Phylum: Echinodermata Classes: sea stars Asteroidea / brittle stars Ophiuroidea / Echinoidea - sea urchins

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1 48 Name, group Phylum: Echinodermata Classes: sea stars Asteroidea / brittle stars Ophiuroidea / Echinoidea - sea urchins Macroskopic. Sketch of a brittle star: Sea star Sketch in the brittle star. Note and write down differences between brittle and sea stars. A madrepore is visible on the dorsal side of a sea-star. It is a peroforated wartresembling plate. Mark it on the picture. What is its function? Where is Aristotles lantern situated? What is its function? What is ambulacral system and how does it work?

2 49 Phylum:... Subphylum: Tunicata Classes: Ascidiacea sea squirts / Thaliacea salps Macroskopic What phyllum do Sea sqiurts and Thaliaceans belong to? What is the way of life of Tunicates? Notes:

3 50 Phylum: Chordata; Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Petromyzontida lampreys sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus Macroskopic Sketch in the mouth.what is the food of marine lamprey? How many gill slits have lampreys? What is the anadromous migration observed in many lampreys (including the marine)? Notes:

4 51 Phylum: Chordata; Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fish Subclass: Elasmobranchii containig sharks&rays Macroscopic Sketch in the gill slits and fins of a shark. Name the fins (dorsal, pectoral, anal, pelvic, caudal). What is the name of opening behind the eye and what is its function? The scales of sharks are homologic to teeth, what is the name of this type of scales? Notes:

5 52 Phylum: Chordata; Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Actinopterygii ray-finned fishes Subclass: Chondrostei; sterlet Acipenser ruthenus Macroscopic Typical fish vertebrae (concave from both sides) Sketch in the caudal fin of sterlet, name the fins. What is the type of caudal fin in sturgeons? Sketch in the mouth, in what position to the head is it? Where do sturgeons feed and what is their main food? Notes: caudal fins: difycercous, heterocercous, homocercous

6 53 Phylum: Chordata; Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Actinopterygii ray-finned fishes Subclass: Neopterygii. Try to identify the species of fish and put them in correct taxonomical orders. zander (Sander lucioperca), sole fish (Solea sp.), pipefish (Syngnathus sp.), seahorse (Hippocampus sp.), perch (Perca fluviatilis), catfish (Silurus glandis), pike (Esox lucius), Orders: Perciformes: Pleuronectiformes: Beloniformes: Syngnathiformes: Esociformes: Siluriformes: What is the direction of reproductive migration of eels? What order(s) is typical by having ctenoid scales? cycloid ctenoid scale

7 54 Phylum: Chordata; Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Actinopterygii ray-finned fishes Subclass: Neopterygii Name, group Identify shown species and put them in correct orders. What zoogeographic regions are the species from? Name 3 other common aquarium fish species. What is their zoogeographic distribution? Some fish are viviparous, what organ is used for internal fertilisation? Notes:

8 55 Simplified illustratory key for identification of common genera and species of freshwater fishes in central Europe 1 No pair fins present. Mouth in adults is cylindric, jaws not present, covered with keratinous denticles, larval mouth is horseshoe-shaped. 7 circular gill openings, no scales covering the body......lampreys Pair fins and jaws present. One pair of gill opening....ray finned fishes 2 2(1) Caudal fin heterocecrous (the upper lobe larger than lower). Body partially covered by 5 rows of flatt rhomboid bone scales...chondrostei sturgeons Caudal fin homocercous. Body covered by scales or naked skin......teleostei 3 3(2) Small adipose fin present on the dorsum, in between the dorsal and caudal fin...4 No adiposal fin present (3) 4 long barbels present, no scales...bullhead (Ameiurus spp.) introduced, invasive species No barbels (4) Dorsal fin long, with at least 17 rays Grayling (Thymallus thymallus) Dorsal fin short with maximum of rays reaching (5) whole body surface (including the fins) densely covered by black dots rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) introduced, farmed Body covered by both black and red dots, no dots on the caudal fin brown trout (Salmo trutta) 7(3) No ventral fins. Body snakelike. Very long dorsal and anal fins and reduced caudal fin from a continuous hem...european eel (Anguilla anguilla) Ventral side of body having odd anal fin, paired ventral and pectoral fins (7) Odd barbel under mouth. Ventral fins positioned anteriorly to pectoral. Both dorsal and anal fin very long... burbot (Lota lota) freshwater relative of codfishes No odd barbels. Ventral fins behind pectorals (8) Anteriorly to the dorsal fin are 2-3 or more sharp bony rays not interconnected with the dorsal fin......stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) No loose, sharp, bony rays on the dorsum (9) Two dorsal fins. Ventral fins at the same level as pectoral, or only little bit more posteriorly positioned One dorsal fin, with at most 3 hard bony rays. Ventral fins far away from pectorals (10) Both dorsal fins and the caudal fin covered by small dark spots zander (Sander lucioperca) No dark spots on dorsal and caudal fins, but one black mark at the end of 1 st dorsal fin yellow perch (Perca fluviatilis)

9 56 12(10) Anal fin very long, 77 up to 92 rays, in contact with round caudal fin. Tiny dorsal fin, 2 long barbels on upper jaw, 4 shorter barbels on lower jaw wels catfish (Silurus glanis) Anal fin consistingo of less than 70 rays (12) Dorsal fin at the same level as anal fin, head flattened northern pike (Esox lucius) Dorsal fin in usual position (13) Dorsal fin long, at least 17 rays. The longest hard ray of the dorsal an anal fin carrying denticles on the posterior edge Dorsal fin short, maximum of 14 rays. Anal fin without the hard ray with denticles (14) 4 barbels... carp (Cyprinus carpio) no barbels...carassius sp. 16(14) 2 or 4 barbels no barbels (16) 4 barbels. common barbel (Barbus barbus) 2 barbels (17) Very small scales. No spots on fins, round edges of fins...tench (Tinca tinca) Large scales, fins with spots, edges of fins straight, caudal fin with evident concavity... gudgeon (Gobio sp.) 19(16) Eyes positioned very low, in lower half of head, the lower edge of eye being lower than the mouthline.... bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys sp.) introduced Eyes in usual position (19) Anal fin long, at least 19 soft rays.. common bream (Abramis brama) Anal fin short, 6 to 14 soft rays (20) Lower jaw longer than upper jaw, with the frontal edge with a node that fits a concavity in the upper jaw. Terminal, large mouth, edge up to the eye...asp (Aspius aspius) No concavity in upper jaw. Inferior mouth, if terminal then small (with one exception in case of chub) (21) Small superior mouth. Dorsal fin is behind the level of the ventral fins common rud (Scardinius erythropthalmus) Dorsal fin at the level of the ventral fins (22) Dorsal and caudal fin with concavity. Red iris. Common roach (Rutilus rutilus) Dorsal and caudal fin with rounded. Iris green, grey-green......chub (Leuciscus cephalus)

10 57 List of species in the ilustratory key for identification Species order 1. European brook lamprey Lampetra planeri (Bloch, 1784) (Petromyzontiformes) 2. sterlet Acipenser ruthenus Linnaeus, 1758 (Acipenseriformes) 3. European eel Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) (Anguilliformes) 4. Common roach Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cypriniformes) 5. European chub Leuciscus cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cypriniformes) 6. Common rud Scardinius erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus, 1758)(Cypriniformes) 7. asp Aspius aspius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cypriniformes) 8. tench Tinca tinca (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cypriniformes) 9. gudgeon Gobio gobio (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cypriniformes) 10. common barbel Barbus barbus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cypriniformes) 11. common bream Abramis brama (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cypriniformes) 12. crucian carp Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cypriniformes) 13. common carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 (Cypriniformes) 14. bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844) (Cypriniformes) 15. wels catfish Silurus glanis Linnaeus, 1758 (Siluriformes) 16. brown bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus (Lesueur, 1819) (Siluriformes) 17. brown trout Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758 (Salmoniformes) 18. rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) (Salmoniformes) 19. grayling Thymallus thymallus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Salmoniformes) 20. northern pike Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758 (Esociformes) 21. burbot Lota lota (Linnaeus, 1758) (Gadiformes) 22. stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758 (Gasterosteiformes) 23. yellow perch Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758 (Perciformes) 24. zander Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) (Perciformes) pictures downloaded from:

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17 64 Phylum: Chordata; Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Amphibia Order: Caudata salamanders and newts Mark the names of the presented amphibians. What is neoteny? What are the differences between larvae of frogs and caudates (e.g. newts)? What type of fertilisation is more common in frogs, which in caudates? What body changes enabled first amphibians to live on dry land? Notes:

18 65 Phylum: Chordata; Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Amphibia Order: Anura Frogs : Egg strings of toads tadpoles metamorphs Amplexus: What is the most common habitat of frog larvae? What are the exceptions? What are parotoid glands in toads? The pictures show 5 frog genera belonging to 5 families, name them. Xenopus, Rana, Hyla, Bufo, Bombina Notes:

19 66 Phylum: Chordata; Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Reptilia Order: Testudines Turtles What are the proper terms for the ventral and dorsal parts of turtle s shell? What layers is the shell made of? What is the basic difference between eggs of reptiles(and birds) and amphibian eggs? notes:

20 67 Phylum: Chordata; Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata scaled reptiles Suborder: Lacertilia lizards Identify the families of presented animals, if possible also the species (use the tags :) What is special about the genus Heloderma? What are the differences between ovipary, ovovivipary and true vivipary? notes:

21 68 Phylum: Chordata; Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata scaled reptiles Suborder: Serpentes snakes Identify the genera and families of presented snakes. What is the function of the pits under nostrils in rattlesnakes (and other pit vipers)? By what features can you distinguish legless lizards from snakes? What are the three main types of venom apparat (type of venom delivery system) in snakes? notes: