General Molluscan Characteristics
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1 Phylum Mollusca
2 General Molluscan Characteristics = mollis = soft Bilateral symmetry, secondarily assymetrcial => Soft bodied animals Coelomate and triploblastic Rich fossil record Next to arthropods, largest and most diverse Adaptive body plan Shell etc. secreted by mantle
3 General Molluscan Characteristics Thick cuticular-epidermal mantle Heart in pericardial chamber Radula Complete gut Microscopic to 20 m Giant octopus = 40kg
4 General Molluscan Bauplan = hypothetical ancestral mollusc Molluscs can be derived from single model => incorporates diagnostic features Reduced coelom = hemocoel protostyle bipectinate ctenidia = respiration/feeding radula/odontophore complex thick epidermal mantle A. Head-Foot B. Visceral Mass/Hump C. Mantle/Pallium
5 Shell Periostracum Thin layer of organic coating = conchiolin or conchin Prismatic 1 of 2 calcium carbonate layers (calcite or argonite) Nacreous or mother of pearl Aragonite arraged in parallel lamina, elastic bipolimers (chitin, lustrin and silk-like proteins) Periostracum and prismatic = secreted by specialized peripheral mantle cells Nacreous = secreted by majority of mantle
6 Bodywall Composed of 1. Cuticle Amino acids & Sclerotinized proteins = conchin 2. Epidermis Single layer Cuboidal or columnar, ciliated Secrete cuticle, shell other glandular function not known 3. Muscle layer 3 distinct layers = circular, diagonal and longitudinal
7 Nutrition and Feeding = tremendous variation (A) Grazers = gastropods/polyplacophora Patella = epiphytes/epizooites, radula and mucus laden string Katherina = subradular organ buccal cavity, mucus (B) Herbivores = gastropods Large aquatic/terrestrial plants, crop/gizzard adaptations (C) Carnivores Aplacophora = cnidarian diet Gastropoda = radula modified or proboscis Busycon/Fasciolaria = whelks, Urosalpinx/Lunatia = drillers Bivalves = muscular septa, Cephalopods = beak
8 Nutrition and Feeding (D) Scavengers/Deposit Feeders = Aplacophora, Gastropods, Bivalves Strombus = proboscis, vacuum cleaner (E) Suspension Feeders = Gastropods,Scapopods Crepidula = lengthened gills, food trapping Pteropods = mucus net, scaphopods = captacula (F) Filter Feeders = Bivalves Lengthened and folded gill filaments, plankton sieved out by gills (G) Parasites = Gastropods, Bivalves Ecoparasites = suck blood with pharynx, endoparasites = sucking porboscis, in echinoderms (Holothuroids) Entovalva = endoparasite, in holothuroid gut
9 Digestive System Complete gut, hollow tube = separate mouth/anus Some regional specialization = highest degree in cephalopods Digestive glands or caecae = digestive enzymes Most digestion intracellular Some extracellular = stomach and digestive caecae => the higher evolved the more extracellular
10 Osmoregulation/Excretion/Circulation Metanephridia = paired, called kidneys, # of pairs varies -> nephrostome -> pericardium -> nephridiophore, waste Hemolymph = open versus closed, heart& body wall propulsion
11 Reproduction Sexual, asexual is rare (A)Dioecious/ Gonochoristic Separate sexes in most molluscs Chitons, bivalves, cephalopods (B) Sequential Hermaphrodite Protandric = Gastropods male first, then female Crepidula fornicata = functional male - body size - option to become female =>depend on population structure (C) Simultaneous Hermaphrodites Both sexes in 1 animal = ovotestes Helix = courtship, spicules, determine male/female roles
12 Development Cleavage spiral (exception Cephalopods = meroblastic) Typical larva = trochophore Most extreme metamorphosis (A)Indirect = Bivalve, Gastropods trochophore - veliger (foot/shell) Free swimming or parasitic, velum Glochidia = fw bivalves, on gills, no mouth/anus, phagocytosis (B) Mixed = polyplacophora, scaphopoda trochophore - immature adult (C) Direct = Cephalopods Large, yolky, telolecithal eggs Miniature adult
13 Nervous System and Sense Organs Circumenteric ganglia, paired ventral nc Most: cerebral, pleural, pedal, visceral, buccal ns development = activity Giant nerve fibers (A)Osphradium = Sensory epithelium Chemoreceptors, sediment monitor Benthic predators, scavengers (B) Cephalic tentacles = 1 pair May bear eyes/chemoreceptors (C) Rhinophores = chemoreceptors (D) Eyes = from primitive to evolved (E) Statocysts = mobile animals (F) Aesthetes = polyplacophora photoreceptors
14 Ecology/Lifestyles (A) Hard surface dwellers = bivalves gastropods, polyplacophorans 1. Attached Crassostrea = cement glands Mytilus = byssus threads! Reduced foot, sense organs 2. Unattached 3. Boring = bivalves, e.g. Teredo (B) Soft substrate dwellers = gastropods, bivalves, scaphopods Polinices large foot like plough Strombus operculum digs into sand (C) Swimmers = Cephalopods, gastropods, bivalves Ptereopods = foot modified
15 Ecology/Lifestyles (C) Swimmers (cont.) Scallops = adductor contraction Cephalopods = mantle, jet propulsion funnel (D) Floaters = Gastropods Janthina = raft of bubbles Glaucus = bubble in stomach (E) Parasites = Gastropods, Bivalves Reduced locomotion, sensory! not typical High degree of economic and ecological importance
16 Molluscan Taxonomy Aplacophoa Monoplacophora Polyplacophora = Amphineura Scaphopoda Gastropoda Bivalvia Cephalopoda
17 Class Aplacophora = bearing no shell < 300 species described Solenogasters, i.e. Chaetoderma Vermiform, cylindrical Calcareous spicules Rudimentary mantle cavity Ctenidia (gills) not always found Foot represented by pedal grove May not represent true mollusks
18 Class Monoplacophora = bearing one shell 11 species described Thought to be extinct until 1957, good fossil record < 3cm in length Mostly deep sea animals example Neopilina
19 Class Polyplacophora = bearing many shells Chitons Examples Ischnochiton, Mopalia, Katherina About 300 described species Falttened, elongated 8 overlapping shells, unique articulation = greek tunic Tegumentum (conchiolin, spicules) No eyes/tentacles Marine, rocky intertidal Homing behavior = homing scars
20 Class Gastropoda = stomach foot Snails and slugs 40-75,000 living species Adaptive radiation = all habitats Asymmetrical Spirally coiled shell, single Torsion (A) Prosobranchia, i.e. Haliotis Marine snails, operculum, gills (B) Opisthobranchia, i.e. Aplysia Seaslugs, shell lost (C) Pulmonata, i.e. Helix/Limax Land snails, slugs Lungs, detorted, no larval stage
21 Class Bivalvia (Pelecypoda) = 2-shelled, hatchet foot Over 7000 living species Laterally compressed 2 valves, hinged Absence of head, radula, sensory structures Marine & freshwater (A)Protobranchia, i.e. Nucula Simple ctenidia, marine, deep (B) Lamellibranchia, i.e. Ostrea Freshwater & marine, single ctenidium, byssus (C) Anomalodesmata, i.e. Pandora, equivalved shells, marine, carnivorous
22 Class Scaphopoda = spade foot Tusk shells, e.g. Cadulus 350 species 1 shell, tubular, tapering, open at both ends No ctenidia or eyes Captacula = clubbed contractile Tentacles No heart/ circulatory system burrowers
23 Class Cephalopoda = head foot 650 living species Shell reduced or lost Head large/complex eyes Closed circulation Muscular funnel = jet Propulsion Benthic or pelagic, marine Behaviorally complex (A) Subclass Nautiloidea i.e. Argonauta, tentacles, no ink sac, Chromatophores (B) Subclass Coleoidea 8-10 arms, eyes, statocyst Chromatophores, ink sac
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