusia, Spain. Order: Spumellaria Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Stichocorys 24. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Order: Spumellaria Lychnocanoma elongata (Vinassa de Regny) Rio Claro, Eastern Andalusia, Spain Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Lychnocanoma 25. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Archaeospongoprunum cortinaensis (Pessagno) Hacho de Montejaque, Penibetic, Southern Spain

193 192 Order: Spumellaria Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Archaeospongoprunu m 26. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Archaeospongoprunum cf. bipartum Pessagno Hacho de Montejaque, Penibetic, Southern Spain. Upper Cretaceous Order: Spumellaria Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Archaeospongoprunu m 27. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Order: Spumellaria Halesium triacanthum (Squinabol) Hacho de Montejaque, Penibetic, Southern Spain. Upper Cretaceous Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Archaeospongoprunu m 28. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Triactoma hexeris (O'Dogherty) Hacho de Montejaque, Penibetic, Southern Spain. Upper Cretaceous Order: Spumellaria Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Triactoma 29. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Paronaella grapevinensis (Pessagno) Hacho de Montejaque, Penibetic, Southern Spain. Upper Cretaceous Order: Spumellaria Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Paronaella 30. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Distylocapsa veneta (Squinabol) Hacho de Montejaque, Penibetic, Southern Spain. Upper Cretaceous

194 193 Order: Spumellaria Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Distylocapsa 31. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Vitorfus minimus (Squinabol) Hacho de Montejaque, Penibetic, Southern Spain. Upper Cretaceous Order: Spumellaria Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Vitrofus 32. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Acanthoicircus tympanum (O'Dogherty) Hacho de Montejaque, Penibetic, Southern Spain Order: Spumellaria Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Acanthoicircus 33. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Thanarla venta (Squinabol) Hacho de Montejaque, Penibetic, Southern Spain Order: Spumellaria Family: Spongodiscidae Genus:Thanarla 34. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Patellula cognata (O'Dogherty) Hacho de Montejaque, Penibetic, Southern Spain Order: Spumellaria Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Patellula 35. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Alievium superbum (Squinabol) Hacho de Montejaque, Penibetic, Southern Spain Order: Spumellaria Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Allievium

195 Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Order: Spumellaria Alievium superbum (Squinabol) Hacho de Montejaque, Penibetic, Southern Spain. SEM (close up of pore frames) Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Allievium 37. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Order: Spumellaria Ultranapora cretacea (Squinabol) Hacho de Montejaque, Penibetic, Southern Spain Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Ultranapora 38. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Dictyomitra montisserei (Squinabol) Hacho de Montejaque, Penibetic, Southern Spain Order: Spumellaria Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Dictyomitra 39. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Order: Spumellaria Pseudodictyomitra pseudomarcrocephala (Squinabol) Hacho de Montejaque, Penibetic, Southern Spain Family: Spongodiscidae Genus: Pseudodictyomitra 40. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Echinodermata Crucella cachensis Pessagno Hacho de Montejaque, Penibetic, Southern Spain Class: Holothuroidea Order: Dendrochirotida Family: Paracucumidae Genus: Crucella 41. Kingdom: Animalia Sciadiocapsa radiata (Squinabol) Hacho de Montejaque, Penibetic, Southern Spain. Upper Cretaceous

196 195 Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Holothuroidea Order: Dendrochirotida Family: Paracucumidae Genus: Crucella 42. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Echinodermata Archaeodictyomitra sp. Theokafta, Epidavros, Greece. 140 microns SEM. Jurassic- Cretaceous Class: Holothuroidea Order: Dendrochirotida Family: Paracucumidae Genus: Archaodictyonum 43. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Order: Nassellaria Hsuum maxwelli Pessagno Theokafta, Epidavros, Greece. 200 microns SEM. Jurassic- Cretaceous Family: Hsuidae Genus: Hsuum 44. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Unuma echinatus Ichikawa and Yao Theokafta, Epidavros, Greece. 180 microns SEM. Aalanian- Bathonian (Jurassic) Order: Nassellaria Family: Unumidae Genus: Unuma 45. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Protunuma fusiformis Ichikawa and Yao Theokafta, Epidavros, Greece. 190 microns SEM. Bathonian- Tithonian (Jurassic) Order: Nassellaria Family: Unumidae Genus: Protunuma 46. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Zamoidellum ovum Dumitrica Theokafta, Epidavros, Greece. Oxfordian-Tithonian (Jurassic). 110 microns SEM

197 196 Order: Nassellaria Family: Zamoidellaceae Genus: Zamoidellum 47. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Order: Nassellaria Tricolocapsa plicarum Yao Theokafta, Epidavros, Greece. 130 microns SEM. Bajocian- Bathonian (Jurassic) Family: Tricolocapsaceae Genus: Tricolocapsa 48. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Radiozoa Order: Nassellaria Parvicingula dhimenaensis Baumgartner Theokafta, Epidavros, Greece. 255 microns SEM. Bajocian- Tithonian (Jurassic) Family:Parvicingulaceae Genus: Parvicingula 49. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Anulasphaera Helvetica Grun and Zweili, 1980 Callovian (Middle Jurassic). Denver Borehole, UK Family: Anulasphaeraceae Genus: Anulasphaera 50. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Anulasphaera helvetica Grun and Zweili, 1980 Denver Borehole, UK. XPL side view. Callovian (Middle Jurassic) Class: Prymnesiophyceae Family: Anulasphaeraceae Genus: Anulasphaera 51. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Anulasphaera Helvetica Grun and Zweili, 1980 Denver Borehole, UK. (SEM) distal view. Callovian (Middle Jurassic) Family: Anulasphaeraceae

198 197 Genus: Anulasphaera 52. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Anulasphaera Helvetica Grun and Zweili, 1980 Denver Borehole, UK. Callovian (Middle Jurassic). (SEM) proximal oblique view Family: Anulasphaeraceae Genus: Anulasphaera 53. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Stephanolithion bigotii bigotii Deflandre, 1939 Lower Oxfordian (Upper Jurassic). Cleveland Farm Pit, wiltshire, UK. XPL Class: Prymnesiophyceae Family: Stephanolithiaceae Genus: Stephanolithion 54. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Stephanolithion bigotii bigotii Deflandre, 1939 Upper Kimmeridgian (Upper Jurassic). Gorodische, Russia Family: Stephanolithiaceae Genus: Stephanolithion 55. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Stephanolithion speciosum octum Deflandre in Deflandre and Fert, 1954 ssp. Rood and Barnard, 1972 Lower Bathonian (Middle Jurassic). Port en Bessin, N. France. XPL Class: Prymnesiophyceae Family: Stephanolithiaceae Genus: Stephanolithion 56. Kingdom: Chromista Stephanolithion speciosum Deflandre in Deflandre and Fert, 1954 ssp. Escoville, France. Upper Bajocian-Lower Callovian (Middle Jurassic). distal view

199 198 Phylum: Haptophyta octum Rood and Barnard, 1972 Class: Prymnesiophyceae Family: Stephanolithiaceae Genus: Stephanolithion 57. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Biscutum novum (Goy,1979) Bown, 1987 Brenha, Portugal. Aalenian/Bajocian. XPL Family: Biscutaceae Genus: Biscutum 58. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Biscutum novum (Goy,1979) Bown, 1987 Trimeusel, Germany. Lower Toarcian. distal view Family: Biscutaceae Genus: Biscutum 59. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Carinolithus superbus (Deflandre in Deflandre and Fert, 1954) Prins in Grun et al, 1974 Lower Toarcian-Lower Bajocian. Ilminster, UK. proximal oblique view SEM Class: Prymnesiophyceae Family: Carinolithaceae Genus: Carinolithus 60. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Crucirhabdus minutus Jafar, 1983 Weissloferbach, S. Germany. distal view SEM. Norian- Rhaetian (Upper Triassic) Class: Prymnesiophyceae Family: Parhabdolithaceae Genus: Crucirhabdus

200 Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Lotharingius haufii Grun and Zweili in Grun et al, 1974 Untersturmig, Germany. PC. Upper Pliensbachian-Upper Bathonian Family: Watznaueriaceae Genus: Lotharingius 62. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Lotharingius haufii Grun and Zweili in Grun et al, 1974 Untersturmig, Germany. SEM (collapsed coccosphere). Upper Pliensbachian-Upper Bathonian Family: Watznaueriaceae Genus: Lotharingius 63. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Parhabdolithus liasicus distinctus Deflandre in Grasse, 1952 ssp. Bown, 1987 Timor, XPL plan view, Hettangian-Lower Toarcian Family: Parhabdolithaceae Genus: Parhabdolithus 64. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Parhabdolithus liasicus distinctus Deflandre in Grasse, 1952 ssp. Bown, 1987 Mochras Borehole, UK, side view (SEM), Hettangian-Lower Toarcian Family: Parhabdolithaceae Genus: Parhabdolithus 65. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Prinsiosphaera triassica Jafar, 1983 ODP Site 761, Wombat Plateau, NW Australian shelf, SEM, Norian-Rhaetian Class: Prymnesiophyceae Genus: Prinsiosphaera

201 Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Axopodorhabdus albianus (Black, 1967) Wind and Wise in Wise and Wind, 1977 English Channel Borehole R330, UK, distal view SEM, Middle Albian-Upper Cenomanian Family: Axopodorhabdaceae Genus: Axopodorhabdus 67. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Calcicalathina oblongata (Worsley, 1971) Thierstein, 1971 DSDP Site 547B, Atlantic Ocean, distal view SEM, Lower Valanginian-Lower Barremian Family: Rhagodiscaceae Genus: Calcicalathina 68. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Calcicalathina oblongata (Worsley, 1971) Thierstein, 1971 DSDP Site 547B, Atlantic Ocean, side view SEM, Lower Valanginian-Lower Barremian Class: Prymnesiophyceae Family: Rhagodiscaceae Genus: Calcicalathina 69. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Ceratolithina bicornuta Perch- Nielsen, 1988 Folkestone, UK, XPL, Middle Albian-Upper Albian Class: Prymnesiophyceae Family: Rhagodiscaceae Genus: Ceratolithina 70. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Corollithion kennedyi Lydden Spout, Folkestone, UK, XPL, Cenomanian Class: Prymnesiophyceae Family: Rhagodiscaceae Genus: Calcicalathina 71. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Cruciellipsis cuvillieri (Manivit, 1966) Thierstein, 1971 DSDP Site 397, E.Atlantic Ocean, distal view SEM, Lower Berriasian-Upper Hauterivian

202 201 Class: Prymnesiophyceae Family: Rhagodiscaceae Genus: Cruciellipsis 72. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Eiffellithus turriseiffelii (Deflandre in Deflandre and Fert, 1954) Reinhardt, 1965 Folkestone, UK, XPL distal view, Upper ALbian-Upper Maastrichtian Family: Rhagodiscaceae Genus:Eiffellithus 73. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Eprolithus floralis (Stradner, 1962) Stover, 1966 Folkestone, UK, XPL distal view, Lower Aptian-?Lower Campanian Class: Prymnesiophyceae Family: Polycyclolithaceae Genus: Eprolithus 74. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Gartnerago segmentatum Langdon Stairs, Dover, Kent, UK, XPL distal view Class: Prymnesiophyceae Family: Polycyclolithaceae Genus: Gartnerago 75. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Micrantholithus obtusus Stradner, 1963 DSDP Site 398D, Atlantic Ocean. SEM, Berriasian-Upper Aptian Order: Prymnesiales Family: Braarudosphaeracea e Genus: Micrantholithus 76. Kingdom: Chromista Nannoconus abundans Stradner and Grun, 1973 Speeton, UK. side view SEM, Barremian-?Lower Aptian

203 202 Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Family: Nannoconaceae Genus: Nannoconus 77. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Prediscosphaera columnata (Stover, 1966) Perch-Nielsen, 1984 Folkestone, UK. XPL side view, Lower Albian-Turonian Family: Prediscosphaeraceae Genus: Prediscosphaera 78. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Watznaueria barnesae (Black in Black and Barnes, 1959) Perch- Nielsen, 1968 Speeton, UK. SEM (Coccosphere), Lower Bajocian- Maastrichtian Family: Watznaueriaceae Genus: Watznaueria 79. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Watznaueria britannica (Stradner, 1963) Reinhardt, 1964 Cleveland Farm Pit, Wiltshire, UK. XPL, Lower Bajocian- Lower Cenomanian Family: Watznaueriaceae Genus: Watznaueria 80. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Zeugrhabdotus erectus (Deflandre in Deflandre and Fert, 1954) Reinhardt, 1965 Mochras Borehole, UK, distal view SEM. Lower Pliensbachian?-Upper Maastrichtian Family: Zeugrhabdotaceae Genus: Zeugrhabdotus

204 Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Arkhangelskiella cymbiformis Vekshina, 1959 Keswick, Norfolk, UK. oblique distal view SEM, Campanian- Maastrichtian Family: Arkhangelskiellaceae Genus: Arkhangelskiella 82. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Eiffellithus eximius (Stover, 1966) Perch-Nielsen, 1968 Zoe C BH, South Africa. XPL rotated, Turonian-Campanian Class: Prymnesiophyceae Family: Eiffellithaceae Genus: Eiffellithus 83. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Lithastrinus grillii Stradner, 1962 near Plymouth Bluff, Lowndes County, Mississippi, USA, XPL, Coniacian-Campanian Class: Prymnesiophyceae Family: Polycyclolithaceae Genus: Lithastrinus 84. Kingdom: Plantae Genus: Lucianorhabdus Lucianorhabdus cayeauxii Deflandre, 1959 near Portland, Dallas County, Alabama, USA, XPL. Coniacian-Maastrichtian 85. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Marthasterites furcatus (Deflandre in Deflandre and Firt, 1954) Deflandre, 1959 DSDP Hole 550B, NE Atalntic Ocean. SEM, Turonian- Campanian Genus: Marthasterites

205 Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Microrhabdulus decoratus Deflandre, 1959 DSDP Site 401, NE Atlantic Ocean, SEM, Cenomanian- Maastrichtian Genus: Microrhabdulus 87. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Cnidaria Class: Anthozoa Micula staurophora (Gardet, 1955) Stradner, 1963 near Ripley, Tippah County, Mississippi, USA. XPL, Coniacian-Maastrichtian Family: Expressophyllidae Genus: Micula 88. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Prediscosphaera arkhangelskyi (Reinhardt, 1965) Perch-Nielsen, 1984 DSDP Site 249, W. Indian Ocean, XPL, Santonian- Maastrichtian Class: Prymnesiophyceae Family: Prediscosphaeraceae Genus: Prediscosphaera 89. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Prediscosphaera cretacea (Arkhangelsky, 1912) Gartner, 1968 near Plymouth Bluff, Lowndes County, Alabama, USA, XPL, Cenomanian-Maastrichtian Family: Prediscosphaeraceae Genus: Prediscosphaera 90. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Quadrum gartneri Prins and Perch- Nielsen in Manivit et al, 1977 DSDP Site 217, N. Indian Ocean, XPL, Turonian-?Maastrichtian Class: Prymnesiophyceae Family: Polycyclolithaceae Genus: Quadrum 91. Kingdom: Chromista Tranolithus orionatus (Reinhardt, 1966a) Reinhardt, 1966b Folkestone, UK, XPL, Albian-Maastrichtian

206 205 Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Family: Chiastozygaceae Genus: Tranolithus 92. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Uniplanarius trifidus (Stradner in Stradner and Papp, 1961) Hattner and Wise, 1980 DSDP Site 241 W. Indian Ocean. XPL, Campanian- Maastrichtian Class: Prymnesiophyceae Family: Polycyclolithaceae Genus: Uniplanarius 93. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Chiasmolithus solitus (Bramlette and Sullivan, 1961) Locker, 1968 Whitecliff Bay, UK. PC, Lutetian-Bartonian (Middle Eocene) Class: Prymnesiophyceae Order: Coccosphaerales Family: Coccolithaceae Genus: Chiasmolithus 94. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Chiasmolithus solitus (Bramlette and Sullivan, 1961) Locker, 1968 Fayum, Egypt, oblique distal view SEM, Lutetian-Bartonian (Middle Eocene). Order: Coccosphaerales Family: Coccolithaceae Genus: Chiasmolithus 95. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Discoaster tanii Bramlette and Riedel, 1954 Hampden Beach, New Zealand. distal view SEM, Middle Eocene-Oligocene Class: Prymnesiophyceae Order: Coccosphaerales Family: Coccolithaceae Genus: Discoaster 96. Kingdom: Chromista Discoaster saipanensis Bramlette and Riedel, 1954 Fayum, Egypt. distal view SEM, Middle-Upper Eocene

207 206 Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Order: Coccosphaerales Family: Coccolithaceae Genus: Discoaster 97. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Discoaster saipanensis Bramlette and Riedel, 1954 Benidorm, Spain. distal view SEM, Middle-Upper Eocene Order: Coccosphaerales Family: Coccolithaceae Genus: Discoaster 98. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Discoaster kuepperi Sradner, 1959 North Sea, UK. PC, Lower-Middle Eocene Class: Prymnesiophyceae Order: Coccosphaerales Family: Coccolithaceae Genus: Discoaster 99. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Cruciplacolithus primus Perch- Nielsen, 1977 St. Paul Monastery, Egypt. oblique distal view SEM, Upper Palaeocene Order: Coccosphaerales Family: Coccolithaceae Genus: Cruciplacolithus 100. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Neococcolithus dubius (Deflandre in Deflandre and Fert, 1954) Black, 1967 Whitecliff Bay, UK, oblique distal view SEM, Lower-Upper Eocene Family: Neococcolithaceae Genus: Neococcolithus 101. Kingdom: Chromista Fasciculithus tympaniformis Hay and Mohler in Hay et al, 1967 Pegwell Bay, Kent, UK, XPL, Upper Palaeocene-Lower Eocene

208 207 Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Family: Fasciculithaceae Genus: Fasciculithus 102. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Fasciculithus tympaniformis Hay and Mohler in Hay et al, 1967 St. Paul Monastery, Egypt, oblique proximal view, Upper Palaeocene-Lower Eocene Family: Fasciculithaceae Genus: Fasciculithus 103. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Sphenolithus moriformis (Bronniman and Stradner, 1960) Brmlette and Wilcoxon, 1967 DSDP Site 590B, S.W Pacific. SEM, Palaeocene-Pliocene Family: Sphenolithaceae Genus: Sphenolithus 104. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Discoaster lodoensis Bramlette and Riedel, 1954 Benidorm, Spain. XPL, Palaeocene-Pliocene Class: Prymnesiophyceae Order: Coccosphaerales Family: Coccolithaceae Genus: Discoaster 105. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesihyceae Amaurolithus amplificus (Bukry and Percival) Gartner and Bukry, 1975 Manavgat, S.Turkey. XPL, Upper Miocene-Pliocene Order: Coccosphaerales Family: Ceratolithaceae Genus: Amaurolithus 106. Kingdom: Chromista Coccolithus pelagicus (Wallich, 1871) Schiller, 1930 N. Atlantic off S.W coast of Iceland. SEM entire coccosphere, Lower Palaeocene-Recent

209 208 Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Order: Coccosphaerales Family: Coccolithaceae Genus: Coccolithus 107. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Discoaster challengeri Bramlette and Riedel, 1954 Ghajn Tuffieha Bay, Malta, SEM proximal view. Miocene- Pliocene Order: Coccosphaerales Family: Coccolithaceae Genus: Discoaster 108. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Discoaster exilis Martini and Bramlette, 1963 Ghajn Tuffieha Bay, Malta. proximal view SEM, Middle Miocene Order: Coccosphaerales Family: Coccolithaceae Genus: Discoaster 109. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Discoaster variabilis Martini and Bramlette, 1963 Ghajn Tuffieha Bay, Malta, proximal view SEM, Middle Miocene-Pliocene Order: Coccosphaerales Family: Coccolithaceae Genus: Discoaster 110. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Discoaster variabilis Martini and Bramlette, 1963 Ghajn Tuffieha Bay, Malta, PC, Middle Miocene-Pliocene Order: Coccosphaerales Family: Coccolithaceae Genus: Discoaster

210 Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Florisphaera profunda Okado and Honjo, 1973 Almerian Canyon, Western Mediterranian Sea, 10 microns SEM, Middle Miocene-Recent Order: Coccosphaerales Genus: Florisphaera Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Gephyrocapsa oceanica Kamptner, 1943 Almerian Canyon, Western Mediterranian Sea, 10 microns SEM, Pleistocene-Recent Order: Isochrysidales Family: Gephyrocapsaceae Genus: Gephyrocapsa 112. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Calcidiscus tropicus Kamptner, 1956 DSDP Site 593, S.W Pacific Ocean, SEM, Lower Miocene- Recent Order: Coccosphaerales Family: Coccolithaceae Genus: Calcidiscus 113. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Helicosphaera carteri (Wallich, 1877) Kamptner, 1954 DSDP Site 590B, S.W Pacific Ocean. XPL, Upper Oligocene- Recent Order: Coccosphaerales Family: Coccolithaceae Genus: Helicosphaera 114. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilica (Gartner) Gartner, 1969 Ghajn Tuffieha Bay, Malta, proximal view SEM, Miocene- Pliocene Order: Prymnesiales Family: Noelaerhabdaceae Genus: Reticulofenestra

211 Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Sphenolithus heteromorphus Deflandre, 1953 DSDP Site 593, S.W Pacific Ocean. SEM. Lower Miocene- Middle Miocene Family: Sphenolithaceae Genus: Sphenolithus 116. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Aulacognathus kuehni Pa element Hughley Shales, Telychian Stage, Llandovery Series, Silurian, Devils Dingle, nr. Buildwas, Shropshire Family: Aulacognathaceae Genus: Aulacognathus 117. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Apsidognathus tuberculatus Pa element Wych Formation, Telychian Stage, Llandovery Series, Silurian, Gullet Quarry, Malvern Hills, UK Family: Apsidognathaceae Genus: Apsidognathus 118. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Bacillariophyta Class: Bacillariophyceae Distomodus staurognathoides Pa element Hughley Shales, Telychian Stage, Llandovery Series, Silurian, Devils Dingle, nr. Buildwas, Shropshire Order: Distomodales Family: Distomodaceae Genus: distomodus 119. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Bacillariophyta Eoplacognathus sp. Pa element Middle Ordovician, Suhkrumagi Section, Tallinn, Estonia Class: Bacillariophyceae Order: Eoplacognathales Family: Eoplacognathaceae Genus: Eoplacognathus 120. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Bacillariophyta Gamachignathus macroexcavatus Pa element Upper Member, Xiushan Formation, Llandovery Series, Silurian, Leijiatun Section nr. Shiqian, Guizhou Province, China

212 211 Class: Bacillariophyceae Order: Gamachignathales Family: Gamachignathaceae Genus: Gamachignathus 121. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Bacillariophyta Class: Bacillariophyceae Icriodella inconstans Pa element Wych Formation, Telychian Stage, Llandovery Series, Silurian, Storridge, Malvern Hills, UK Order: Icriodellales Family: Icriodellaceae Genus: Icriodella 122. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Bacillariophyta Ozarkodina gulletensis Pa element Wych Formation, Telychian Stage, Llandovery Series, Silurian, Storridge, Malvern Hills, UK Class: Bacillariophyceae Order: Ozarkodinales Family: Ozarkodinaceae Genus: Ozarkodinaceae 123. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Bacillariophyta Class: Bacillariophyceae Pseudooneotodus tricornis Wych Formation, Telychian Stage, Llandovery Series, Silurian, Storridge, Malvern Hills, UK Order: Pseudoneotodales Family: Pseudoneotodaceae Genus: Pseudoneotodus 124. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Bacillariophyta Diploneis suborbicularis (Gregory) Cleve East Winch Borehole, Nar Valley, Norfolk, UK, 30 microns x 20 microns Class: Bacillariophyceae Order: Naviculales Family: Diploneidaceae Genus: Diploneis

213 Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Ochrophyta Class: Coscinodiscophyceae Auliscus sculptus (W. Smith) Ralfs ex. Pritchard East Winch Borehole, Nar Valley, Norfolk, UK, 50 microns Order: Triceratiales Family: Triceratiaceae Genus: Auliscus 126. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Bacillariophyta Lyrella lyra (Ehrenberg) East Winch Borehole, Nar Valley, Norfolk, UK, 80 x 30 microns Class: Bacillariophyceae Order: Lyrellales Family: Lyrellaceae Genus: Lyrella 127. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Ochrophyta Dimeregramma sp. East Winch Borehole, Nar Valley, Norfolk, UK, 50 microns Class: Coscinodiscophyceae Order: Triceratiales Family: Plagiogrammaceae Genus: Dimeregramma 128. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Bacillariophyta Nitzschia punctata (W. Smith) Grun East Winch Borehole, Nar Valley, Norfolk, UK, 45 x 15 microns Class: Bacillariophyceae Order: Bacillariales Family: Bacillariaceae Genus: Nitzschia 129. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Bacillariophyta Cocconeis molesta var. crucifera Grunow East Winch Borehole, Nar Valley, Norfolk, UK. 30 x 15 microns (SEM) Class: Bacillariophyceae Order: Acnanthales

214 213 Family: Cocconeidaceae Genus: Cocconeis 130. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Ochrophyta Class: Coscinodiscophyceae Actinoptychus senarius Ehrenberg East Winch Borehole, Nar Valley, Norfolk, UK. 75 microns, Cretaceous to Recent Order: Coscinodiscales Family: Hemipeltaceae Genus: Actinoptychus 131. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Ochrophyta Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehrenberg emend. Sancetta Chatham Deep, S.W. Pacific, 75 microns. Eocene to Recent Class: Coscinodiscophyceae Order: Coscinodiscales Family: Coscinodiscaceae Genus: Coscinodiscus 132. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Ochrophyta Class: Coscinodiscophyceae Actinocyclus ingens Rattray Louisville Moat, S.W. Pacific. 37 microns. Miocene to Pleistocene Order: Coscinodiscales Family: Hemidiscaceae Genus: Actinocyclus 133. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Ochrophyta Thalassiosira oestrupii (Ostenfeld) Hasle emend. Fryxell and Hasle Louisville Moat, S.W. Pacific. 10 microns. Miocene to Recent Class: Coscinodiscophyceae Order: Thalassiosirales Family: Thallassiosiraceae Genus: Thalassiosira

215 Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Ochrophyta Class: Coscinodiscophyceae Thalassiosira lentiginosa (Janisch) Fryxell Chatham Deep, S.W. Pacific, 53 microns, Mid to Upper Pliocene Order: Thalassiosirales Family: Thallassiosiraceae Genus: Thalassiosira 135. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Bacillariophyta Class: Bacillariophyceae Asteromphalus hookeri Ehrenberg Bounty Fan, S.W. Pacific. 76 microns. Pliocene to Recent Order: Bacillariales Family: Bacillariaceae Genus: Nitzschia 136. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Ochrophyta Nitzschia reinholdii Kanaya ex. Barron and Baldauf Louisville Moat, S.W. Pacific. 91 microns apical axis, Miocene to Pleistocene Class: Coscinodiscophyceae Order: Coscinodiscales Family: Hemidiscaceae Genus: Azpeitia 137. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Ochrophyta Azpeitia tabularis (Grunow) Fryxell and Sims Chatham Deep, S.W. Pacific, 19 microns, Miocene to Recent Class: Coscinodiscophyceae Order: Coscinodiscales Family: Hemidiscaceae Genus: Azpeitia 138. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Bacillariophyta Fragilariopsis ritscheri Hustedt Louisville Moat, S.W. Pacific. 8 microns transapical axis (broken specimen) Class: Bacillariophyceae

216 215 Order: Bacillariales Family: Bacillariaceae Genus: Fragilariopsis 139. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Ochrophyta Hemidiscus cuneiformis Wallich Chatham Deep, S.W. Pacific, 31 microns, Miocene to Recent Class: Coscinodiscophyceae Order: Coscinodiscales Family: Hemidiscaceae Genus: Hemidiscus 140. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Ochrophyta Class: Coscinodiscophyceae Order: Chaetocerotales Family: Chaetocerotaceae Genus: Chaetoceros 141. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Ochrophyta Class: Coscinodiscophyceae Chaetoceros Ehrenberg (Resting spore) Thalassiosira eccentrica (Ehrenberg) Cleve Chatham Deep, S.W. Pacific, 18 microns The genus Chaetoceros were first described by Ehrenberg in Cells are more or less rectangular in girdle view. Cells are usually elliptical in valve view. Opposite setae of adjacent cells touch near their origin. North Chatham Terrace, S.W. Pacific, 25 microns, Recent Order: Thalassiosirales Family: Thallassiosiraceae Genus: Thalassiosira 142. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Ochrophyta Class: Coscinodiscophyceae Cyclotella stelligera (Cleve et Grunow) Van Heurck North Chatham Terrace, S.W. Pacific, 27 microns, Freshwater form Order: Thalassiosirales Family: Stephanodiscaceae Genus: Cyclotella

217 Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Ochrophyta Class: Coscinodiscophyceae Stellarima microtrias (Ehrenberg) Hasle and Sims (resting spore) North Chatham Terrace, S.W. Pacific, 50 microns, Recent Order: Coscinodiscales Family: Coscinodiscaceae Genus: Stellarima 144. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Ochrophyta Thalassiosira ferelineata Jouse Chatham Deep Terrace, S.W. Pacific, 30 microns Class: Coscinodiscophyceae Order: Thalassiosirales Family: Thallassiosiraceae Genus: Thalassiosira 145. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Bacillariophyta Psammodictyon panduriforme (Gregory) Mann Chatham Deep, S.W. Pacific, 65 microns apical axis Class: Bacillariophyceae Order: Bacillariales Family: Bacillariaceae Genus: Psammodictyon 146. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Ochrophyta Coscinodiscus radiates (Ehrenberg emend. Sancetta) North Chatham Terrace, S.W. Pacific, 36 microns, Eocene to Recent Class: Coscinodiscophyceae Order: Coscinodiscales Family: Coscinodiscaceae Genus: Coscinodiscus 147. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Ochrophyta Class: Coscinodiscophyceae Thalassiosira lineata (Jouse) Chatham Deep, S.W. Pacific, 30 microns, Eocene to Recent Order: Thalassiosirales

218 217 Family: Thallassiosiraceae Genus: Thalassiosira 148. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Bacillariophyta Thalassionema nitzschoides (Grunow) Grunow ex. Hustedt Walvis Ridge, S.E. Atlantic, 72 microns apical axis, Miocene? to Recent Class: Bacillariophyceae Order: Thalassionematales Family: Thalassionemataceae Genus: Thalassionema 149. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Ochrophyta Stephanopyxis turris (Greville and Arnott) Ralfs in Pritchard Walvis Ridge, S.E. Atlantic, 23 microns (low focus), Late Cretaceous to Recent Class: Coscinodiscophyceae Order: Meloseirales Family: Stephanopyxidaceae Genus: Stephanopyxis 150. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Ochrophyta Class: Coscinodiscophyceae Azpeitia nodulifer (Schmidt) Fryxell and Sims Walvis Ridge, S.E. Atlantic, 150 microns, Mid Miocene to Recent Order: Coscinodiscales Family: Hemidiscaceae Genus: Azpeitia 151. Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Bacillariophyta Class: Bacillariophyceae Delphineis karstenii (ryxell in Fryxell and Miller) Walvis Ridge, S.E. Atlantic, 32 microns Order: Rhaponeidales

219 218 Family: Rhaphoneidaceae Genus: Delphineis 152. Kingdom: Chromista Phylum: Ochrophyta Eucampia antarctica (Castracane) Mangin 1915 (girdle veiw) Walvis Ridge, S.E. Atlantic, 26 microns (horn to horn), Mid Miocene to Recent Class: Coscinodiscophyceae Order: Hemiaulales Family: Hemiaulaceae Genus: Eucampia 153. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Globigerinidaceae Genus: Globigerina 154. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Globigerinidaceae Genus: Globigerinoides Globigerina bulloides (d'orbigny) Globigerinoides ruber (d'orbigny) South Africa, 380 microns spiral view SEM, Pliocene-Recent Globigerina bulloides is a species of heterotrophic planktonic foraminifer with a wide distribution in the photic zone of the world's oceans. It is able to tolerate a range of sea surface temperatures, salinities and water densities, and is most abundant at high southern latitudes (up to 40 S), certain high northern latitudes (up to 80 N), and in low-latitude upwelling regions. The density or presence of G. bulloides may change as a function ofphytoplankton bloom successions, [1] and they are known to be most abundant during winter and spring months South Africa, spiral view SEM, Miocene-Recent They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) 155. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Globigerinidaceae Genus: Globigerinoides Globigerinoides sacculifer (Brady) South Africa, spiral view SEM, Miocene-Recent They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) 156. Kingdom: Protozoa Globorotalia inflata (d rbigny) South Africa, spiral view SEM, Pliocene-Recent They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that

220 219 Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Globorotaliidaceae Genus: Globorotalia 157. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Globorotaliidaceae Genus: Globorotalia 158. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Globorotaliidaceae Genus: Neogloboquadrina Globorotalia menardii (Parker, Jones and Brady) Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (Ehrenberg) form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) South Africa, spiral view SEM. Pliocene-Recent They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) South Africa, spiral view SEM, Pliocene-Recent They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) 159. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Globigerinidaceae Genus: Orbulina Orbulina universa (d'orbigny) South Africa, SEM, Middle Miocene-Recent They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) 160. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Hantkeninidaceae Genus: Hantkenina Hantkenina alabamensis (Cushman, 1927) Montgomery Landing, Red River, Louisiana, USA. side view (slightly broken specimen) SEM, Eocene They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) 161. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Pseudohastigerina micra (Cole, 1927) Montgomery Landing, Red River, Louisiana, USA, side view SEM, Eocene-Oligocene

221 220 Order: Foraminiferida Family: Pseudohastigerinidac eae Genus: Pseudohastigerina 162. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Globorotalianidaceae Genus: Globorotalia 163. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Globorotalia centralis (Cushman and Bermudez, 1937) Globorotalia cerro-azulensis ( Cole, 1928) Montgomery Landing, Red River, Louisiana, USA. umbilical view SEM, Eocene They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton). Montgomery Landing, Red River, Louisiana, USA, umbilical view SEM. Eocene Family: Globorotalianidaceae Genus: Globorotalia 164. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Parasubbitinidaceae Genus: Parasubbotina Parasubbotina variant (Subbotina, 1953) Zin Valley, Israel, spiral view SEM. Lower-Middle Palaeocene They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) 165. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Parasubbitinidaceae Genus: Parasubbotina 166. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Parasubbotina pseudobulloides (Plummer, 1926) Subbotina triloculinoides (Plummer, 1926) Zin Valley, Israel, umbilical view SEM, Lower-Middle Palaeocene. They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) Zin Valley, Israel, umbilical view SEM. lower-upper Palaeocene They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within

222 221 Family: Subbotinidaceae Genus: Subbotina the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) 167. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Abathomphalus mayaroensis (Bolli) Kassbah, N.W. Syria, umbilical view SEM. Upper Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) Family: Abathomphalinidace ae Genus: Abathomphalus 168. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Contusotruncanidace ae Genus: Contusotruncana 169. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Globotruncanidaceae Genus: Globotruncana 170. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Racemoguembelinac eae Genus: Racemiguembelina Contusotruncana contusa (Cushman) Globotruncana linneiana (d'orbigny) Racemiguembelina fructicosa (Egger) Kassbah, N.W. Syria, dorsal view SEM. Upper Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) Kassbah, N.W. Syria, dorsal view SEM. Santonian- Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous). They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) Kassbah, N.W. Syria, SEM. Middle-Uppper Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) 171. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Pseudotextularia elegans (Rzehak) Kassbah, N.W. Syria. SEM. Campanian-Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have

223 222 Order: Foraminiferida Family: Pseudotextulariaceae Genus: Pseudotextularia an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) 172. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Pseudotextulariaceae Genus: Pseudoguembelina Pseudoguembelina excolata (Cushman) Kassbah, N.W. Syria, SEM, Campanian-Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) 173. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family:Archaeoglobigerinace ae Genus: Archaeoglobigerina 174. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family:Hedbergellaceae Genus: Hedbergella Archaeoglobigerina cretacea (d'orbigny) Hedbergella delrioensis (Carsey) Sens, N. France, scale bar 100 microns edge view SEM, Coniacian-Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) Faircross, UK. scale bar 100 microns ventral view SEM. Coniacian-Santonian (Upper Cretaceous) They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) 175. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family:Whiteinellaceae Genus: Whiteinella 176. Kingdom: Protozoa Whiteinella baltica (Douglas and Rankin) Heterohelix pulchra (Brotzen) Winterbourne, UK. scale bar 100 microns ventral view SEM. Coniacian-Santonian (Upper Cretaceous) They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) N. Norfolk, UK. scale bar 100 microns side view SEM. Coniacian-Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that

224 223 Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family:Heterohelixaceae Genus: Heterohelix form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) 177. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family:Heterohelixaceae Heterohelix globulosa (Ehrenberg) Sens, N. France, scale bar 100 microns side view SEM, Coniacian-Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) Genus: Heterohelix 178. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family:Hedbergellaceae Genus: Hedbergella 179. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family:Hedbergellaceae Genus: Hedbergella 180. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family:Ticinellaceae Genus: Ticinella Hedbergella planispira (Tappan) Hedbergella sigali (Moullade) Ticinella primula (Luterbacher) Aptian-Coniacian (Upper Cretaceous). Karai, S.E. India. ventral view SEM. They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) Karai, S.E. India. ventral view SEM. Barremian-Aptian (Lower Cretaceous) They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) Karai, S.E. India. Albian (Lower Cretaceous). ventral view SEM They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) 181. Kingdom: Protozoa Spiroloculina ornata (d'orbigny) Sea of Marmara, side view SEM. Recent They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have

225 224 Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Nubeculariidae an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) Genus: Spiroloculina 182. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Elphidiidae Genus: Elphidium Elphidium macellum (Fichtel and Moll) Sea of Marmara. Recent. side view SEM They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) 183. Kingdom: Chromista Family: Bolivinidae Genus: Brizalina Brizalina alata (Seguenza) Sea of Marmara. side view SEM. Recent They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) 184. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Cassidulinidae Genus: Cassidulina Cassidulina neocarinata (Thalmann) Sea of Marmara. ventral view SEM, Recent They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) 185. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Textulariidae Genus: Siphotextularia 186. Kingdom: Protozoa Siphotextularia concava (Karrer) Bigenerina nodosaria (d'orbigny) Sea of Marmara. side view SEM. Recent They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) Sea of Marmara. side view SEM. Recent They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have

226 225 Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Textulariidae an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) Genus: Bigenerina 187. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Planorbulinidae Genus: Planorbulina Planorbulina mediterranensis (d'orbigny) Sea of Marmara. unattached side SEM, Recent They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) 188. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Nonionidae Genus: Nonionella Nonionella opima (Cushman) Sea of Marmara. side view SEM. Recent They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) 189. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Nodosariidae Genus: Lagena Lagena striata (d'orbigny) Sea of Marmara. side view SEM, Recent They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) 190. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Alveovalvulinaceae Genus: Lagena Alveovalvulina suteri ( Bronnimann) Gulf of Mexico. LM They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) 191. Kingdom: Protozoa Cyclamina cancellata (Brady) Gulf of Mexico microns LM They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have

227 226 Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Cyclaminaceae an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) Genus: Cyclamina 192. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Cyclaminaceae Genus: Cyclamina Cyclamina acutidorsata (von Hantken) Gulf of Mexico, 1000 microns LM. Oligocene-Miocene They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) 193. Kingdom: Chromista Family: Cyclamminidae Genus: Reticulophragmium Reticulophragmium rotundidorsata (von Hantken) Gulf of Mexico. 600 microns LM. Eocene-Miocene They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) 194. Kingdom: Chromista Family: Cribrostomoidaceae Genus: Cribrostomoides Cribrostomoides sp. Gulf of Mexico. 600 microns side view LM They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) 195. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Haplophragmoidace ae Genus: Haplophragmoides Haplophragmoides bradyi (Robertson) Gulf of Mexico. 600 microns side view LM They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) 196. Kingdom: Protozoa Jarvisella karamatensis (Bronnimann) Gulf of Mexico. 600 microns apertural view LM They are characterized both by their thin pseudopodia that

228 227 Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Jarvisellaceae Genus: Jarvisella form an external net for catching food, and they usually have an external shell, or test, made of various materials and constructed in diverse forms. Most forams are aquatic, primarily marine, and the majority of species live on or within the seafloor sediment (benthos) with a small number of species known to be floaters in the water column at various depths (plankton) 197. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Lituolidae Recurvoides azuamensis (Bermudez) Gulf of Mexico microns apertural view LM. Oligocene Foraminifera typically produce a test, or shell, which can have either one or multiple chambers, some becoming quite elaborate in structure. These shells are commonly made of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) or agglutinated sediment particles Genus: Recurvoides 198. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Textulariidae Textularia tatumi (Cushman and Ellisor) Gulf of Mexico. SEM. Miocene Foraminifera typically produce a test, or shell, which can have either one or multiple chambers, some becoming quite elaborate in structure. These shells are commonly made of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) or agglutinated sediment particles Genus: Textularia 199. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Valvulinidae Valvulina flexilis (Cushman and Renz) Gulf of Mexico. SEM. Oligocene-Miocene Foraminifera typically produce a test, or shell, which can have either one or multiple chambers, some becoming quite elaborate in structure. These shells are commonly made of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) or agglutinated sediment particles Genus: Valvulina 200. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Nodosariidae Nodosaria sp. Villers sur Mer, Normandy, France. close up of aperture SEM. Jurassic Genus: Nodosaria 201. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Vaginulina bernardi (Paalzow) Villers sur Mer, Normandy, France. SEM. Oxfordian (Jurassic) Foraminifera typically produce a test, or shell, which can have either one or multiple chambers, some becoming quite

229 228 Order: Foraminiferida Family: Nodosariidae elaborate in structure. These shells are commonly made of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) or agglutinated sediment particles Genus: Vaginulina 202. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Lituolidae Genus: Ammobaculites Ammobaculites coprolithiformis (Schwager) Villers sur Mer, Normandy, France. SEM. Bathonian- Kimmeridgian (Jurassic) Foraminifera typically produce a test, or shell, which can have either one or multiple chambers, some becoming quite elaborate in structure. These shells are commonly made of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) or agglutinated sediment particles 203. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Lituolidae Genus: Psammosphaera Psammosphaera sp. (Schulze) Voring Basin, offshore Norway. SEM. middle Ordovician- Recent Foraminifera typically produce a test, or shell, which can have either one or multiple chambers, some becoming quite elaborate in structure. These shells are commonly made of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) or agglutinated sediment particles 204. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Lituolidae Miliamina fusca (Bradey) Voring Basin, offshore Norway. SEM. Recent Foraminifera typically produce a test, or shell, which can have either one or multiple chambers, some becoming quite elaborate in structure. These shells are commonly made of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) or agglutinated sediment particles Genus: Miliamina 205. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Lituolidae Genus: Quinqueloculina Quinqueloculina impressa (Reuss) Voring Basin, offshore Norway. SEM. Eocene Foraminifera typically produce a test, or shell, which can have either one or multiple chambers, some becoming quite elaborate in structure. These shells are commonly made of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) or agglutinated sediment particles 206. Kingdom: Protozoa Helicolepidina cf nortoni (Vaughan) Barinas, S.W Venezuela. Thin Section. Eocene Foraminifera typically produce a test, or shell, which can have either one or multiple chambers, some becoming quite

230 229 Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida elaborate in structure. These shells are commonly made of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) or agglutinated sediment particles Family: Nummulitidae Genus: Helicolepidina 207. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Nummulitidae Heterostegina sp ( d'orbigny) Barinas, S.W Venezuela. TS. Eocene. Foraminifera typically produce a test, or shell, which can have either one or multiple chambers, some becoming quite elaborate in structure. These shells are commonly made of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) or agglutinated sediment particles Genus: Heterostegina 208. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Lepidocyclinidae Lepidocyclina tobleri panamensis (Cushman) Barinas, S.W Venezuela. TS. Eocene Foraminifera typically produce a test, or shell, which can have either one or multiple chambers, some becoming quite elaborate in structure. These shells are commonly made of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) or agglutinated sediment particles Genus: Lepidocyclina 209. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Lepidocyclinidae Genus: Lepidocyclina Lepidocyclina pustulosa tobleri (Douville) Barinas, S.W Venezuela. TS, Eocene Foraminifera typically produce a test, or shell, which can have either one or multiple chambers, some becoming quite elaborate in structure. These shells are commonly made of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) or agglutinated sediment particles 210. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Lepidocyclinidae Genus: Lepidocyclina Lepidocyclina pustulosa pustulosa (Douville) Barinas, S.W Venezuela. TS. Eocene Foraminifera typically produce a test, or shell, which can have either one or multiple chambers, some becoming quite elaborate in structure. These shells are commonly made of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) or agglutinated sediment particles

231 Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Discocyclinidae Discocyclina marginata (Cushman) Barinas, S.W Venezuela. TS. Eocene Foraminifera typically produce a test, or shell, which can have either one or multiple chambers, some becoming quite elaborate in structure. These shells are commonly made of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) or agglutinated sediment particles Genus: Discocyclina 212. Kingdom: Protozoa Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Lepidocyclinidae Lepidocyclina (Cushman) Barinas, S.W Venezuela. TS. Eocene Foraminifera typically produce a test, or shell, which can have either one or multiple chambers, some becoming quite elaborate in structure. These shells are commonly made of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) or agglutinated sediment particles Genus: Lepidocyclina 213. Kingdom: Protozoa Nummulites sp. Class: Granuloreticulosea Order: Foraminiferida Family: Nummulitidae found in upper Eocene "Nummulitengestein" provided by Jan at Consrade/Germany Upper Eocene. Different views of one specimen of Nummulites sp. with attached matrix The classification is based upon: Loeblich and Tappan, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Genus: Nummulites

232 231 Systematic index of virus 1 Group: Group 1 (ds DNA) Family: Adenoviridae Genus: Atadenovirus 2 Group: Group IV ((+)ssrna) Family: Picornaviridae Genus: Enterovirus Species: Coxsackievirus Atadenovirus Coxsackievirus Adenovirus infections most commonly cause illness of the respiratory system; however, depending on the infecting serotype, they may also cause various other illnesses and presentations. Besides from respiratory involvement, illnesses and presentations of adenovirus include gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, cystitis, and rash illness. Symptoms of respiratory illness caused by adenovirus infection range from the common cold syndrome to pneumonia, croup, and bronchitis. Patients with compromised immune systems are especially susceptible to severe complications of adenovirus infection. Acute respiratory disease (ARD), first recognized among military recruits during World War II, can be caused by adenovirus infections during conditions of crowding and stress. Coxsackievirus is a virus that belongs to a family of nonenveloped, linear, positive-sense ssrna viruses, which also includes poliovirus and echovirus. Enteroviruses are among the most common and important human pathogens, and ordinarily its members are transmitted by the fecal-oral route. It share many characteristics with poliovirus. With control of poliovirus infections in much of the world, more attention has been focused on understanding the nonpolio enteroviruses such as coxsackievirus.these are among the leading causes of aseptic meningitis 3 Group: Group I (dsrna) Family: Herpesviridae Subfamily: Betaherpesvirinae Genus: Cytomegalovirus 4 Group: Group IV((+)ssRNA) Family: Flaviviridae Genus: Flavivirus Species: Dengue virus Cytomegalovirus Dengue virus Cytomegalovirus (from the Greek cyto-, "cell", and -megalo-, "large") is a viral genus of the viral family known as Herpesviridae or herpesviruses. It is typically abbreviated as CMV. The species that infects humans is commonly known as human CMV (HCMV) or human herpesvirus-5 (HHV-5), and is the most studied of all cytomegaloviruses. Within Herpesviridae, CMV belongs to the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily, which also includes the generamuromegalovirus and Roseolovirus (HHV-6 and HHV- 7) Dengue virus (DENV) in one of four serotypes is the cause of dengue fever. It is a mosquito-borne single positive-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae; genus Flavivirus. All four serotypes can cause the full spectrum of disease. Its genome is about bases that codes for three structural proteins, capsid protein C, membrane protein M, envelope protein E; seven nonstructural proteins, NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, NS5; and short non-coding regions on both the 5' and 3' ends. Further classification of each serotype into genotypes often relates to the region where particular strains are commonly found or were first found.

233 232 5 Group: Group IV ((+)ssrna) Order: Picomavirales Family: Picomaviridae Genus: Enterovirus Enterovirus The Common Cold is caused by a virus. There are over 200 known cold causing viruses the most common being the human rhinovirus of which there are over 100 different strains or serotypes causing about 50% of all colds ± 20%. The remaining 30% to 70% of colds are caused by other viruses. What matters here is that- All colds have similar symptoms and All colds, including the flu, come from viruses having similar mechanisms used to infect us.the rhinovirus is known as an RNA virus and, because it replicates at such a rapid rate, it is possible for it to mutate into over 800 different forms once it infects a person. These mutated versions can then be passed onto other people. This makes it virtualy impossible to create a vaccine that would prevent the virus from taking hold, creating that sought after magic bullet, "The Cure for the Common Cold". 6 Group: Group IV ((+)ssrna) Family: Picornaviridae Genus: Enterovirus Species: Human enterovirus B Subspecies: Echo virus Echo virus An ECHO (Enteric Cytopathic Human Orphan) virus, is a type of RNA virus and are found in the gastrointestinal tract (hence it being part of the enterovirus genus) and exposure to the virus causes other opportunistic infections and diseases. Echovirus is highly infectious, and its primary target is children. The echovirus is among the leading causes of acute febrile illness in infants and young children, and is the most common cause ofaseptic meningitis. Infection of an infant with this virus following birth may cause severe systemic diseases, and is associated with high infant mortality rates. The echovirus can mimicsymptoms caused by other common bacterial and viral infections. 7 Group: Group VII (dsdna- RT) Order: Unassigned Family: Hepadnaviridae Genus: Orthohepadnavirus Species: Hepatitis B virus 8 Group: Group IV ((+)ssrna) Family: Picornaviridae Genus: Hepatovirus Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis A virus Hepatitis B is an infectious inflammatory illness of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that affects hominoidea, including humans. Originally known as "serum hepatitis", the disease has caused epidemics in parts of Asia and Africa, and it is endemic in China.[2] About a third of the world population has been infected at one point in their lives, including 350 million who are chronic carriers. The virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids such as semen and vaginal fluids, while viral DNA has been detected in the saliva, tears, and urine of chronic carriers. Perinatal infection is a major route of infection in endemic (mainly developing) countries. Other risk factors for developing HBV infection include working in a healthcare setting, transfusions, dialysis, acupuncture, tattooing, extended overseas travel, and residence in an institution. However, Hepatitis B viruses cannot be spread by holding hands, sharing eating utensils or drinking glasses, kissing, hugging, coughing, sneezing, or breastfeeding. Hepatitis A is an acute infectious disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus. It is an RNA virus, usually spread by the fecal-oral route; transmitted person-to-person by ingestion of contaminated food or water or through direct contact with an infectious person. Tens of millions of individuals worldwide are estimated to become infected with Hep A each year. The time between infection and the appearance of the symptoms (the incubation period) is between two and six weeks and the

234 233 Species: Hepatitis A virus 9 Group: Group IV(ssRNA- RT) Family: Retroviridae Genus: Lentivirus Species: HIV Virus 10 Group: Group I (dsdna) Order: Unranked Family: Papillomaviridae Genus: Human papillomavirus 11 Group: Group V ((-)ssrna) Family: Orthomyxoviridae Genus: influenza virus 12 Group: Group V((-)ssRNA) Family: Arenaviridae HIV Virus Human papillomavirus Influenza virus Lassa virus average incubation period is 28 days. The disease can be prevented by vaccination, and hepatitis A vaccine has been proven effective in controlling outbreaks worldwide. it is nonenveloped and contains a single-stranded RNA packaged in a protein shell. There is only oneserotype of the virus, but multiple genotypes exist. Codon use within the genome is biased and unusually distinct from its host. It also has a poor internal ribosome entry site In the region that codes for the HAV capsid there are highly conserved clusters of rare codons that restrict antigenic variability. HIV is a virus: the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Actually, it s a retrovirus retroviruses like HIV cannot reproduce on their own they need to infect the cells of another living organism in order to make copies of themselves. For many viruses, the human immune system can find them and deal with them fairly quickly. HIV, though, is different it attacks the cells of the human immune system itself, taking them over and turning them into factories to produce more HIV cells, before destroying the host cell. Over time, more and more HIV cells are produced, and the human immune system is weakened and ultimately destroyed, leaving the person open to a wide range of infections often called opportunistic infections or OIs. It is often such an OI that will lead to the death of the infected person. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus from the papillomavirus family that is capable of infecting humans. Like all papillomaviruses, HPVs establish productive infections only in keratinocytes of the skin or mucous membranes. While the majority of the known types of HPV cause no symptoms in most people, some types can cause warts (verrucae), while others can in a minority of cases lead to cancers of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis,oropharynx and anus. Recently, HPV has been linked with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. In addition, HPV 16 and 18 infections are strongly associated with an increased odds ratio of developing oropharyngeal (throat) cancer. Influenza A virus causes influenza in birds and some mammals, and is the only species of influenzavirus A. Strains of all subtypes of influenza A virus have been isolated from wild birds, although disease is uncommon. Some isolates of influenza A virus cause severe disease both in domestic poultry and, rarely, in humans. Occasionally, viruses are transmitted from wild aquatic birds to domestic poultry, and this may cause an outbreak or give rise to human influenza pandemics. Influenza A viruses are negative-sense, single-stranded, segmented RNA viruses. The several subtypes are labeled according to an H number (for the type ofhemagglutinin) and an N number (for the type of neuraminidase). There are 17 different H antigens (H1 to H17) and nine different N antigens (N1 to N9). Lassa virus (LASV) is an Old World arenavirus that causes Lassa hemorrhagic fever, a type of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) in human and non-human primates. Lassa virus is an emerging virus and a select agent, requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment. It is endemic in West African countries, especially Sierra Leone, the Republic of Guinea,

235 234 Genus: Arenavirus Species: Lassa virus Nigeria and Liberia, where the annual incidence of infection is between 300,000 and 500,000 cases, resulting in 5,000 deaths per year. Recent discoveries on the Lassa Virus within the Mano River Region is that evidence has been discovered that will require to expand the endemicity zone between the two known Lassa endemic regions indicating that LASV is more widely distributed throughout the Tropical Wooded Savanna ecozone in West Africa. Currently, there are no approved vaccines against Lassa fever for use in humans. 13 Group: Group V ((-)ssrna) Family: Paramyxovirus Genus: Morbilivirus Species: Measles virus Measles virus Measles (also sometimes known as English measles), also known as morbilli, is an infection of the respiratory system caused by a virus, specifically a paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. Morbilliviruses, like other paramyxoviruses, are enveloped, single-stranded, negativesense RNA viruses. Symptoms include fever, cough, runny nose, red eyes and generalized, maculopapular, erythematous rash. Measles is spread through respiration (contact with fluids from an infected person's nose and mouth, either directly or through aerosol transmission), and is highly contagious 90% of people without immunity sharing living space with an infected person will catch it. 14 Group: Group V ((-)ssrna) Order: Mononegavirales Family: Paramyxovirus Genus: Rubulavirus Species: Mumps virus 15 Group: Group V((-)ssRNA) Order: Mononegavirales Family: Paramyxoviridae Genus: Avulavirus Species: Newcastle disease virus Mumps virus Newcastle disease virus Mumps is one of the commonly acquired viral diseases of childhood and is the most common cause of aseptic meningitis. However, its incidence in developed countries has decline dramatically since the advent of vaccination. Mumps is a disease of childhood, the highest incidence occurs in children between 5-9 years of age. The disease is less contagious than other childhood diseases such as measles and varicella. According to a recent epidemiological survey in America, 10% of the population had mumps during each of the first 5 years of life, 74% had it by age 10, and 95% by 20 years of age. Mumps is endemic in most urban areas. In temperate zones, a seasonal variation is evident, the highest incidence being around January to May. No such seasonal variation exists in tropical countries. The most well known avian paramyxovirus in the genus avulavirus and the cause of a highly infectious pneumoencephalitis in fowl. It is also reported to cause conjunctivitis in humans. Transmission is by dropletinhalation or ingestion of contaminated water or food. It is a contagious bird disease affecting many domestic and wild avian species; it is transmissable to humans. First found innewcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom in 1926, then by Burnet in 1943 in Australia in connection with laboratory infection, where the virus was isolated from a ocular discharge of a patient to show the specific antibody titre in the patient's blood. Newcastle has a negative-sense, single-stranded genome which codes for a RNA-directed RNA polymerase, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein, fusion protein, matrix protein, phosphoprotein and nucleoprotein in the 5' to 3' direction. Its effects are most notable in

236 Group: Group IV ((+)ssrna) Order: Picornavirales Family: Picornaviridae Genus: Enterovirus Species: Poliovirus Poliovirus domestic poultry due to their high susceptibility and the potential for severe impacts of an epizootic on the poultry industries. It is endemic to many countries. Poliovirus, the causative agent of poliomyelitis, is a human enterovirus and member of the family of Picornaviridae. It is composed of an RNA genome and a protein capsid. The genome is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome that is about 7500nucleotides long. The viral particle is about 30 nanometres in diameter with icosahedral symmetry. Because of its short genome and its simple composition only RNA and a non-enveloped icosahedral protein coat that encapsulates it poliovirus is widely regarded as the simplest significant virus. Poliovirus was first isolated in 1909 by Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper. 17 Group: Group V ((-)ssrna) Order: Mononegavirales Family: Rhabdoviridae Genus: Rhabdovirus Rhabdovirus Rhabdoviruses are viruses belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae, which is in the order Mononegavirales. The name is derived from the Greek rhabdosmeaning rod referring to the shape of the viral particles. Rhabdoviruses infect a broad range of hosts throughout the animal and plant kingdoms. Animal rhabdoviruses infect insects, fish, and mammals, including humans. 18 Group: Group IV ((+)ssrna) Family: Togaviridae Genus: Rubivirus 19 Group: Group III ((dsrna) Order: Unassigned Family: Reoviridae Subfamily: Sedoreovirinae Genus: Rotavirus Rubivirus Rotavirus Rubella virus is the pathogenic agent of the disease Rubella, and is the cause of congenital rubella syndrome when infection occurs during the first weeks of pregnancy. Humans are the only known host of this virus. it is the only member of the genus of Rubivirus and belongs to the family of Togaviridae, whose members commonly have a genome of singlestranded RNA of positive polarity which is enclosed by an icosahedral capsid. The molecular basis for the causation of congenital rubella syndrome are not yet completely clear, but in vitro studies with cell lines showed that Rubella virus has an apoptotic effect on certain cell types. There is evidence for a p53-dependent mechanism Rotavirus is the most common cause of diarrhea among infants and young children and is one of several viruses that cause the stomach flu. It is in the family Reoviridae and is a genus of double-stranded RNA. Most children have been infected by the age of five. Each infection builds on previous immunity and thus subsequent infections are less severe and adults are rarely affected. The fives species of the virus are referred to as A, B, C, D, and E. Type A, which is the most common, causes more than 90% of infections in humans. 20 Group: Group IV ((+)ssrna) Rubivirus Rubella virus is the pathogenic agent of the disease Rubella, and is the cause of congenital rubella syndrome when infection occurs during the first weeks of pregnancy. Humans are the only known host of this virus.it is the only member of the genus

237 236 Family: Togaviridae Genus: Rubivirus of Rubivirus and belongs to the family of Togaviridae, whose members commonly have a genome of singlestranded RNA of positive polarity which is enclosed by an icosahedral capsid. The molecular basis for the causation of congenital rubella syndrome are not yet completely clear, but in vitro studies with cell lines showed that Rubella virus has an apoptotic effect on certain cell types. There is evidence for a p53-dependent mechanism 21 Group: Group I (dsdna) Family: Herpesviridae Subfamily: Alphaherpesvirinae Genus: Simplexvirus 22 Group: Group IV (ssrna- RT) Family: Reoviridae Subfamily: Orthoretrovirinae Genus: Deltaretrovirus Species: Simian T- lymphotropic virus Simplexvirus Simian T- lymphotropic virus Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), also known as Human herpes virus 1 and 2 (HHV-1 and -2), are two members of the herpesvirus family, Herpesviridae, that infect humans. Both HSV-1 (which produces most cold sores) and HSV-2 (which produces most genital herpes) are ubiquitous and contagious. They can be spread when an infected person is producing and shedding the virus.symptoms of herpes simplex virus infection include watery blisters in the skin or mucous membranes of the mouth, lips or genitals. Lesions heal with a scab characteristic of herpetic disease. Sometimes, the viruses cause very mild or atypical symptoms during outbreaks. However, asneurotropic and neuroinvasive viruses, HSV-1 and -2 persist in the body by becoming latent and hiding from the immune system in the cell bodies ofneurons. The Human T-lymphotropic virus Type I (HTLV-1) is a human RNA retrovirus that is known to cause a type of cancer, referred to as adult T-cellleukemia and lymphoma, and a demyelinating disease called HTLV-I associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-I is one of a group of closely related primate T lymphotropic viruses (PTLVs). Members of this family that infect humans are called Human T-lymphotropic viruses, and the ones that infect old-world primates are called Simian T-lymphotropic viruses. Serotypes: HTLV-1 Virus 23 Group: Group I (dsdna) Family: Herpesviridae Subfamily: Alphaherpesvirinae Genus: Varicellovirus Species: Varicella zoster virus 24 Group: Group I (dsdna) Order: Unassigned Varicella zoster virus Variola virus Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is one of eight herpes viruses known to infect humans and other vertebrates. It commonly causes chicken-pox in children and adults and herpes zoster (shingles) in adults and rarely in children. Varicellazoster virus is known by many names, including: chickenpox virus, varicella virus, zoster virus, and human herpes virus type 3 (HHV-3). Smallpox was an infectious disease unique to humans, caused by either of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor. The disease is also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera, which is a derivative

238 237 Family: Poxviridae Subfamily: Chordopoxvirinae of the Latin varius, meaning "spotted", or varus, meaning "pimple". The term "smallpox" was first used in Britain in the 15th century to distinguish variola from the "great pox" (syphilis). The last naturally occurring case of smallpox (Variola minor) was diagnosed on 26 October 1977 Genus: Orthopoxvirus Species: Variola virus 25 Group: Group IV((+)ssRNA) Family: Flaviviridae Genus: Flavivirus Species: West Nile Virus 26 Group: Group IV((+)ssRNA) Family: Flaviviridae Genus: Flavivirus Species: Yellow fever virus 27 Group: Group V((-)ssRNA) Order: Mononegavirales Family: Filoviridae Genus: Ebolavirus Species: Zaire ebolavirus West Nile Virus Yellow fever virus Zaire ebolavirus WNV is one of the Japanese encephalitis antigenic serocomplex of viruses. Image reconstructions and cryoelectron microscopy reveal a nm virion covered with a relatively smooth proteinsurface. This structure is similar to the dengue fever virus; both belong to the genus Flaviviruswithin the family Flaviviridae. The genetic material of WNV is a positivesense, single strand of RNA, which is between 11,000 and 12,000 nucleotides long; these genes encode seven nonstructural proteins and three structural proteins. The RNA strand is held within a nucleocapsid formed from 12- kda protein blocks; the capsid is contained within a hostderived membrane altered by two viral glycoproteins. Yellow fever (also known as Yellow Jack and Bronze John[1]) is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease.[2] The virus is a 40 to 50 nm enveloped RNA virus. It is transmitted by the bite of female mosquitoes (the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, and other species) and is found in tropical and subtropical areas in South America and Africa, but not in Asia. The only known hosts of the virus are primates and several species of mosquito. The origin of the disease is most likely to be Africa, from where it was introduced to South America through the slave trade in the 16th century. Since the 17th century, several major epidemics of the disease have been recorded in the Americas, Africa, and Europe. In the 19th century, yellow fever was deemed one of the most dangerous infectious diseases Ebola virus (EBOV) causes severe disease in humans and in nonhuman primates in the form of viral hemorrhagic fever. EBOV is a select agent, World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment), National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogen, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A Bioterrorism Agent, and listed as a Biological Agent for Export Control by the Australia Group