A REVISION OF THE CICADAS OF THE PURANA CARMENTE GROUP (HOMOPTERA, CICADIDAE) FROM THE ORIENTAL REGION

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1 M. A. SCHOUTEN & J. P. DUFFELS Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (Zoological Museum), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands A REVISION OF THE CICADAS OF THE PURANA CARMENTE GROUP (HOMOPTERA, CICADIDAE) FROM THE ORIENTAL REGION Schouten, M. A. & J. P. Duffels, A revision of the cicadas of the Purana carmente group (Homoptera, Cicadidae) from the Oriental region. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 145: 29-46, figs. 1-20, table 1. [ISSN ]. Published 1 June The Purana carmente group is proposed for a supposedly monophyletic group of seven cicada species from the Oriental region. Two species of this group are redescribed: P. carmente from Java and Sumatra, and P. barbosae from Jolo (Philippines); the latter species is taken out of synonymy with P. carmente. Four species are described here for the first time: P. hermes sp. n. from Sabah and Sarawak, P. infuscata sp. n. from Borneo, P. obducta sp. n. from the Malayan Peninsula, Sabah, and Sarawak, and P. sagittata sp. n. from the Malayan Peninsula. P. dimidia, which was recently described from China and Vietnam, also belongs to this group. A key to identify the males and distribution maps of the species are provided. Correspondence: M. A. Schouten, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (Zoological Museum), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Plantage Middenlaan 64, NL DH Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Key words. Cicadidae; Purana; carmente group; phylogeny; taxonomy; new species; Southeast Asia; Oriental region. Distant (1905a) erected the genus Purana when he divided Leptopsaltria Stål, 1866 in three genera: Leptopsaltria, Purana, and Maua. In Distant s catalogue (1906) these genera were placed in the division Dundubiaria. In 1923, Moulton transferred Purana and the genera Leptopsaltria, Maua, Nabalua Moulton, 1923, and Tanna Distant, 1905 to the new section Leptopsaltriaria, characterised by the presence of tubercles on the ventral side of the male abdomen. Metcalf (1963) classified the Leptopsaltriaria as a subtribe of the tribe Dundubiini, and added several genera that lack the characteristic tubercles on the male abdomen to that group. In this paper, we follow Moulton s restricted concept of the Leptopsaltriaria. Moulton (1923) distinguished the genera Leptopsaltria, Purana, and Maua, largely upon morphometric characters as relative length and width of head, thorax, and abdomen. In our view it is highly questionable whether these characters can be used to unravel the phylogenetic relationships within the Leptopsaltriaria. The recent recognition of the monophyletic Purana nebulilinea group by Kos and Gogala (2000) was a first step to a classification of Purana and related genera based on phylogenetic reconstruction. Their morphological study of the male genitalia of a number of species of Purana and Maua suggested that the genus Purana is paraphyletic. Kos & Gogala (2000) supposed that Purana ubina Moulton, 1923 and its relatives and Maua quadrituberculata (Signoret, 1847) and its relatives form one monophyletic group. The present paper proposes another supposedly monophyletic group, the Purana carmente group, for seven species: P. carmente (Walker, 1850), P. barbosae (Distant, 1889), and P. dimidia Chou & Lei, 1997, and 4 new species: P. obducta, P. hermes, P. infuscata, and P. sagittata. The species of the group are described and relationships within the group are investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS The following abbreviations for the institutions, which are the depositories of the material studied, have been used in the lists of material and throughout the text: BMNH BPBM CAS NMWC The Natural History Museum (formerly: British Museum (Natural History)), London Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu California Academy of Sciences, Department of Entomology, San Francisco National Museum of Wales, Cardiff 29

2 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 145, 2002 MNM PMSL UKM RMNH UMS ZMAN Muzium Negara Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur Prirodoslovni Muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana Pusat Sistematik Serangga, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum (formerly Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie), Leiden Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu Zoölogisch Museum, Amsterdam The following geographical sources were used for tracing the co-ordinates of localities: The Times Atlas of the World (Anonymous 1994), GEOnet Names Server of the U.S. Defence Mapping Agency ( gnpswww.nima.mil/geonames/gns/index.jsp), Andrees allgemeiner Handatlas (Anonymous 1906), Nelles Road Atlas Southeast Asia excluding Indonesia (Anonymous 1992), Aardrijkskundig woordenboek van Nederlandsch Oost-Indië (Dumont 1917), Atlas van Tropisch Nederland (Anonymous 1938). The localities and other label data of the specimens studied for this revision were filed in a FileMaker Pro 4.0 database. The maps of the species distributions were printed from this database using the programme MapInfo for Power Mac, version 4.0.3, on maps of ADC-Worldmap version 2.0 vol. 4 Southern Asia & Australia. Random selections of specimens (or all available specimens) were used for calculating the ranges, averages and standard deviations of the size of the body and body parts mentioned in the descriptions. Measurements were taken using a sliding calliper. PHYLOGENY The Purana carmente group is erected to accommodate P. carmente and its related species. The monophyly of this group is based on three presumed apomorphic characters: (1) male timbal cover with triangular, black marking (2) basal veins of the 2nd and 3rd apical areas of the tegmina not or very weakly infuscated, and (3) male opercula relatively long and slender, reaching or passing the posterior margin of the 3rd abdominal segment. The species centred around Purana tigrina form the most likely sister group of the P. carmente group. Purana tigrina and its relatives are characterised by the prominently infuscated 2nd and 3rd apical areas of tegmina and the elongated, first pair of tubercles. The sister group relationship of the P. carmente group and the P. tigrina group is supported by the following characters: the predominantly black lower part of postclypeus and mandibular plate, and the small first apical cell of the tegmina. A phylogenetic analysis was carried out in order to investigate the relationships within the P. carmente group. Purana tigrina was used as outgroup for this Table 1. Character state matrix for the species of the Purana carmente group and the outgroup used in the cladistic analysis. Numbers refer to the characters as discussed in the text. analysis. The characters used are discussed below and the matrix is given in table Medial margin of male operculum: (0) shaded with black (figs. 6, 9, 13, 14); (1) with broad black band (figs. 3, 12, 19). 2. Male operculum: (0) short, reaching no further than half or two thirds of 3rd abdominal segment; (1) long, reaching beyond two thirds or even beyond posterior margin of 3rd abdominal segment. 3. Basal pygofer lobes: (0) long, only basally connected to lateroventral part of pygofer (figs. 4, 15-17); (1) short, for the greater part connected to pygofer (figs. 7, 10, 20). 4. Uncus: (0) uncus with median lobe, but without lateral lobes (figs. 4, 15, 16, 17, 20); (1) uncus with a median and two lateral lobes (figs. 7, 10). 5. Claspers: (0) absent (figs. 4, 7, 10, 20); (1) present (figs ). 6. Dark patches on pronotal collar just in front of the anterior ends of the lateral mesonotal fasciae: (0) small, not connected with lateral fasciae of mesonotum; (1) broad, usually connected with lateral fasciae of mesonotum. The analysis (exhaustive search) resulted in one single most parsimonious tree with a length of nine steps, which is given in fig. 1. BIOGEOGRAPHY P. carmente P. barbosae P. obducta P. hermes P. infuscata P. sagittata P. dimidia ? P. tigrina According to Moulton (1923), Metcalf (1963), Duffels & Van der Laan (1985), Chou et al. (1997), and Kos & Gogala (2000), the genus Purana comprises at least 35 species, which are distributed mainly in Southeast Asia: Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, the Malayan Peninsula, Philippines, and the Greater Sunda Islands, but also occur in India, Sri Lanka, China, Taiwan, and Japan. So far, only two species of Purana have been recorded from east of Wallace s Line: P. celebensis (Breddin, 1901) from Sulawesi and P. carolettae (Esaki, 1936) from the Caroline Islands in the Pacific. 30

3 SCHOUTEN & DUFFELS: Purana carmente group Fig. 1. Cladogram showing the relationships between the species of the Purana carmente group. Numbers refer to characters discussed in the text. Closed bars are synapomorphies (5* is a reversal), open bars are homoplasies. The Purana carmente group is distributed in Vietnam, the southern part of China, the southern Philippines, the Malayan Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Java. The cladogram of the group (fig. 1) shows that the carmente group can be subdivided in two monophyletic groups. The first group is distributed in the Greater Sunda Islands and the Malayan Peninsula. It consists of four species: P. carmente from Java (and known from one locality in southern Sumatra), P. infuscata and P. hermes from Borneo and P. sagittata from the Malayan Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. The second group has a more northern distribution. This group consists of P. dimidia from Vietnam and China, P. barbosae from the southern Philippines, and P. obducta from the Malayan Peninsula and Borneo. P. dimidia from the mainland of South East Asia is the sister species of the other two species. TAXONOMY Characterisation of the Purana carmente group The species of the carmente group show a striking similarity in external characters but a great diversity in structure of male genitalia and in shape and coloration of the male operculum. The body is relatively small: body length of males mm, of females mm. Body generally ochraceous to dark brown, sometimes with an olivaceous tinge on parts of head and thorax, especially in fresh specimens; pronotal collar and vertex lobes somewhat lighter. Markings on head and thorax distinct. Lower part of postclypeus and mandibular plate predominantly black and covered with long silver setae and white wax. Each of the lateral ocelli enclosed by a black, triangular marking. Pronotum with two narrow, black central fasciae and variable markings on and along the fissures. Anterior margin of pronotum medially with narrow black band. Posterior margin of pronotal collar shaded with black. Mesonotal markings consisting of five distinct, brown to black fasciae: a median fascia, a pair of paramedian fasciae, and a pair of lateral fasciae. A pair of black dots in front of anterior angles of cruciform elevation. Tegmina hyaline, sometimes slightly bronzed towards apex, basal cell ochraceous; venation ochraceous in basal half, brownish to black in apical part. Dorsal side of abdomen densely covered with fine, short, golden setae. Posterior margins of tergites with narrow black band. All species have a pair of dark tubercles on sternites 3 and 4. Timbal covers with distinct triangular brown to black marking reaching from posterior margin of timbal cover to the anterior. Male opercula narrow, elongate, and wide apart, their apices obtusely angulate, but variable in shape, length and colour. Female opercula short. Male genitalia with a pair of distinct basal pygofer lobes and a median uncus lobe, while some species have a pair of lateral uncus lobes or a pair of claspers. Identification The species of the Purana carmente group mainly differ in characters of the male genitalia and the male operculum. Identification of the females of the carmente group is difficult, since the coloration of and marking on the body are very uniform, while the small variation in these characters shows overlap between the species. Females of the carmente group can be distinguished from females of other Purana groups by the lack of infuscations on the tegmina, except for P. infuscata. The latter species has weakly developed infuscations at the basal veins of the 2nd and 3rd apical areas, and can easily be confused with other species of Purana or even Maua. 31

4 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 145, bpl ml 4 Figs Purana carmente, male. 2, body in dorsal view, Java, Soekaboemi; 3, abdomen in ventral view, Java, Soekaboemi; 4. pygofer in ventral view, holotype, Java (bpl: basal pygofer lobe; ml: median uncus lobe). 32

5 SCHOUTEN & DUFFELS: Purana carmente group Key to the males of the Purana carmente group 1. Male genitalia with a pair of claspers (figs )...2 Male genitalia without claspers (figs. 4, 7, 10, 20) Basal veins of 2nd and 3rd apical areas of tegmina weakly infuscated...p. infuscata Basal veins of 2nd and 3rd apical areas of tegmina not infuscated Uncus extremely slender, apex not bicuspidate (fig. 17)...P. sagittata Uncus broad, with bicuspidate apex (fig. 15)......P. hermes 4. Medial half of operculum heavily touched with black (figs. 3, 12, 19). Uncus with a single broad, bicuspidate median lobe (fig. 4)... 5 Medial margin of operculum with fairly narrow black marking (figs. 6, 9, 13, 14). Uncus with a broad bicuspidate median lobe and two smaller lateral lobes (figs. 7, 10) Opercula long, reaching or passing posterior margin of 3rd abdominal segment (fig. 3)P. carmente Opercula short, reaching halfway 3rd abdominal segment (fig. 19)...P. dimidia 6. Opercula triangular, tapering towards rounded apex, and long, covering 1st pair of tubercles (fig. 9)...P. obducta Opercula broadly rounded at apex and short, not reaching 1st pair of tubercles (fig. 6) P. barbosae Purana carmente (Walker) (figs. 2-4, 18) Dundubia carmente Walker, 1850: 71. Holotype : Dundubia carmente / W Type [handwritten]; Java [handwritten]; Type [printed on round label with green margin] (BMNH) [examined]. Dundubia carmente; Dohrn 1859: 73; Walker 1868: 91. Leptopsaltria carmente Distant, 1889a: 37, pl. 8 figs. 2, 2a-b; Distant 1892: ix; Bierman, 1908: 151. Leptopsaltria nigrescens Distant, 1889b: 50. Holotype Leptopsaltria nigrescens from Java, coll. Van Lansberg [not found in RMNH]; Distant 1889c: 88; Distant, 1889a: 37 (in syn. of Leptopsaltria carmente); Distant 1906: 51 (in syn. of Purana carmente); Moulton 1911: 132 (in syn. of Purana carmente); Distant 1912: 41 (in syn. of Purana carmente); Moulton 1923: 122 (in syn. of Purana carmente); Metcalf 1963: (in syn. of Purana carmente). Purana carmente; Distant 1905b: 556; Distant 1906: 51; Moulton 1911: 132; Distant 1912: 41; Distant 1913: 39; Moulton 1923: 120, 122, 168; Schmidt 1928: 108; Kato, 1932: 161; Wagner 1960: , fig. 5, Pl. 4.2; Metcalf 1963: ; Wagner 1964: Pl. 12.2; Wagner 1968: Pl. 1.2; Duffels & Van der Laan 1985: 106; Chou et al. 1997: 230, 368. Purana carmente carmente; Moulton 1923: 122, Metcalf 1963: 465. The following references probably relate to other species: Purana carmente; Zaidi et al. 1990: 265 (=?P. obducta). Purana carmente; Zaidi & Ruslan 1998: 349 (=?P. obducta or P. hermes). Males of Purana carmente can be distinguished from other species in the carmente group by a very broad and triangular uncus and by an operculum that is black for the greater part, pointed outward and reaches to the 4th abdominal segment. P. carmente is quite similar to P. hermes in shape and coloration of the male opercula, though the medial part of the operculum of the latter species is less heavily coloured with black. Specimens collected by J. M. A. van Groenendael are considerably darker than other specimens, probably due to conservation or preparation. Description Head. Ochraceous to tawny. Eyes encircled with black, the black markings tend to narrow or to be interrupted at level of the vertex lobes. Genae just below antennae with a transverse fascia between eyes and postclypeus. Lower half of mandibular plate black. Ventral part of postclypeus with two paramedian series of 3-4 fairly long and 3-4 short, brown to black, transverse streaks. The transverse streaks are medially connected by an brown to black arcuate line that encloses a broad midventral part of the ground colour and continues into the black coloration covering basal one fourth of postclypeus at clypeal suture. Lateral sides of anteclypeus black. Lateral parts of anteclypeus with white pubescence, mandibular plates silvery hirsute. Black-tipped rostrum reaching posterior margin of 2nd abdominal segment. Each of the lateral ocelli enclosed by a distally broadening, and proximally attenuating, triangular black-brown marking, which reaches beyond median ocellus and proximally (almost) reaches anterior margin of pronotum. These triangular markings are more or less broadly connected at median ocellus. A pair of broad, convex Y-shaped figures, with outer arms longer than inner arms, run parallel to lateral margins of the triangular spots, but are not very clear in the holotype. Thorax. Pronotum. Ochraceous to tawny or dark-brown. Pronotal collar somewhat paler than rest of pronotum and mesonotum. Anterolateral corner of pronotum collar rounded with short and blunt lateral tooth; posterolateral corner bent upward. Two narrow black central fasciae reach from anterior margin of pronotum to pronotum collar, dilated at anterior margin and half-moon- to crescent-shaped posteriorly. A pair of, sometimes very light, brownish to black spots between anterior and posterior oblique fissures. The brown or black colour of the posterior oblique fissure continues posteriorly in lateral direction into a narrow dark brown or black line on ambient fissure. Pronotal collar with dark patches just in front of 33

6 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 145, ll ml 7 Figs Purana barbosae, male, holotype, Jolo. 5, body in dorsal view; 6, abdomen in ventral view; 7, male pygofer in ventral view (ll: lateral uncus lobe; ml: median uncus lobe). 34

7 SCHOUTEN & DUFFELS: Purana carmente group proximal ends of lateral mesonotal fasciae. Pronotal collar with narrow black line along posterior margin. Mesonotum. Ochraceous to tawny or dark brown. Median fascia dark brown to black, narrowing from anterior margin to two thirds of mesonotum length, after which it broadens to 2-4 times its anterior width, only to narrow again more distally, the fascia incidentally continues on the cruciform elevation. The slightly oblique paramedian fasciae curve inward to middle of mesonotum and slightly widen posteriorly. A pair of black dots in front of anterior angles of cruciform elevation. Lateral fasciae conspicuous, about 2-4 times as broad as narrowest part of median fasciae, irregular in shape, and reaching from anterior to nearly posterior margin of mesonotum. A narrow black fascia along posterior rim of cruciform elevation. Tegmina and wings. Hyaline, slightly bronzed toward apex, basal cell hyaline. Venation ochraceous in basal half, brownish to black in apical half. Tegmina without infuscations. Fourth apical area of tegmina about 3 times as long as broad (n = 21). Legs. Coxae ochraceous. Fore femora ochraceous with brownish lines and spots. Anterior side with three spines, proximal spine at about two fifths from base, long and needle shaped; middle spine at about four fifths from base, more triangular, shorter and broader than proximal spine; distal spine immediately adjacent to middle spine, about one third as long as middle spine, and with blunt apex. Spines and areas between and around spines brown to black. Proximal and middle spines ochraceous at tip. Fore tibiae ochraceous to tawny, distally darkened. Fore tarsi brown, darkened distally, claws brown to black. Mid femora ochraceous, mid tibiae ochraceous, distally darkening, with light dorsal band from base to two thirds of length, mid tarsi and claws brown. Hind legs ochraceous, tibia with reddish spines, claws tipped black. Male operculum (fig. 3). Fairly long, times as long as broad (n = 20), reaching or passing posterior margin of 3rd abdominal segment, triangular, attenuate and pointed outwards. Apex rounded or angularly rounded, situated lateral to midline of operculum. Medial margin convex, lateral margin convex basally, and concave from two thirds of length to apex. Medial half of operculum brown to black, lateral half ochraceous, boundary more or less following the curve of lateral operculum margin, basal part of operculum black. Distance between opercula at apices times the distance at point of closest approximation (n = 20). Male abdomen. Abdomen times as long as head and thorax together (n = 21). Ground colour ochraceous. Timbal cover with triangular black marking reaching from posterior margin of timbal cover to half or three fourths of its length. Dorsal side of abdomen covered with short golden setae, which are most densely set toward the posterior. Tergite 2 occasionally with central triangular black marking, which is about 3 times as long as wide. Tergites 2-4 with two paramedian rows of bluntly triangular, black markings at posterior margins, tergites 3-6 with narrow black fasciae along posterior margins. Ventral side light ochraceous, darkening proximally; posterior third of sternite 7 and entire sternite 8 black. Ventral side of abdomen with long golden setae. Sternites 3 and 4 with a pair of well-developed, glossy, brown to black tubercles. Male genitalia (fig. 4). Pygofer ochraceous and oval shaped, slightly constricted in the middle. Basal pygofer lobes narrow and long, entirely black or darkening toward the rounded apices that reach halfway the length of the pygofer or further, and touch the median uncus lobe. Basal half of these lobes broadly connected with lateroventral part of pygofer. Median uncus lobe brown to black, fairly broad, constricted at base, triangularly attenuated towards bicuspidate apex, rounded in lateral view, and half as long as pygofer. Median uncus lobe with median suture from base to bicuspidate apex. Lateral processes of pygofer short with recurved, rounded apex, reaching just beyond anal valves. Female operculum. Very short, reaching to two thirds, or occasionally to posterior margin, of 2nd abdominal segment. Lateral and posterior margins slightly convex; laterodistal corner angularly rounded. Medial half, including lateroproximal corner, brown to black, laterodistal corner ochraceous. Operculum densely covered with silvery setae and often with powdery white wax. Female abdomen. Abdomen 0.9 times as long as head and thorax together (n = 6). Ground colour ochraceous. Dorsal side of abdomen covered with short golden to silvery setae. Tergites 2-4 with two paramedian rows of bluntly triangular, black spots at posterior margins, tergites 3-6(7) with very narrow black fasciae along posterior margins. Ventral side of abdomen with brownish marking. Abdominal segment 9 with dark coloration along ventral margins and a pair of paramedian, triangular spots at anterior margin of pygofer. Ovipositor sheath dark brown, ventral side with long setae, apex with a bundle of long setae. Ovipositor light brown. Measurements in mm (20, 6 ). Body length : (21.3 ± 0.9), : (19.0 ± 0.7); tegmen length : (26.9 ± 1.3) : (27.7 ± 0.8); head width : (6.6 ± 0.3), : (6.8 ± 0.2); pronotum width : (7.3 ± 0.3), : (7.4 ± 0.4) Distribution (fig. 18) This species is widely distributed over Java and recorded from one locality in South Sumatra. The 35

8 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 145, ll ml 10 Figs Purana obducta, male, holotype, Malaysia, Taman Negara, Pahang. 8, body in dorsal view; 9, abdomen in ventral view; 10, pygofer in ventral view (ll: lateral uncus lobe; ml: median uncus lobe). 36

9 SCHOUTEN & DUFFELS: Purana carmente group records of Purana carmente from Peninsular Malaysia (Zaidi et al. 1990) and Borneo, Sarawak (Zaidi & Ruslan 1998) probably should be ascribed to one of the new species. Material examined INDONESIA, JAVA: W. Priangan, 27.i.1933, J. M. A. van Groenendael, 1 (UKM), same data but: , 5 (ZMAN), 1, 1 (UKM), 9.iv.1937, 2 (ZMAN), 28.iv.1937, 1 (UKM) 1 (ZMAN), vii.1937, 3 (ZMAN), 2.ii.1940, 1 (ZMAN); ZW Priangan, 1800, xii.1941, J. M. A. van Groenendael, 2 (ZMAN); Soekaboemi, 2000, 14.ix.1936, J. M. A. van Groenendael, 1, same data but: 18.iii.1937, 1, 28.iii.1937, 1, 21.iv.1937, 5, 17.v.1937, 1, 8.iii.1940, 1 (all ZMAN); Soekaboemi, Djampang Kidoel, , 15.xii.1939, J. M. A. van Groenendael, 1 (ZMAN); omg. [surroundings] Soekaboemie, iv.1933, F. A. Th. H. Verbeek, 1 (RMNH); Buitenzorg, vi-viii.1881, W. C. v. Heurn, 2 (RMNH); Buitenzorg, 1921, W. C. v. Heurn, 1 (RMNH); Buitenzorg, iii.1923, P. Buitendijk, 1, 1 (RMNH); Buitenzorg, dr. J. G. Boerlage, 1 (RMNH); Buitenzorg, 1898, J. B. Ledru, 2 (BMNH); Preanger, 20.vi.1937, J. M. A. van Groenendael, 1, same data but: 10.xi.1937, 1, 14.xii.1937, 1 (all ZMAN); Preanger (?), von Beuker, 1 (ZMAN); Wonosobo, v.1909, E. Jacobson, 1 (RMNH); Gng Gedeh, 3500, 6.ii.1940, J. M. A. van Groenendael, 1 (ZMAN); Slope Goen. Gede, 3000, 23.i.1940, J. M. A. van Groenendael, 1 (ZMAN); Djampangtengah, 1500, 31.i.1940, J. M. A. van Groenendael, 1 (ZMAN); W. Semarang, Teak forest, 5.vi.1926, L. G. E. Kalshoven, 1 (RMNH); Semarang, vi.1919, E. Jacobson, 1 (BMNH); Semarang, Edw. Jacobson, 1 (RMNH); Java, 1, 1 (RMNH); Java, Ledru 1 (RMNH); Java Merid. 1500, 1891, H. Frühstorfer, 1 (BMNH); Djokjakarta, 21.v.1973, H. Hazewinkel, 1 (ZMAN); Depok bij [near] Batavia, v-vi. 1932, W. C. v. Heurn, 1 (RMNH); INDONESIA, SUMATRA: Mt. Dempo, 4.ix.1987, J. D. Weintraub, 1 (ZMAN). Purana barbosae (Distant) (figs. 5-7, 11) Leptopsaltria barbosae Distant, 1889a: 37. Holotype : Barbosae [handwritten]; Jolo [handwritten]; Type [printed on round label with red margin], Distant coll (BMNH) [examined]. Leptopsaltria barbosae; Distant 1890: pl. v, figs. 14, 14a-b; Distant 1892: xi; Moulton 1923: 122 (in syn. of Purana carmente). Purana barbosae; Distant 1906: 51; Distant 1912: 41; Moulton 1923: 122; Kato 1932:161. Purana carmente barbosae; Moulton 1923: 122, 123; Metcalf 1963: 465. The following references probably relate to other species: Purana barbosae; Zaidi et al., 1999: (=?P. obducta, P. hermes or P. infuscata). Purana barbosae; Zaidi et al., 2000: 303 (=?P. obducta, P. hermes or P. infuscata). Purana barbosae closely resembles P. carmente but differs in colour, size and shape of the male opercula. The opercula of P. barbosae are shorter, less attenuated Fig. 11. Distribution of Purana barbosae (dots), P. obducta (squares) and P. dimidia (triangles). posteriorly, and not pointed outward, while their apices are broader and more rounded, and their inner apical margins only shaded with black. The species is known only from the holotype, which is in fairly poor condition: the body is very dark and most markings are very faint, while some markings, like the lateral fasciae of the mesonotum, are almost completely absent. Description of male Head. Ochraceous to tawny. Genae with dark brown marking at inner margin of eye. Mandibular plates covered with long silvery setae, lower two thirds black. Upper half of postclypeus on both sides with a series of 4-5 pairs of short, transverse, brown to black streaks which are medially connected by an arcuate line that encloses the upper part of a broad midventral part of the ground colour and continues into a black coloration covering basal third of postclypeus at clypeal suture. Anteclypeus pubescent, lateral parts black. Rostrum ochraceous, short, apex black, reaching to halfway abdominal segment 2. Markings surrounding the ocelli as in P. carmente but very weakly developed. Thorax. Pronotum. Markings as in P. carmente, but with crescent-shaped proximal ends of central fasciae connected. Anterolateral corner of pronotal collar with a more distinct and sharper lateral tooth. Mesonotum. Markings partly very faint, probably due to immaturity of the holotype. Anterior half of median fascia narrow, posterior half twice as broad, and broadened at cruciform elevation. Paramedian 37

10 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 145, Figs Male abdomen in ventral view. 12, Purana hermes, holotype, Borneo, Sabah, Danum Valley; 13, P. infuscata, holotype, Malaysia, Sabah, Bettotan; 14, P. sagittata, holotype, Malaysia, Selangor, Ulu Gombak. 38

11 SCHOUTEN & DUFFELS: Purana carmente group fasciae narrow and more strongly curved inwards than in other species of the carmente group. A pair of round black spots in front of cruciform elevation. Lateral markings faint and about as wide as, or slightly wider than, posterior part of median fascia. Tegmina and wings. As in P. carmente. Legs. As in P. carmente, but proximal spine a little longer, and angle between femur and proximal spine more acute. Operculum (fig. 6). Short, about 1.4 times as long as broad, reaching to halfway abdominal segment 3, apex broadly rounded, situated medial of mid-line of operculum. Lateral margin straight, medial margin almost straight. Basal part of operculum dark brown. Medial and apical margins of operculum shaded with dark brown. Distance between opercula at apices 2.7 times the distance at point of closest approximation. Abdomen. Slender, 1.7 times as long as broad. Dorsal side of abdomen without markings. Lateral half of timbal cover mainly black. Tubercles on segment 4 smaller, more elongate, and more directed outwards than the round, distally directed tubercles on segment 3. Genitalia (fig. 7). Pygofer ochraceous, narrow at base, abruptly broadened in the middle, and narrowing distally. Basal pygofer lobes short, reaching halfway the pygofer length, and broadly connected to anterolateral part of pygofer. Uncus brown to black with a broad median lobe, which has a sutural line from its base to its blunt bicuspidate apex; median lobe fused with pair of somewhat shorter, flattened, fairly broad and rounded, lateral lobes. Lateral processes of pygofer short with recurved, rounded apices, which do not reach beyond anal valves. Measurements in mm. Body length: 22.0; tegmen length: 26.7; head width: 6.5: pronotum width: 7.0. Remarks A male specimen from the northwestern part of Mindanao (Silipon, Buk. Mind. P.I. 24.vi.1932, L. Phillips collector, F. H. Wymore collection), deposited in the CAS collection, resembles the holotype in structure of genitalia and opercula. This specimen differs from the holotype of P. barbosae in the median mesonotal fascia, which is very broad along its whole length. Due to the poor state of the holotype and the lack of sufficient material for comparison this specimen from Mindanao has not been attributed to P. barbosae. Distribution (fig. 11). The holotype is from Jolo (Philippines), a small island east of Sabah. The records of Purana barbosae from Sabah, Borneo by Zaidi et al. (1999) and Zaidi et al. (2000) probably should be ascribed to P. obducta, P. hermes or P. infuscata. Purana obducta sp. n. (figs. 8-11) Type material. Holotype : MALAYSIA / Pahang / J. P. & M. J. Duffels / & M. Y. Ruslan, Taman Negara NP / Sungai Relau, E of Merapoh / 4 41 N E / 9-11.iii.1999, gardens / at light (ZMAN). Paratypes 41 3 : MALAYSIA, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: Pahang, Bukit Ibam, 90 km WNW of Kuala Rompin, ca. 50 m, 4-9.X.1961, K. J. Kuncheria collector Bishop, 1 (BPBM); Pahang, Merapoh, 31.iii.1993, Zaidi, Ruslan & Kundin, 1 (UKM); Merapoh, 30.viii.1996, Ismail & Muzamil, 1 (UKM), same locality, iii.1997, 8 (UKM); Pahang, Merapoh, Kuala Juram, 5-9.v.1997, Ruslan, Ismail, Azman & Bidi, 2 (UKM), same locality but vii.1995, Zaidi & Ruslan, 1 (UKM), same locality but iii.1997, Ismail & Muzamil, 2 (UKM); Taman Negara NP, Kuala Juram, E of Merapoh, 4 39 N E, 11.iii.1999, J. P. & M. J. Duffels, M. Zaidi & M. Y. Ruslan, 1 (ZMAN), same data but 13.iii.1999, 1 (ZMAN), 15.iii.1999, 2 (ZMAN); Taman Negara, Kuala Kenyam, viii.1995, Zaidi, Ruslan & M dir, 5 (UKM); Pahang, Frazer Hill, 1.v.1993, Ruslan & Kundin, 1 (UKM); Selangor, Bangi, 1 (UKM), 21.iii.1985, Vijay, 1 (UKM); Selangor, Bukit Kutu, 3500, 13.ix.1929, H. M. Pendlebury, Ex F.M.S. Museum, B.M , 1 (BMNH); Selangor, Bukit Kutu, 3500, 19.iii.1931, H. M. Pendlebury, 1 (MNM), same data but iv.1931, 1 (MNM); Selangor, Hulu Langat Sg Congkak, xi.1992, Zaidi & Badrol, 1 (UKM); Perak, Temenggor, Ekspedisi MNS-Belum, 21.xi- 5.xii.1993, 1 (UKM); Perak, Lata Ketabu, 9.xii.1996, Muzamil, 1 (UKM); Perak, Banding, vi.1991, Ismail, Yusof & Zabidi, 1 (UKM); Perak, Taiping, Ex F.M.S.Museum B.M , 1 (BMNH); Kelantan, Gua Musang, ii.1994, Zaidi & Talib, 1 (UKM); Gua Musang, in the town, iii.1999, J. P. & M. J. Duffels, M. Zaidi & M. Y. Ruslan, 1 (ZMAN); S. Tengah, 4.xii.1923, 1 (BMNH); Kuala Lumpur, ex coll. Agr. Dept., Ex F.M.S. Museum B.M , 1 (BMNH); Kuala Lumpur, 23.iii.1927, H. M. Pendlebury F.M.S. Museums, Ex F.M.S. Museum B.M , 1 (BMNH). MALAYSIA, SABAH: Tawau, Maliau Basin, v.1996, 1 (UMS). MALAYSIA, SARAWAK: Bidi, 1908, C. J. Brooks, 1 (BMNH); Kuching, 11.xii, 1 (BMNH). Other material: without locality, 1 (ZMAN). This species can be recognised by the male opercula, which cover the first pair of tubercles partly or completely, and are merely shaded with black along their inner apical margins. The male genitalia of the new species are rather similar to P. barbosae, but its lateral uncus lobes are more rounded. 39

12 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 145, 2002 Description Head. Ochraceous to tawny and somewhat lighter than in P. carmente. Pattern of markings on head quite similar to carmente, but on the whole somewhat narrower. Eyes encircled with black except at level of vertex lobes. Genae with transverse fascia between eyes and postclypeus just below antenna. Ventral side of postclypeus with two paramedian series of 4-5 long and 3-4 short, brown to black, transverse streaks. Transverse streaks medially connected by an arcuate line that encloses a midventral part of ground colour and continues in black coloration covering basal one fourth of postclypeus at clypeal suture. Black-tipped rostrum reaching to two thirds of 2nd abdominal segment. Black markings on mandibular plate as in carmente. Triangular markings around lateral ocelli shorter and more rounded than in carmente, not connected to anterior margin of pronotum, and sometimes enclosing a large ochraceous spot. Markings parallel to posterior margins of spots around ocelli not as distinct and more irregular shaped than in carmente. Thorax. Pronotum. Ochraceous, lighter than in P. carmente. Anterolateral corner of pronotum collar with distinct lateral tooth. Markings as in carmente but somewhat narrower. Two narrow black central fasciae reach from anterior margin of pronotum to pronotal collar; anterior ends triangular, posterior ends crescent-shaped, and not quite connected. Dark markings of posterior oblique fissures and ambient fissure somewhat less distinct than in carmente. Area between anterior and posterior oblique fissures without spots. Mesonotum. Markings as in P. carmente but narrower. Median fascia narrowing from anterior margin to two thirds of mesonotum length, where it broadens to 2-3 times its anterior width, but more distally the fascia narrows again and usually continues on the cruciform elevation. Lateral fasciae sometimes interrupted and times as broad as narrowest part of median fascia. Cruciform elevation with reddish tinge, and with a narrow black fascia along posterior margin. Tegmina and wings. Hyaline, somewhat bronzed towards apex. Venation ochraceous in basal half, brownish to black in apical half. Tegmina without infuscations. Fourth apical area of tegmina times as long as broad (n = 10) Legs. Proximal spine on fore femur a little longer than in P. carmente, and angle between femur and proximal spine more acute than in carmente. Apices of spines always ochraceous. Tibiae with reddish tinge. Male operculum (fig. 9). Fairly long, 2 times as long as broad (n = 19), reaching beyond and partly covering tubercles 3rd abdominal segment. Triangular, tapering towards rounded or angularly rounded apex. Medial margin convex; basal two thirds of lateral margin convex, apical one third weakly concave (less distinct than in P. carmente). Apex of operculum medial of midline of operculum. Ground colour ochraceous, basal part black, black band along medial margin relatively broad at base and narrow towards apex. Distance between opercula at apices times the distance at point of closest approximation (n = 19). Male abdomen. About times as long as head and thorax together (n = 19). Ground colour tawny to ochraceous. Timbal covers with triangular black markings as in P. carmente. Tergite 2 without central black marking. Black markings along posterior margins of tergites as in carmente, but less well developed. Ventral side light ochraceous, but brownish to the posterior, posterior third of sternite 7 and almost entire sternite 8 dark brown to black. Ventral side with golden setae. Tubercles on sternites 3 and 4 as in carmente. Male genitalia (fig. 10). Pygofer ochraceous, narrow at base, abruptly broadening halfway, and narrowing distad. Basal pygofer lobes short, brownish, reaching to two thirds of pygofer length, basal two thirds or three fourths of these lobes broadly connected to lateroventral part of pygofer. Uncus brown to black, consisting of a broad median lobe with blunt bicuspidate apex and two somewhat smaller lateral lobes, which are more rounded than in barbosae. Lateral processes of pygofer short with recurved rounded apex, reaching just beyond anal valves. Female operculum. Short, almost reaching posterior margin of abdominal segment 2. Lateral margin convex, posterior margin straight to slightly convex, laterodistal corner rounded. Ochraceous, medial margin more distinctly shaded with black than in the male operculum. Operculum densely covered with silvery setae, and medial half often covered with powdery white wax. Female abdomen. Abdomen times as long as head and thorax together (n =2). Ground colour ochraceous. Dorsal side of abdomen covered with short silvery hairs. Marking along posterior margins of tergites as in P. carmente. Ventral side of abdomen with numerous blackish markings. Segment 9 with dark coloration along ventral margins and a pair of triangular spots at anterior margin of pygofer. Ovipositor sheath dark brown, ovipositor ochraceous. Ventral side of abdomen with long setae, apex of ovipositor sheath with a bundle of similar setae. Measurements in mm (31, 2 ). Body length : (20.7 ± 0.7), : (18.4 ± 0.7); tegmen length : (27.4 ± 0.7), : (27.6 ± 1.2); head width : (6.8 ± 0.2), : (6.7 ± 0.1); pronotum width : (7.3 ± 0.3), : (7.1 ± 0.2). Distribution (fig. 11). This species is found in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, and Sarawak. 40

13 SCHOUTEN & DUFFELS: Purana carmente group Etymology The name of this species is derived from the Latin word obductio meaning covering, referring to the fact that this is the only species of the P. carmente group in which the opercula cover the first pair of tubercles. Purana hermes sp. n. (figs. 12, 15, 18) Type material. Holotype : BORNEO: Sabah, / Danum Valley / 5 01 N E / 20.X m / A. H. Kirk-Spriggs, NMW Sabah (Borneo) / Expedition, / NMW.Z , light trap sample / primary forest edge (NMWC) Paratypes 10 2 : MALAYSIA, SABAH: same data as holotype, 1 (NMWC); Keningau, kg. Senoa, 500 m, 7.v.1988, Nordin Wahid leg., 00261, 1 (UKM); Sandakan, Woodin, 1 (BMNH); Sandakan Dist., ix.1973, Rumidi & Labuk, 4 (BMNH) 1 (ZMAN); Tawau, Maliau Basin, vi.1996, 1 (UMS); Tawau, Brumas camp, xi.1974, C. Pruett, 1 (BMNH). MALAYSIA, SARAWAK: Mt. Dulit. R. Koyan 2500 ft Primary forest, 14.x.1932, B. M. Hobby & A. W. Moore, 1 (BMNH); Foot of Mt. Dulit, Junction of rivers Tinjar & Lejok, 1.ix.1932, B. M. Hobby & A. W. Moore, 1 (BMNH). In external features P. hermes is very similar to P. carmente, but it can be distinguished from this species by the presence of a pair of claspers in the male genitalia. The average body size of P. hermes is slightly larger than that of other species of the carmente group. Description Head. Ochraceous. Eyes encircled with black. Genae with a broad transverse line between eyes and postclypeus. Lower two thirds of mandibular plate black. Transverse streaks on ventral side of postclypeus as in P. carmente. Lateral sides of anteclypeus and ventral side of postclypeus at clypeal suture black. Anteclypeus pubescent, mandibular plate covered with long silvery setae. Black-tipped rostrum reaching posterior margin of second abdominal segment. Black markings around lateral ocelli as in carmente, sometimes with small ochraceous spots lateral of median ocellus. Y-shaped figures slightly curved outward, strongly broadened anteriorly; medial leg of Y- shaped figure sometimes interrupted. Thorax. Pronotum. Ochraceous, pronotal collar somewhat paler and with a blunt lateral tooth. Central fasciae fairly narrow, strongly dilated and triangular shaped at anterior margin, slightly broadened and cresent shaped posteriorly. Dark patch on lateroproximal angle of pronotum collar larger than in P. carmente. Mesonotum. As in P. carmente but lateral fasciae sometimes interrupted. Tegmina and wings. As in P. carmente. Legs. As in P. carmente. Male operculum (fig. 12). The shape, length, and pattern of coloration resembles that of P. carmente. Operculum times as long as broad (n = 11), reaching posterior margin of 3rd abdominal segment. Apex angularly rounded to pointed, situated medial to lateral of midline of operculum. Medial margin convex, lateral margin strongly convex at base and strongly concave from two thirds of length to apex. Boundary between black medial half and ochraceous lateral part follows curvature of lateral margin of operculum more closely than in carmente. Basal part of operculum black. Distance between opercula at apices times the distance at point of closest approximation (n = 11). Male abdomen. Abdomen times as long as head and thorax together (n = 11). Markings on abdomen as in P. carmente. Male genitalia (fig. 15). Pygofer ochraceous, long and oval as in P. carmente but without the constriction halfway. Basal pygofer lobes long (about as long as in carmente), dark-coloured, and reaching to halfway or two thirds of pygofer length. Median uncus lobe dark brown to black, slightly curved inwards, broad at base, abruptly constricted at one fifth of length, and slightly narrowing toward blunt bicuspidate apex. Clasper narrow, outwards curved, and darkened to the apex. Anal valves long and pointed. Lateral process of pygofer hairy, slightly constricted at basal part and not reaching beyond anal valves. Female operculum. Somewhat longer than in P. carmente, reaching towards posterior margin of 2nd abdominal segment. Lateroproximal corner only partly black. Operculum densely covered with silvery setae and often covered with powdery white wax. Female abdomen. As in P. carmente, but brown coloration along ventral margins of 9th abdominal segment somewhat lighter and narrower than in carmente. Measurements in mm (11, 2 ). Body length : (22.5 ± 0.6), : (19.4); tegmen length : (29.6 ± 1.4), : (27.8); head width : (6.9), : (6.7 ± 0.1); pronotum width : (7.9 ± 0.2), : (7.3). Distribution (fig. 18) This species is recorded from the Bornean states of Malaysia: Sabah and Sarawak. Etymology This new species described above is most closely related to Purana carmente. Since the name carmente was probably derived from Carmentis, the goddess of prophecy, the new species is named after Hermes, son of Carmentis. 41

14 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 145, 2002 cl ml cl ml 17 Figs Male pygofer in ventral view. 15, Purana hermes, holotype, Borneo, Sabah, Danum Valley; 16, P. infuscata, holotype, Malaysia, Sabah, Bettotan; 17, P. sagittata, holotype, Malaysia, Selangor, Ulu Gombak (cl: clasper; ml: median uncus lobe). 42

15 SCHOUTEN & DUFFELS: Purana carmente group Purana infuscata sp. n. (figs. 13, 16, 18) Type material. Holotype : MALAYSIA, SABAH: N. Borneo / Bettotan / NR. Sandakan / July 24 th 1927 / C. B. K. & H. M. P. / F.M.S. / Museums, Ex F.M.S. / Museum / B.M (BMNH) Paratypes 3 : MALAYSIA, SABAH: N. Borneo, Sandakan Dist., ix.1973, Rumidi & R. Labuk, C. Pruett, B.M , 2 (BMNH); INDONESIA, KALIMANTAN: Barabei, Z.O. Afd. Borneo, geschenk [gift] A. Pool 1883, 1 (ZMAN). P. infuscata can be separated from the other species of the carmente group by its slightly infuscated basal veins of the 2nd and 3rd apical areas of the tegmina. The male opercula are short, reach to two thirds of abdominal segment 2, and have a sparse black coloration. This species is similar to P. obducta in colour and markings on head, thorax, and abdomen, but differs in shape and structure of male genitalia and opercula. Description of male Head. Ochraceous, markings distinct. Black markings surrounding the eyes interrupted at level of the vertex lobes. Transverse fascia between eyes and postclypeus interupted or narrowed in the middle. Rostrum short, reaching halfway abdominal segment 2. Black triangular markings around lateral ocelli as in P. carmente and P. obducta, connected with anterior margin of pronotum and enclosing a large ochraceous spot. Y-shaped figures sometimes very broad. Thorax. Pronotum. As in P. obducta, but lateral tooth on pronotal collar blunt rather than pointed, and crescent-shaped posterior ends of central fasciae touching each other. Mesonotum. Markings narrow, as in P. obducta. Median fascia continuing on cruciform elevation. Lateral fascia either continuous from anterior to nearly posterior margin of mesonotum or consisting of a fascia, reaching from anterior margin to two thirds of mesonotum length, and a black spot at posterior margin. Tegmina and wings. Pale hyaline, tegmina very lightly bronzed toward apices; basal veins of 2nd and 3rd apical areas of tegmina weakly infuscated. Venation ochraceous in basal half, brownish to black in apical part. Legs. As in P. obducta. Operculum (fig. 13). Operculum short and triangular, 1.8 times as long as broad (n = 4), reaching to two thirds of abdominal segment 3. Apex sharply pointed, lateral to medial of midline of operculum. Lateral margin straight, medial margin almost straight and with fairly narrow black band. Basal part of operculum ochraceous. Distance between opercula at apices 2.7 times the distance at point of closest approximation (n = 4). Timbal cavities clearly visible from lateroventral view. Abdomen. Broad, as long as head and thorax together (n = 4). Ground colour of dorsal side ochraceous, ventral side light ochraceous. Tubercles castaneous, tubercles on abdominal segment 4 somewhat lighter than those on segment 3. Timbal covers lighter than abdomen, triangular markings small and distinct. Genitalia (fig. 16). Shape of pygofer broadly oval, slightly broadened in the middle. Basal pygofer lobes fairly long and narrow with darkened rounded apex reaching to three fourths of pygofer length; pygofer lobes connected to lateroventral part of pygofer only at base. Median uncus lobe brown to black, broad at its base, rapidly narrowing into a gently inward curving long, tongue-shaped lobe with central fissure and bicuspidate apex. A pair of slender, strongly developed black claspers is attached to basal part of uncus. Apices of claspers point downwards rather than outwards as in P. hermes. Lateral process of the pygofer rounded, short, not reaching beyond anal valve, and darkening towards apex. Measurements in mm (4 ). Body length : (21.2 ± 0.6); tegmen length : (27.3 ± 0.6); head width : (6.7 ± 0.2); pronotum width : (7.1 ± 0.2). Remarks One of the paratypes from Sandakan differs from the other three type specimens in having weakly developed black markings, especially around ocelli and on postclypeus, and in having no markings on the timbal covers at all. However, since this specimen is similar to the other specimens in genitalia, operculum and other characters, we have no doubt about its identity. Distribution (fig. 18). This species is only found in Borneo. Etymology Purana infuscata is the only species within the carmente group with weakly developed infuscations at basal veins of 2nd and 3rd apical areas of tegmina. Purana sagittata sp. n. (figs. 14, 17, 18) Type material. Holotype : MALAYSIA: Selangor / Kuala Lumpur, Ulu Gombak, / Gombak Field Station / , 250 m / T. Trilar, M. & M. Gogala leg (PMSL). Paratypes 14 5 : MALAYSIA, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA: same data as holotype but: 20.v.1996, 1 (PMSL); Johore, 2 nd mile Kota Tinggi, 1.iv.1948, J. A. Le Doux, 1 (MNM); Pahang, Taman Negara NP, Kuala Juram E. of Merapoh 4 39 N E, 15.iii.1999, J. P. & M. J. Duffels, M. Zaidi & M. Y. 43

16 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, VOLUME 145, 2002 Fig. 18. Distribution of Purana carmente (dots), P. hermes (squares), P. sagittata (triangles), and P. infuscata (diamonds). Ruslan, 1 (ZMAN); Johor, Endau Rompin N.P., NERC, N, E, disturbed forest, 15.viii.1999, J. P. Duffels, M. A. Schouten & M. Y. Ruslan, 1 (ZMAN), same locality, 17.viii.1999, M. Z. Hazman, 1 (ZMAN), same locality, 6.xi.1999, M. A. Schouten, 2 (ZMAN) 1 (UKM), same locality, 14.x.1999, M. A. Schouten & F. Cheong, 1 (UKM); Johor, Endau Rompin N.P., NERC, N, E, disturbed forest, 7.xi.1999, M. A. Schouten, 1 (UKM), same data but 8.xi.1999, 1 (UKM), 9.xi.1999, 1, 1 (ZMAN); Johor, Endau Rompin N.P., 1 st river crossing Sungai Jasin, primary lowland rainforest, 12.xi.1999, M. I. Zaidi, M. Y. Ruslan, M. A. Schouten, F. Cheong, 1 (ZMAN); Johor, Endau Rompin N.P., Bridge 9, 12.xi.1999, M. A. Schouten, 1 (BMNH), same data but: 11.xi.1999, 1 (ZMAN). MALAYSIA, SABAH: Sabah, viii.1991, L. Danum, 1 (UKM). INDONESIA, SUMATRA: Sumatra s O. K. [= Oost Kust (East Coast)], Lau Rakit, 300 m, 29.viii.1921, J. B. Corporaal, 1 1 (ZMAN). P. sagittata can be easily separated from the other species of the P. carmente group by its extremely slender and pointed median uncus lobe. In the other species of the carmente group the uncus lobes are broader and have a more or less bicuspidate apex. Dr Tomi Trilar and Dr Matija Gogala of the Prirodoslovni Muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana describe the song of P. sagittata in this issue (Trilar & Gogala 2002). Description Head. Tawny to ochraceous, fairly dark. Pattern of markings on head quite similar to P. obducta, but Y-shaped figures fairly broad. Apices of triangular markings surrounding ocelli connected to anterior margin of pronotum. Black-tipped rostrum reaching posterior margin of 2nd abdominal segment. Thorax. Pronotum. Tawny to ochraceous, fairly dark. Central fasciae posteriorly ending in two crescent-shaped, juxtaposed markings which are fused in front of pronotal collar. Pronotal collar of fresh specimens with olivaceous spot at lateroproximal corner. Mesonotum. Markings as in P. obducta but paramedian fasciae slightly oblique to almost straight, hardly dilated at anterior margin of mesonotum. Tegmina and wings. As in P. obducta, but more bronzed. Legs. As in P. obducta. Male operculum (fig. 14). Slender, times as long as broad (n=11), not reaching beyond two thirds of the 3rd abdominal segment. Apex angularly rounded, situated medial or lateral of midline of the operculum. Lateral margin almost straight. Medial margin slightly convex towards apex, and with distinct black band from base to apex. Medial half of basal part of operculum black. Opercula of fresh specimens with green tinge. Distance between opercula at apices times the distance at point of closest approximation (n=11). Male abdomen. As in P. obducta, but triangular marking on timbal cover fairly small, not reaching to halfway the length of timbal cover. Tergites covered with a dense silvery to golden pubescence, which is particularly dense on segments 7 and 8, ventral side of the abdomen with scattered long setae. Male genitalia (fig. 17). Pygofer rather small and 44