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1 aqua Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology Vol. 5 (4), July 2002 Aquapress ISSN

2 aqua - International Journal of Ichthyology Managing Editor: Heiko Bleher Via G. Falcone 11, Miradolo Terme (PV), Italy Tel.: Fax: heiko@aquapress-bleher.it Scientific Editor: Friedhelm Krupp Curator of Fishes Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Senckenberganlage Frankfurt am Main, Germany Tel: Fax: fkrupp@senckenberg.de Editorial Board: Gerald R. Allen Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Perth, Australia Nina G. Bogutskaya Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia Flávio C. T. Lima Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brasil Axel Meyer Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Universität Konstanz, Germany Paolo Parenti Department of Enviromental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy Mário de Pinna Museu de Zoologia da USP, São Paulo, Brazil John E. Randall Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. Richard Winterbottom Centre of Biodiversity & Conservation Biology, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada Scope aqua is an international journal which publishes original scientific articles in the fields of systematics, taxonomy, biogeography, ethology, ecology, and general biology of fishes. Papers on freshwater, brackish, and marine fishes will be considered. aqua is fully refereed and aims at publishing manuscripts within 2-4 months of acceptance. In view of the importance of color patterns in species identification and animal ethology, authors are encouraged to submit color illustrations in addition to descriptions of coloration. It is our aim to provide the international scientific community with an efficiently published journal meeting high scientific and technical standards. Call for papers The editors welcome the submission of original manuscripts which should be sent in digital format to the scientific editor. Full length research papers and short notes will be considered for publication. There are no page charges and color illustrations will be published free of charge. Authors will receive one free copy of the issue in which their paper is published and an e-print in PDF format. Subscription Notice At least one volume (4 issues) of aqua is being published per year, each issue comprising 64 pages (including cover). The subscription rate (for one volume = 4 issues) is from volume 12 on: Personal subscription: Euro 75,00 (incl. priority mail); Institutional subscription: Euro 140,00 (incl. priority mail). Subscription enquires should be sent to the publisher at the address given below or by to: aqua@aquapress-bleher.it - aqua@aquapress-bleher.com aqua binder Binders for Volumes of aqua are available at cost price Euro 12,50 (US$ 15.00) plus postage Euro 8,00 (US$ 10.00). Notice: aqua Volumes 1(1)-5(4) = 1st. binder; Volumes 6(1)-9(4) = 2nd. binder; Volumes 10(1)-13(4) = 3rd. binder; Volumes 15(1)-18(4) = 4th. binder. Special Publication Since 2003 Aquapress publishes a series of Special Publications, which are produced at irregular intervals. All Special Publications have about 100 or more pages and are available separately from regular issues of aqua. Enquiries about subscriptions and prices should be sent to the publisher at the address given here above or by to: aqua@aquapress-bleher.it - aqua@aquapress-bleher.com ISSN Publisher: Aquapress, Redazione aqua, I Miradolo Terme (Pavia), Italy Printer: Grafiche Dessì s.r.l., Torino Italy Copyediting and layout: Rossella Bulla 2002 aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology

3 aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology Arius cookei, a new species of ariid catfish from the tropical American Pacific Arturo Acero P. 1 and Ricardo Betancur-R. 2 1) Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Instituto de Ciencias Naturales), A.A (INVEMAR), Santa Marta, Colombia. aacero@invemar.org.co. 2) Universidad Nacional de Colombia/INVEMAR, A.A. 1016, Santa Marta, Colombia. pbiomar@invemar.org.co. Accepted: Keywords Arius cookei, Ariidae, sea catfishes, tropical eastern Pacific Palabras clave Arius cookei, Ariidae, bagres marinos, Pacífico oriental tropical Abstract A new species of sea catfish (family Ariidae) from the tropical eastern Pacific, Arius cookei n. sp., is described. It can be easily separated from other western American ariid species by its elongated supraoccipital process, which is 1.5 to 1.7 times longer than the width of its base (in specimens over 343 mm SL). The species is known from fresh and brackish waters from Costa Rica to Colombia. Resumen Se describe a Arius cookei n. sp., una nueva especie de bagre marino (familia Ariidae) del Pacífico oriental tropical. Esta especie se distingue fácilmente de cualquier otro árido de América occidental, por su proceso supraoccipital alargado, cuya longitud cabe de 1.5 a 1.7 veces en la anchura de su base (en especimenes mayores a 343 mm de longitud estándar). Es conocida entre Costa Rica y Colombia, en donde habita en aguas dulces y salobres. Zusammenfassung Eine neue Meereswelsart (Familie Ariidae), Arius cookei n. sp., wird aus dem tropischen Ost-Pazifik beschrieben. Sie ist leicht von anderen westlichen, amerikanischen Kreuzwelsarten an ihrem verlängerten supraoccipitalen Fortsatz zu unterscheiden, der (in Exemplaren größer als 343 mm SL) 1.5 bis 1.7 mal länger als seine Basenbreite ist. Diese Art kommt in Süß- sowie in Brackwasser von Costa Rica bis Kolumbien vor. Résumé Une nouvelle espèce de mâchoiron marin (famille Ariidae) du Pacifique tropical, Arius cookei n. sp., est décrite. Elle se distingue aisément des autres ariidés américains de l ouest par son excroissance supraoccipitale allongée, qui est 1,5 à 1,7 fois plus longue que la largeur de sa base (chez les specimens de plus de 343 mm LS). L espèce est signalée en eaux douces et saumâtres du Costa Rica à la Colombie. Sommario Viene descritta una nuova specie di pesci gatto marini (famiglia Ariidae) proveniente dal Pacifico orientale tropicale, Arius cookei n. sp. Questa specie può essere facilmente distinta dalle altre della famiglia presenti lungo la costa occidentale americana per il processo sopraoccipitale più allungato, la cui lunghezza è pari a volte l ampiezza della sua base (in esemplari oltre i 343 mm SL). La nuova specie è diffusa nelle acque dolci e salmastre comprese tra il Costa Rica e la Colombia. Introduction The catfish family Ariidae includes approximately 130 species in the world s tropical and sub-tropical seas and fresh waters (Jayaram and Dhanze, 1986). The systematic and taxonomic status of neo-tropical ariids is chaotic, since some genera lack adequate definitions and many species are undescribed. Recent counts of eastern Pacific species have ranged from 18 to 20, including one or two undescribed (Cooke, 1993; Allen and Robertson, 1994; Bussing and López, 1994; Kailola and Bussing, 1995). Kailola and Bussing (1995) presented 10 species as Arius, arguing that this genus was ad hoc, comprising many species but probably forming a non-monophyletic assemblage. We consider that five of the eastern Pacific species may be provisionally included in Arius because they have similar dentition, lapillus otoliths, and general morphology. However, in order to test their systematic status, they should be compared to the type species of the genus A. arius. Those five species are the sculptured sea catfish (also known as the bronze or Kessler s sea catfish, A. kessleri), the 133 aqua vol. 5 no

4 Arius cookei, a new species of ariid catfish from the tropical American Pacific chomba sea catfish (also known as the thicklip or thick-lipped sea catfish, A. osculus), the flathead sea catfish (A. planiceps), and two species lacking descriptions. The present paper includes a formal scientific description of one these, which is most similar to A. kessleri. Methods and materials Counts and measurements were made following Allen and Fischer (1978); all measurements were taken as the shortest line between two points. The width of the supra-occipital process was measured at the base of the process where it originates from the skull; its length was measured from the midpoint of the base to its distal end. Head depth was measured at the anterior end of the supra-occipital keel. HL is head length, SL is standard length, TL is total length. Designated types collected off the Pacific coast of Panama and Costa Rica are deposited in the fish collections of the Museo Colombiano de Historia Natural Marina, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (INVEMAR-PEC), Santa Marta, Colombia, Museo de Historia Natural of the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia (ICN- MHN), Bogotá, Colombia, and Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), San José, Costa Rica. The following specimens deposited in the fish collections of the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History (USNM), Washington DC, USA, and of INVEMAR-PEC were also examined: USNM (holotype of Arius insculptus Jordan and Gilbert), USNM (paratype of Arius insculptus Jordan and Gilbert), USNM (paratype of Arius elatturus Jordan and Gilbert ), INVEMAR-PEC 3762 (Arius kessleri Steindachner, three specimens). Arius cookei n. sp. False sculptured sea catfish, cominata jetona (Spanish). Figs. 1-2 Arius kessleri (non Steindachner, 1876); Jordan and Gilbert, 1883: Netuma kessleri (non Steindachner, 1876); Meek and Hildebrand, 1923: 119.?Netuma oscula (non Jordan and Gilbert, 1883); Meek and Hildebrand, 1923: 120. Arius sp. B; Rubio and Gutiérrez, 1992: 53, Fig. 15; Bussing and López, 1994: 62; Cooke, 1996: Fig. 1 and 5; Cooke and Ranere, 1999: Tables I, III, IV, IX. Arius sp. A; Cooke, 1993: 40, Fig. 5; Cooke and Tapia, 1994: , Table I. Arius sp. B; Kailola and Bussing, 1995: 876 Holotype: INVEMAR-PEC 3752, male, 428 mm SL. Collected by S. Corro, hook and line, 29 April 1999, 7 km from the mouth of Río Santa María, París, Herrera, Panama (8 9 N, W). Paratypes: INVEMAR-PEC 3753 (female, 419 mm SL) and ICN-MHN 5721 (male, 343 mm SL), same data as the holotype. UCR 314-3, 173 mm SL, 9-18 m, Punta Guanacaste, Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica; UCR , 378 mm SL, Puntarenas, Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica (10 00 N, W). Diagnosis An eastern Pacific species of Arius characterized by the following combination of features: head length in SL; snout overhanging the mouth, which is clearly inferior, width of mouth in HL; eye diameter in HL in specimens over 343 mm SL; width of supra-occipital process 1.6 in its length in Fig. 1. Lateral view of a male paratype (ICN-MHN 5721, 415 mm TL) of Arius cookei n. sp., from the Pacific coast of Panama. aqua vol. 5 no

5 Arturo Acero P and Ricardo Betancur-R Description Body relatively robust; depth in SL; width in SL. Head relatively wide and flattened; width in SL and in HL; depth in SL and in HL. Snout overhangs, extending well forward of mouth, length in HL. Mouth broad; lips thick and fleshy, upper lip width in HL; mandibular symphysis pointed. Three pairs of barbels (one maxillary and two mental), the maxillary pair short and narrow, length in SL, reaching base of pectoral fin spines or falling short of them. Distance between anterior nostrils in HL. Distance between posterior nostrils in HL. Interorbital distance in HL. Eye small, in distance between anterior nostrils and in interorbital distance. Post-orbital length in HL. Exposed head shield clearly visible, very rugose, extending anteriorly but not quite reaching the eyes; a broad frontal depression present, but no groove. Supraoccipital process longer than wide, narrow and keeled; width in HL; length in HL. Pre-dorsal plate narrow and crescent-shaped. Mandibular band of teeth partially exposed when mouth closed; teeth pointed, fine, and strong. Palatine teeth in four patches, the inner pair smallest and separated medially. Gill rakers on first arch ; gill rakers on second arch ; no rakers on posterior surface of first two arches. Pre-dorsal fin length in SL. Dorsal fin elements I,7; dorsal fin base in SL; dorsal fin spine height in SL. Distance between dorsal fin and adipose fin in SL. Base of adipose fin in SL, as long as, or somewhat longer than base of dorsal fin; height of adipose in SL. Pectoral fin elements I,10-11; pectoral-fin base in SL; pectoral fin spine length in SL. Anal fin rays 17-21; anal fin base in SL. Caudal peduncle depth in SL. Colour in alcohol. Brown to blackish on back, whitish below. Size. The largest specimen in the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), Panama, reference collection is 4763 g, 640 mm SL, 790 mm TL (R. Cooke pers.comm., 2002). Fig. 2. Dorsal view of the head of a male paratype (ICN- MHN 5721, 98 mm HL) of Arius cookei, from the Pacific coast of Panama. specimens over 343 mm SL; teeth on palate villiform, forming a U-shaped pattern of four closely adjoined patches, the lateral pair largest and sub-triangular; dorsal fin spine height in HL; inner margin of pectoral fin spine with strong and curved serrations. Meristic and morphometric data of the type series appear in Table I. Habitat and distribution The species inhabits fresh and brackish waters on the Pacific side of Colombia (Rubio and Gutiérrez, 1992), Panama and Costa Rica. One of the type specimens was captured between 9 and 18 m at Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica. Remarks Although this species had not been formally described, it is well known to scientists working on the fish fauna of the tropical eastern Pacific. Cooke (1993), in his paper on pre-columbian fishing practices in Panama, showed an illustration of the neurocranium of the false sculptured sea catfish. In their description of Kessler s catfish, Allen and Robertson (1994) commented on the existence of a similar undescribed species, which could be distinguished from it by the shape of the supra-occipital process. Bussing and López (1994), presented a sketch of the head of this species and a short description. Kailola and Bussing (1995) also gave a description and included it in their key to ariids of the eastern Pacific. In his paper Cooke (1966, Fig. 5f) included a picture of the lapillus otolith of the species, as well as commenting on the taxonomic status of this and other related eastern Pacific sea catfishes. Finally, using radiocarbon techniques, Cooke and Ranere (1999) reported bones of the species in archaeological sites at Parita Bay, Panama, dating back at least 6000 years. Table II compares meristic and morphometric data of the type series of the false sculptured sea catfish with Colombian specimens of the sculptured or Kessler s sea catfish, because the two species have been 135 aqua vol. 5 no

6 Arius cookei, a new species of ariid catfish from the tropical American Pacific Table I. Meristic and morphometric data on the holotype and paratypes of Arius cookei n. sp. For the paratype counts, figures between brackets indicate the number of specimens with each count. Holotype measurements are given in millimetres with the ratios on the standard length appearing between brackets. Paratype measurements are given as a range; total length and standard length are expressed in millimetres, the additional measurements are ratios on the standard length. Holotype Paratypes Dorsal fin elements I, 7 I, 7 Pectoral fin elements I, 11 I, 10(2)-11(2) Pelvic fin elements 6 6 Anal fin elements 19 17(1), 20(2), 21(1) Upper and lower gill rakers on 1st arch (3)-5(1)+8(1), 9(1), 10(2) Total gill rakers on 1st arch 15 12(1), 13(1), 14(1), 15(1) Upper and lower gill rakers on 2nd arch (1)-5(1)+10(1)-11(1) Total gill rakers on 2nd arch 13 14(1), 16(1) Total length Standard length Body depth 72.8 ( 5.9) 5.6 Body width 80.9 ( 5.3) Head length ( 3.1) Head width 94.9 ( 4.5) Head depth 68.4 ( 6.3) Snout length 39.0 (11.0) Mouth width 72.6 ( 5.9) Upper lip width 7.3 (58.6) Maxillary barbels 89.7 ( 4.8) External mental barbels 68.5 ( 6.2) Internal mental barbels 37.0 (11.6) Anterior internarial distance 44.6 ( 9.6) Posterior internarial distance 37.8 (11.3) Interorbital distance 54.2 ( 7.9) Eye diameter 11.6 (36.9) Post-orbital length 86.9 ( 4.9) 5.4 Width of supra-occipital process 22.3 (19.2) Length of supra-occipital process 36.5 (11.7) Pre-dorsal fin length 177 ( 2.4) Dorsal fin base 42.9 (10.0) Dorsal fin spine height 64.2 ( 6.7) Distance between dorsal and adipose fins ( 3.7) Pre-adipose fin length 326 ( 1.3) Adipose fin base 41.7 (10.3) Adipose fin heigth 48.4 ( 8.8) Pre-pectoral fin length 110 ( 3.9) Pectoral fin base 24.4 (17.5) Pectoral fin spine length 66.6 ( 6.4) Pre-pelvic fin length 243 ( 1.8) Pelvic fin base 16.5 (25.9) Pelvic fin length 60.2 ( 7.1) Pre-anal fin length 319 ( 1.3) Anal fin base 55 ( 7.8) Anal fin height 64.9 ( 6.6) Caudal peduncle depth 23.2 (18.4) sometimes confused in the literature. Since there are two additional available names for sea catfishes of the species group that includes this new species, we examined the types of both species. Description of Arius insculptus Jordan and Gilbert (1883) was based on two specimens and mm SL from Panama. The ratios between the length and the width of the base of their supra-occipital processes were 0.87 and 0.93, respectively. Description of Arius elatturus Jordan and Gilbert (1883) was also based on two specimens from Panama; however, the holotype seems to have been lost for more than a decade (Eschmeyer, 1998). The remaining specimen is mm SL; the ratio of the length and the width of its supra-occipital process is Since in those three type specimens the supra-occipital process is wider than it is long, they are not the same as A. cookei. The status of A. insculptus and A. elatturus remains aqua vol. 5 no

7 Arturo Acero P and Ricardo Betancur-R Table II. Meristic and morphometric data of the type series of Arius cookei n. sp. (five specimens) and A. kessleri (three specimens). Counts and measurements are given as a range; total length and standard length are expressed in millimetres, the additional measurements are percentages of the standard length. A. cookei A. kessleri Dorsal fin elements I, 7 I, 7 Pectoral fin elements I, I, Pelvic fin elements 6 6 Anal fin elements Upper and lower gill rakers on 1st arch Upper and lower gill rakers on 2nd arch Total length Standard length Body depth Body width Head length Head width Head depth Snout length Mouth width Upper lip width Maxillary barbels External mental barbels Internal mental barbels Anterior internarial distance Posterior internarial distance Interorbital distance Eye diameter Post-orbital length Width of supra-occipital process Length of supra-occipital process Pre-dorsal fin length Dorsal fin base Distance between dorsal and adipose fins Pre-adipose fin length Adipose fin base Pre-pectoral fin length Pectoral fin base Pre-pelvic fin length Pelvic fin base Pelvic fin length Pre-anal fin length Anal fin base Anal fin height Caudal peduncle depth unclear, and they should be treated as probable junior synonyms of A. kessleri as proposed by Allen and Robertson (1994) and Kailola and Bussing (1995). Some differences between our material and the descriptions of the false sculptured sea catfish included in Meek and Hildebrand (1923) (as Netuma kessleri) and Kailola and Bussing (1995) (as Arius sp. B) are worth commenting on. It seems that relative eye size varies with body size, because our smallest specimen (173 mm SL) has the largest eyes (7 times in HL) and in the four other individuals ( mm SL) the eye is relatively small ( in HL). Meek and Hildebrand (1923), who examined material between 195 and 470 mm TL, gave the eye size as varying between in HL. Both previous descriptions mentioned that large individuals possess parasphenoidal teeth-patches; we have not seen those patches, but we assume that they might be present in large females. Former authors said that the inner teeth patches on the palatine may be united medially; however, our specimens have well-separated patches. Kailola and Bussing (1995) gave a gill raker count of three on the upper limb of the first arch; all our specimens have higher figures (4-5). On the other hand, it seems that the elongation of the supraoccipital process in this species is allometric, because our smallest specimen has the shortest process (13.6 in SL) compared with others ( in SL). Also, 137 aqua vol. 5 no

8 Arius cookei, a new species of ariid catfish from the tropical American Pacific the ratio between length and width of the supra-occipital process is 1.3 in the smallest paratype and 1.6 in the rest of the type series. Meek and Hildebrand (1923) indicated that the ratio is 1.7; Kailola and Bussing (1995) recorded the ratio as varying between 1.5 and 1.7. In our specimens HL varied between 3.1 and 3.5 in SL; Meek and Hildebrand (1923) gave a wider range for that relation, between 3.1 and 3.9. Our specimens have a dorsal fin spine length in HL; however Meek and Hildebrand (1923) specimens had a longer spine, varying between 1.5 and 1.9. Both Meek and Hildebrand (1923) and Kailola and Bussing (1995) reported wide geographic distribution for the species, from Mexico to Ecuador, and that it is largely restricted to marine waters. However, its presence north of Costa Rica and south of Colombia needs to be confirmed. Cooke and Tapia (1994) pointed out that the false sculptured sea catfish is commonly found in the mouths and fresh water sections of major Panamanian rivers, up to at least 20 km from the sea. The previous confusion between A. cookei and A. kessleri, which goes back at least to Meek and Hildebrand (1923), has obscured the true geographic range and habitat of A. cookei. Etymology We name the species for Dr. Richard Cooke (STRI) for his contribution to the knowledge of eastern Pacific ariids. Acknowledgements Dr R. Cooke provided the specimens of the type series to us; he and Dr R. Robertson (STRI) reviewed the manuscript, contributed important information, hosted one of us (AAP), and collaborated in many other ways. Dr W. Bussing (UCR) assisted with the manuscript and examined the UCR specimens. L. M. Mejía (INVEMAR/UNC) examined the type material deposited in the USNM. COLCIENCIAS and the Universidad Nacional de Colombia funded this study through proposal References Allen, G. R. & D. R. Robertson Fishes of the tropical eastern Pacific. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Ed. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 332 pp. Allen, G. R. & W. Fischer Bony fishes. In: FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Central Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). (Ed. W. Fischer). Vol. I, FAO, Rome. Bussing, W. A. & M. I. L, W. A Demersal and pelagic inshore fishes of the Pacific coast of lower Central America: an illustrated guide. Special Publication of the Revista de Biología Tropical, 164 pp. Cooke, R The past and present distribution of sea catfishes (Ariidae) in a small estuarine embayment in Panama: relevance to pre-columbian fishing practices. Arqueología Contemporánea 4: Cooke, R Aportes preliminares de la arqueozoología y etnología a investigaciones sobre la taxonomía, ecología y zoogeografía de las especies de la familia Ariidae en el Pacífico Oriental tropical. Cespedesia 21: Cooke, R. & G. Tapia R Marine and freshwater fish amphidromy in a small tropical river on the Pacific coast of Panama: a preliminary evaluation based on gill-net and hook-and-line captures. Annales du Musée Royale de l Afrique Centrale, Sciences Zoologiques (274): Cooke, R. & A. J. Ranere Pre-columbian fishing on the Pacific coast of Panama. In: Pacific Latin America in Prehistory: the Evolution of Archaic and Formative Cultures. (Ed. M. Blake): Washington State University Press, Pullman. Eschmeyer, W. N Catalog of fishes. Vol. I. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, 958 pp. Jayaram, K. C. & J. R. Dhanze Evolution and biogeography of the Indian genera of the family Ariidae. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Animal Sciences) 95 (2): Jordan, D. S. & C. H. Gilbert A review of the siluroid fishes found on the Pacific coast of tropical America, with descriptions of three new species. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission 2: Kailola, P. J. & W. A. Bussing Ariidae. In: Guía FAO para Identificación de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacífico Centro-Oriental. Vol II, Part 1 (Eds. W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommers, K. E. Carpenter and V. H. Niem): FAO, Rome 3: Meek, S. E. & S. F. Hildebrand The marine fishes of Panama. Part. I. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series 15 (215): Rubio, R. & A. M. Gutiérrez Nuevos registros de peces pertenecientes a la familia Ariidae (Pisces: Siluriformes) en la costa pacífica colombiana. Revista de Ciencias 6: aqua vol. 5 no

9 aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology A review of the leucogaster species complex of the Indo-Pacific pomacentrid genus Amblyglyphidodon, with descriptions of two new species Gerald R. Allen 1 and John E. Randall 2 1) Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Francis Street, Perth, Western Australia 6000 and Conservation International, 1919 M. Street N.W. Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, U.S.A. 2) Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, HI , U.S.A. Accepted: Keywords Taxonomy, marine fishes, Indo-Pacific, Pomacentridae, Amblyglyphidodon, new species Abstract The Indo-Pacific pomacentrid Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster was previously thought to consist of several distinct geographic colour variations. However, the present study indicates there is a complex of four species: A. leucogaster (Bleeker) from the western Pacific and eastern edge of the Indian Ocean, A. orbicularis (Hombron & Jacquinot) from Samoa, Fiji, and New Caledonia, and two new species described herein A. indicus from the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, and A. melanopterus from Tonga. The members of the leucogaster complex are mainly differentiated by a combination of colour pattern and gill-raker counts. A key to the species of Amblyglyphidodon is included. Zusammenfassung Bisher wurde angenommen, dass der indo-pazifische Pomacentride Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster aus verschiedenen, bestimmten geografischen Farbvarianten bestand. Jedoch die hier angeführte Untersuchung deutet auf einen aus vier Arten bestehenden Komplex hin: A. leucogaster (Bleeker) aus dem westlichen Pazifik und östlichen Randgebiet des indischen Ozeans; A. orbicularis (Hombron u. Jacquinot) von Samoa, Fiji und Neu Kaledonien und zwei hier neu beschriebene Arten - A. indicus vom Roten Meer und Indischer Ozean und A. melenopterus von Tonga. Die einzelnen Mitglieder des leucogaster-komplexes unterscheiden sich hautsächlich durch Kombinationen von Farbmustern und Anzahl der Kiemenreusen. Ein Bestimmungsschlüssel für Amblyglyphidodon-Arten liegt bei. Résumé Le pomacentridé de l Indo-Pacifique Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster était jusqu ici considéré comme comprenant plusieurs variétés géographiques de couleur. Toutefois, la présente étude précise qu il y a un complexe de quatre espèces: A. leucogaster (Bleeker) du Pacifique ouest et de l extrémité est de l Océan Indien, A. orbicularis (Hombron & Jacquinot) de Samoa, Fidji, et Nouvelle-Calédonie, et deux nouvelles espèces décrites ici A. indicus de la Mer Rouge et de l Océan Indien ainsi que A. melanopterus de Tonga. Les espèces du complexe leucogaster sont essentiellement distinctes par le patron de coloration et par le nombre de branchiospines. S y ajoute une clé pour les espèces d Amblyglyphidodon. Sommario Si è sempre ritenuto che il pomacentride dell Indo- Pacifico Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster fosse costituito da diverse varianti geografiche distinguibili per la loro colorazione. Questo studio mostra, invece, che si tratta di un complesso di quattro specie distinte. A. leucogaster (Bleeker) diffuso nel Pacifico occidentale e nell estremità orientale dell Oceano Indiano, A. orbicularis (Hombron & Jacquinot) presente a Samoa, Fiji e Nuova Caledonia, e altre due nuove specie che sono descritte qui di seguito A. indicus dal Mar Rosso e l Oceano Indiano e A. melanopterus da Tonga. I membri del complesso di specie leucogaster si distinguono principalmente per la livrea e per il numero dei rastrelli branchiali. Viene fornita una chiave per l identificazione delle specie del genere Amblyglyphidodon. Introduction The pomacentrid genus Amblyglyphidodon Bleeker commonly occurs on coral reefs throughout the Indo- Pacific region. Until now 6 species have been recognized (Allen, 1991 and 1995): A. aureus (Cuvier), A. batunai (Allen), A. curacao (Bloch), A. flavilatus (Allen & Randall), A. leucogaster (Bleeker), and A. ternatensis (Bleeker). Allen (1991) tentatively included A. azurelineatus (Fowler & Bean) from the Philippines, but subsequently placed it in the new genus Altrichthys (Allen, 1999). One member of the genus, A. leucogaster, exhibits 139 aqua vol. 5 no

10 A review of the leucogaster species complex of the pomacentrid genus Amblyglyphidodon, with descriptions of two new species what was formerly believed to be several distinct colour patterns. Allen (1991) illustrated the typical pattern from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, as well as distinctive patterns from the Maldives, the Indian Ocean and Fiji. He noted that three geographic colour varieties were represented and that further study was required to determine if the Indian Ocean-Red Sea population was distinct. The present study reveals that it is indeed different, as are two other populations from south-eastern Oceania. One of these, from Samoa, Fiji, and New Caledonia, was previously described by Hombron & Jacquinot (in Jacquinot & Guichenot, 1853) as Glyphisodon orbicularis, but later placed in the synonymy of A. leucogaster (Bauchot et al., 1978). We herein present a brief diagnosis of this species and A. leucogaster, as well as descriptions of two new species: A. indicus from the Indian Ocean-Red Sea, and A. melanopterus from Tonga. Methods The methods of counting and measuring are the same as those described by Allen (1975) except that the lengths of the dorsal and anal spines are measured proximally at the base of the spine rather than at the point where the spine emerges from the scaly sheath. The last dorsal and anal soft ray is split at the base and is counted as a single element. The decimal figure.5 appearing in the scale count above the lateral line refers to a small truncated scale at the base of the dorsal fin. All fish lengths are standard length (SL), unless stated otherwise. Counts and proportions appearing in parentheses apply to the range for paratypes. Proportional measurements expressed as percentages of the standard length are provided in Tables I and III. Type specimens are deposited at the following institutions: Australian Museum, Sydney (AMS); Bishop Museum, Honolulu (BPBM); California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (CAS); Muséum National d Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN); National Science Museum, Tokyo (NSMT); Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Oseanologi, Jakarta, Indonesia (NCIP); Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto (ROM); National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (USNM); and Western Australian Museum, Perth (WAM). Amblyglyphidodon indicus n. sp. Figs. 1-3; Table I Holotype: WAM P , 92.9 mm SL, Villingili Island, North Malé Atoll, Maldives, outer edge of reef, 2-15 m, spear, G. R. Allen, 8 March Paratypes: AMS I , 85.0 mm, Gulf of Fig. 1. Amblyglyphidodon indicus, holotype, 92.2 mm SL, North Malé Atoll, Maldives. Photo by G. R. Allen. aqua vol. 5 no

11 Gerald R. Allen and John E. Randall Aqaba, Sinai Peninsula, 30 km south of Eilat, coral reef, 2-4 m, spear, J. E. Randall, 9 June 1972; BPBM 13877, 2 specimens, mm, same data as AMS paratype; BPBM 18901, 79.5 mm, outer reef edge on west side of Bandos Island, North Malé Atoll, Maldives, 2 m, spear, J. E. Randall, 20 March 1975; BPBM 18924, 7 specimens, mm, Villingili Island, North Malé Atoll, Maldives, outer edge of reef, 2-7 m, spear, J. E. Randall, March 1975; BPBM 32970, 2: mm, south side of Embudu Island, South Malé Atoll, lagoon reef, 8-10 m, J. Randall et al., rotenone, 18 March 1988; Maldives, CAS , 76.5 mm, same data as AMS paratype; NCIP , 3 specimens, mm, Pulau Weh, Aceh Province, northern Sumatra, Indonesia, 4-8 m, spear, G. R. Allen, 27 January 1999; NSMT-P 61776, 83.0 mm, same data as AMS paratype; ROM 46338, 3: mm, Isle du Coin, Chagos Archipelago, 100 m off jetty, rotenone, R. Winterbottom, 12 February 1979; ROM 72634, 10: mm, Isle Boddam, Chagos Archipelago,.75 km northeast of jetty, lagoon, rotenone, A. Emery and R. Winterbottom, 14 March 1979; ROM 71277, 17: mm SL, north side of Ko Lon, Andaman Sea, Thailand, m, rotenone, R. Winterbottom, 10 November 1993; ROM 71278, 15: mm, northeast side of Ko Aeo, Andaman Sea, Thailand, m, rotenone, R. Win- terbottom, 10 November 1993; USNM , 89.0 mm, same data as AMS paratype; WAM P , 87.0 mm, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, reef near Coral World, 2-40 m, rotenone, G. R. Allen, 25 November 1975; WAM P , 2 specimens, mm, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, M. Dor, February and September 1965; WAM P , 4 specimens, mm, collected with holotype. Additional (non-type) specimens ROM 46344, 12: mm, Chagos Archipelago; ROM 46335: 2, mm, Chagos Archipelago; ROM 69557, 58.0 mm, Ko Hi, Andaman Sea, Thailand. Diagnosis Dorsal rays XIII,11-13 (usually 12); anal rays II,13 (rarely 14); pectoral rays 17-18; tubed lateral-line scales 15-18; gill rakers (total, 25-28); body depth in SL; teeth incisiform, in a single row; suborbital scaled; predorsal scales extending well before nostrils, nearly to base of upper lip; general colouration silvery grading to yellowish white on belly and lower sides; back and dorsal part of head mainly green; a broad, vertically elongate greenish streak on each body scale; rear edges of preopercle and upper half of opercle dusky grey; median fins Fig. 2. Amblyglyphidodon indicus, about 80 mm total length, underwater photograph, North Malé Atoll, Maldives. Photo by G. R. Allen. 141 aqua vol. 5 no

12 A review of the leucogaster species complex of the pomacentrid genus Amblyglyphidodon, with descriptions of two new species translucent to greenish white, lower and upper edge of caudal fin narrowly blackish; pelvic fins pale yellow to white; pectoral fins translucent with small dark spot at base of uppermost rays. Description Dorsal rays XIII,12 (XIII,11-13); anal rays II,13 (one Red Sea paratype with II,14); all dorsal and anal soft rays branched, the last to base; pectoral rays 17 (17-18), the upper 2 and lowermost unbranched; pelvic rays I,5; principal caudal rays 15, the median 13 branched; upper and lower procurrent caudal rays 5 or 6, the posterior 2 segmented; scales in longitudinal series 27; tubed lateral-line scales 16 (15-18); posterior mid-lateral scales with a pore or deep pit (in continuous series) 8 (7-8); scales above lateral line to origin of dorsal fin 3.5; scales above lateral line to base of middle dorsal spine 1.5; scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin 8; gill rakers ( ); branchiostegal rays 6; supraneural (predorsal) bones 3; vertebrae Body orbiculate, the depth 1.6 ( ) in SL, and compressed, the width 3.2 ( ) in body depth; head length 3.2 ( ) in SL; dorsal profile of head with a slight convexity anterior to eye; snout shorter than orbit, its length 3.4 ( ) in head length; orbit diameter 3.0 ( ) in head; interorbital space strongly convex, its width 2.5 ( ) in head; caudal-peduncle depth 1.8 ( ) in head; caudalpeduncle length 2.4 ( ) in head. Mouth terminal, small, and oblique, forming an angle of about 40 to 45 to horizontal axis of head and body; maxilla nearly or just reaching vertical at anterior edge of pupil, the upper-jaw length 3.0 ( ) in head; teeth uniserial, incisiform with truncate tips, and very broad-based perpendicular to jaws, 34 in upper jaw and 32 in lower of holotype. Tongue pointed, set far back in mouth. Gill rakers long and slender, the longest on lower limb near angle about three-fourths length of longest gill filaments. Anterior nostril round with slightly raised rim, directly anterior to middle of eye about a pupil diameter from edge of orbit; posterior nostril slightly smaller than largest sensory pores on head, directly posterior to anterior nostril, about two-thirds distance to edge of orbit. Opercle ending posteriorly in a flat spine, the tip acute but short, barely projecting from beneath a large scale; margin of preopercle smooth, the posterior margin extending slightly dorsal to level of centre of eye, the anterior margin extending to below corner of mouth; suborbital free nearly to a vertical at posterior edge of orbit, obtusely notched to accommodate Fig. 3. Amblyglyphidodon indicus, about 100 mm total length, underwater photograph near Jeddah, Red Sea. Photo by G. R. Allen. aqua vol. 5 no

13 Gerald R. Allen and John E. Randall Table I. Proportional measurements of selected type specimens of Amblyglyphidodon indicus as percentage of the standard length. Holotype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype WAM WAM ROM WAM WAM NCIP NCIP P P P P Standard length (mm) Body depth Body width Head length Snout length Orbit diameter Interorbital width Caudal peduncle depth Caudal peduncle length Upper jaw length Predorsal length Preanal length Prepelvic length First dorsal spine Second dorsal spine Longest dorsal spine Longest soft dorsal ray First anal spine Second anal spine Longest soft anal ray * Caudal fin length Caudal concavity Pectoral fin length Pelvic spine length Pelvic fin length * damaged fin upper edge of maxilla, with two lesser notches posteriorly. Scales finely ctenoid; head scaled except lips, a very narrow edge at front of snout, and a narrow zone from orbit to edge of snout containing nostrils; suborbital fully scaled; a scaly sheath at base of dorsal and anal fins, nearly pupil height at base of spinous portion of dorsal fin except anteriorly, progressively shorter on soft portion; a column of scales on each membrane of dorsal and anal fins, narrowing distally, those on spinous portion of dorsal progressively longer, reaching about two-thirds distance to spine tips on posterior membranes, then progressively shorter on soft portion; small scales on caudal fin extending about twothirds distance to posterior margin; small scales on base of pectoral fins extending nearly one-fifth distance to margin; a median scaly process extending posteriorly from between base of pelvic fins, its length about half length of pelvic spine; axillary scale above base of pelvic spine about equal in length to median scaly process. Origin of dorsal fin over second lateral line scale, the predorsal distance 2.2 ( ) in SL; base of soft portion of dorsal fin contained about 2.5 times in base of spinous portion; first dorsal spine 4.3 ( ) in head; second dorsal spine 1.9 ( ) in head; fifth to eighth dorsal spines subequal, the longest 1.3 ( ) in head; membranes of spinous portion of dorsal fin deeply incised, the indentation varying from nearly full length of first spine for first membrane to threefourths spine length for last spine; membranes at tip of spinous portion of dorsal fin with a short filament; third dorsal soft ray longest, 2.9 ( ) in SL; first anal spine 2.6 ( ) in head; second anal spine 4.0 ( ) in SL; first three anal soft rays subequal, the longest 3.3 ( ) in standard length; caudal fin forked, its length 2.9 ( ) in SL, the caudal concavity 2.6 ( ) in head; fourth pectoral ray longest, 3.1 ( ) in SL; pelvic spine 1.5 ( ) in head; first soft ray of pelvic fin filamentous, usually reaching beyond spinous portion of anal fin, 2.4 ( ) in SL. Colour in life (from underwater photographs). Silvery grading to yellowish white on belly and lower sides; back and dorsal part of head mainly green; a broad, vertically elongate greenish streak on each body scale; rear edges of preopercle and upper half of opercle dusky grey; median fins translucent to greenish white, lower and upper edge of caudal fin narrowly blackish; pelvic fins pale yellow to white; pectoral fins translucent with small dark spot at base of uppermost rays. Individuals from the Red Sea (Fig. 3) are lighter 143 aqua vol. 5 no

14 A review of the leucogaster species complex of the pomacentrid genus Amblyglyphidodon, with descriptions of two new species in colour, generally silvery grey without the greenish streak on each body scale. They have very distinct blackish margins on the anterior or leading edge of the dorsal and anal fins, and the upper and lower edges of the caudal fin. Colour in alcohol. Brown, grading to yellowish brown or tan on belly, lower side, and caudal peduncle; faint hint of dark brown mark on each scale; a narrow brown bar just behind rear margin of preopercle; spinous dorsal fin and anterior portion of anal fin brownish; remainder of fins tan with dusky brown margin on leading edge of soft dorsal and anal fins; also small dark brown spot at base of uppermost pectoral rays. Paratypes are generally similar, although the oldest specimens are darker overall, except for those from the Red Sea, which are generally tan to light brown overall without any noticeable duskiness on the upper half. Etymology This species is named Amblyglyphidodon indicus from the Latin indicus (of India), in reference to its geographical distribution, which is confined to the Indian Ocean and adjacent Red Sea. Distribution Amblyglyphidodon indicus is widely distributed in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. It has been reported (mainly as A. leucogaster) from the following locations: Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea (Allen & Randall, 1980), East Africa as far south as Baixo Pinda, Mozambique (Allen unpublished), Seychelles (Smith & Smith, 1963), Chagos Archipelago (Winterbottom & Anderson, 1997), Maldives (Allen, 1991), and Sri Lanka (Allen, 1991). It is also reported here for the first time from the Andaman Sea, off the northern tip of Sumatra at Weh Island and from the west coast of Thailand. Remarks The genus Amblyglyphidodon consists of eight species, only four of which occur in the Indian Ocean/Red Sea: A. flavilatus Allen & Randall, 1980 is restricted to the Red Sea; it differs from A. indicus in usually possessing biserial teeth at the front of the jaws and modally 15 pectoral rays. Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster (Bleeker, 1847) and A. curacao (Bloch, 1787) are western Pacific species that also occur on the eastern edge of the Indian Ocean. They are easily differentiated from A. indicus on the basis of colour pattern (see Figs 1-4 and discussion under remarks section for A. melanopterus below). Moreover, there are modal differences in lateral line scale counts between A. leucogaster and the closely related A. indicus (Table I). These two species are sympatric in the eastern Andaman Sea. The following key will serve to distinguish the nine members of the genus. Key to the species of the pomacentrid genus Amblyglyphidodon 1a. Suborbital naked; dorsal spines increasing in length posteriorly; body and fins uniformly pale yellow in life (Philippines, Indonesia, N. Australia, Melanesia, and Micronesia)...A. aureus 1b. Suborbital scaled; dorsal spines not increasing in length posteriorly, the middle spines longest; body and fins usually partly dark (caudal fin at least with dark upper and lower margins) or body with several dark bars...2 2a. Body with several dark bars; caudal fin without prominent dark upper and lower margins, but margins dusky, especially in specimens from Great Barrier Reef of Australia (West Pacific generally to Marshall Is. & Samoa)...A. curacao 2b. Body without dark bars; caudal fin either plain, with prominent dark upper and lower margins, or with dark pigment confined to upper edge of caudal peduncle...3 3a. Upper and lower margins of caudal fin mainly pale with dark marking on upper edge of caudal peduncle...4 3b. Upper and lower margins of caudal fin blackish without dark marking on upper edge of caudal peduncle...5 4a. Teeth biserial at front of jaws; gill rakers usually 29-30; colour in life strongly yellowish including bright yellow pelvic fins (Solomon Is., New Guinea, Palau, Indonesia, Philippines, and north to Yaeyama Is.)...A. ternatensis 4b. Teeth uniserial; gill rakers usually 24-27; colour in life greenish white with silvery reflections and white pelvic fins (Philippines, Indonesia, and Maldives)...A. batunai 5a Teeth biserial at front of jaws; pectoral fin rays 15 (rarely 16); rear half of body pale yellow in life (Red Sea and Gulf of Aden)...A. flavilatus 5b. Teeth uniserial; pectoral fin rays 16-18; rear half of body not generally pale yellow in life...6 6a. Rear part of caudal fin and soft portions of dorsal and anal fins black; gill rakers 30-33, modally (Tonga)...A. melanopterus n.sp. 6b. Caudal fin and soft portions of dorsal and anal fins pale; gill rakers 25-31, modally 30 or less..7 7a. No black spot at base of pectoral fin; rear margin of preopercle pale; anal fin bright yellow in life; gill rakers 28-31, modally (New Caledonia, Fiji, and Samoa)...A. orbicularis 7b. Black spot at upper base of pectoral fin; rear margin of preopercle dark; anal fin not yellow in life; gill rakers 25-29, usually a. Anterior margin of anal fin broadly black (usually covering one-third to nearly half of fin); body scales with broad dusky grey margins and pale centres; black spot at upper pectoral fin base relatively large, about size of pupil; pelvic fins bright aqua vol. 5 no

15 Gerald R. Allen and John E. Randall yellow in life; pectoral fin rays modally 15 (mean 15.4) (W. Pacific to E. margin of Andaman Sea.....A. leucogaster 8a. Anterior margin of anal fin entirely pale to narrowly black (if present usually covering one-fourth of fin or less); body scales with dark vertical streak at centre to almost entirely pale; black spot at upper pectoral fin base small and inconspicuous, much less than size of pupil; pelvic fins whitish or faintly yellow in life; pectoral fin rays modally 16 (mean 16.5) (Indian Ocean and Red Sea)......A. indicus n. sp. Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster (Bleeker, 1847) Fig. 4 Glyphisodon leucogaster Bleeker, 1847: 26 (type locality: Batavia, Java). Diagnosis Dorsal rays XII or XIII,12-13 (usually XIII,12); anal rays II,12-14 (usually II,13); pectoral rays 16-17; tubed lateral-line scales 14-17; total gill rakers 25-29; body depth in SL; silvery grey with paler scale centres and yellow belly; anterior half of anal fin and anterior margin of soft dorsal fin and upper and lower margins of caudal fin blackish; a prominent wedge-shaped black mark at upper pectoral fin base. Distribution Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster is mainly distributed around the western rim of the Pacific Ocean. Allen (1975) reported it from the Ryukyu Islands, China, Philippines, East Indies, and Melanesia. We have also collected or observed it at the Caroline and Marshall Islands, at Scott, Seringapatam, and Ashmore reefs in the eastern Indian Ocean off Western Australia, and in the Andaman Sea off the western coast of Thailand and at Pulau Weh, off the northern tip of Sumatra. It inhabits lagoons, passes, and outer reef slopes in 5-45 m, as solitary fish or small groups that feed on plankton well above the bottom. Material examined Australia: WAM P , 2: mm, Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland; WAM P , 61 mm, Escape Reef, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland; WAM P , 2: mm, Ashmore Reef; WAM P , 50 mm, Scott Reef, Western Australia. Thailand (Andaman Sea): ROM 70113, 65 mm, Ko Racha Yai; ROM 72071, 40 mm, Ko Racha Noi; WAM P , 4:72-82 mm, Similan Islands; WAM P , 64 mm, Similan Fig. 4. Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster, about 90 mm total length, underwater photograph, Kakaban Island, north-eastern Kalimantan, Indonesia. Photo by G. R. Allen. 145 aqua vol. 5 no

16 A review of the leucogaster species complex of the pomacentrid genus Amblyglyphidodon, with descriptions of two new species Islands. Indonesia: BPBM 19241, 94 mm, Ambon; BPBM 19379, 6: mm, Ambon; BPBM 19501, 103 mm, Ambon; BPBM 19515, 4: mm, Seribu Islands, Java Sea; BPBM 31570, 3: mm, Lombok; WAM P , 93 mm, Ambon; WAM P , 2: mm, Pulau Putri, Seribu Islands. Papua New Guinea: WAM P , 3: mm, Manus Island. Solomon Islands: BPBM 15996, 92 mm, Guadalcanal. Vanuatu: WAM P , mm, Espiritu Santo Island. Palau: BPBM 7004, 87 mm. Caroline Islands: BPBM 7497, Chuuk (Truk); BPBM 9675, 4: mm, Pohnpei (Ponape). Marshall Islands (Enewetak Atoll): BPBM 7985, 75 mm; BPBM 8046, 2: mm; BPBM 9005, 100 mm; BPBM 12190, 2: mm; BPBM 12900, 90 mm; BPBM 31237, 4: mm. Amblyglyphidodon melanopterus n. sp. Figs. 5-7; Tables II-III Holotype: BPBM 37967, male, 98.5 mm SL, Tonga, Tongatapu, east side of Monuafe Island, coral patch, 1.5 m, spear, J.E. Randall, 4 March Paratypes: AMS I , 89.4 mm SL, Tonga, Tongatapu, Pangaimotu Island, west side, reef, 8 m, spear, J. E. Randall, 22 February 1983; BPBM 37926, 97.8 mm, same data as preceding; CAS , 104 mm, same data as preceding specimen, except 24 February; MNHN , 90 mm, same data as preceding; NSMT-P 61777, mm, same data as holotype; ROM 72658, 88.3 mm, Tonga, Vava u Group, south side of Euakafa Island, reef, m, rotenone, J. E. Randall & K. Okamoto, 14 March 1983; USNM , 23: mm, Tonga, Ha apai Group, Lifuka Island, reef just south of Pangai, ( S, W), live and dead coral along a sand channel with a small patch reef in centre, m, rotenone, J. T. Williams, B. B. Collette, D. G. Smith, G. D. Johnson, C. Baldwin, and E. A. Powers, 11 November 1993; USNM , 2: mm, Tonga, Vava u, Luamoki Island, N coast ( S, W), vertical drop-off, a small cave, and much coral, m, rotenone, same collectors as above, 15 November Fig. 5. Amblyglyphidodon melanopterus, holotype, 98.5 mm SL, Tongatapu, Tonga. Photo by J. E. Randall. Diagnosis Dorsal rays XII-XIII (rarely XII),11-13; anal rays II,11-13; pectoral rays 16-18; tubed lateral line scales (modally 16); gill rakers (total, 30-33, modally 31-32); body depth in SL; teeth incisiform, in a single row; suborbital scaled; scales dorsally on snout extending well before nostrils, nearly to base of upper lip; dorsal part of head, anterior body and scaled basal part of dorsal fin light greyish green, the scale edges dusky, shading ventrally and posteriaqua vol. 5 no

17 Gerald R. Allen and John E. Randall Fig. 6. Amblyglyphidodon melanopterus, holotype, 98.5 mm SL, underwater photo, Tongatapu, Tonga. Photo by J. E. Randall. Fig. 7. Amblyglyphidodon melanopterus, about 100 mm total length, underwater photo, Tongatapu, Tonga. Photo by J. E. Randall. 147 aqua vol. 5 no

18 A review of the leucogaster species complex of the pomacentrid genus Amblyglyphidodon, with descriptions of two new species Table II. Lateral line scales and total gill rakers for species previously recognised as Amblyglyphidon leucogaster. Species Lateral line scales A. indicus A. leucogaster A. melanopterus A. orbicularis Species Total gill rakers on first arch A. indicus A. leucogaster A. melanopterus A. orbicularis orly to greenish or pinkish white; naked portion of caudal fin and soft portions of dorsal and anal fins black; pectoral fins with transparent membranes and faintly dusky rays; no black spot at base or axil of pectoral fins; pelvic fins white. Description Dorsal rays XIII,12 (XII-XIII, rarely XII,11-13); anal rays II,13 (11-13); all dorsal and anal soft rays branched, the last to base; pectoral rays 17 (16-18), the upper 2 and lowermost unbranched; pelvic rays I,5; principal caudal rays 15, the median 13 branched; upper and lower procurrent caudal rays 6, the posterior 2 segmented; scales in longitudinal series 27; tubed lateral-line scales 16 (14-17); posterior midlateral scales with a pore or deep pit (in continuous series) 8 (6-8, usually 8); scales above lateral line to origin of dorsal fin 3.5; scales above lateral line to base of middle dorsal spine 1.5; scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin 8; gill rakers ( );. branchiostegal rays 6; supraneural (predorsal) bones 3; vertebrae Body orbiculate, the depth 1.7 ( ) in SL, and compressed, the width 3.2 ( ) in body depth; head length 3.25 ( ) in SL; dorsal profile of head with a slight convexity anterior to eye; snout shorter than orbit, its length 3.3( ) in head length; orbit diameter 2.95 ( ) in head; interorbital space strongly convex, its width 2.5 ( ) in head; caudal-peduncle depth 1.85 ( ) in head; caudal-peduncle length 2.2( ) in head. Mouth terminal, small, and oblique, forming an angle of about 40 to 45 to horizontal axis of head and body; maxilla nearly or just reaching a vertical at anterior edge of orbit, the upper-jaw length 3.0 ( ) in head; teeth uniserial, incisiform with truncate tips, and very broad based perpendicular to jaws, 32 in upper jaw and 33 in lower jaw of holotype. Tongue pointed, set far back in mouth. Gill rakers long and slender, the longest on lower limb near angle about three-fourths length of longest gill filaments. Anterior nostril round with slightly raised rim, directly anterior to middle of eye about a pupil diameter from edge of orbit; posterior nostril slightly smaller than largest sensory pores on head, directly posterior to anterior nostril, about two-thirds distance to edge of orbit. Opercle ending posteriorly in a flat spine, the tip acute but short, barely projecting from beneath a large scale; margin of preopercle smooth, the posterior margin extending slightly dorsal to level of centre of eye, the anterior margin extending to below corner of mouth; suborbital free nearly to a vertical at posterior edge of orbit, obtusely notched to accommodate upper edge of maxilla, with two lesser notches posteriorly. Scales finely ctenoid; head scaled except lips, a very narrow edge at front of snout (1 mm on holotype), and a narrow zone from orbit to edge of snout containing nostrils; suborbital fully scaled; a scaly sheath at base of dorsal and anal fins, nearly pupil height at base of spinous portion of dorsal fin except anteriorly, progressively shorter on soft portion; a column of scales on each membrane of dorsal and anal fins, narrowing distally, those on spinous portion of dorsal progressively longer, reaching about two-thirds distance to spine tips on posterior membranes, then progressively shorter on soft portion; small scales on caudal fin extending about two-thirds distance to posterior margin; small scales on base of pectoral fins extending at most 30% distance to margin; a median scaly process extending posteriorly from between base of pelvic fins, its length 60% length of pelvic spine; axillary scale above base of pelvic spine equal in length to median scaly process. Origin of dorsal fin over second lateral line scale, the predorsal distance 2.35 ( ) in SL; base of soft portion of dorsal fin contained about 2.5 times in base of spinous portion; first dorsal spine 3.1 ( ) in aqua vol. 5 no

19 Gerald R. Allen and John E. Randall Table III. Proportional measurements of selected type specimens of Amblyglyphidodon melanopterus as percentage of the standard length. Holotype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype Paratype BPBM ROM AMS MNHN BPBM NSMT CAS Standard length (mm) Body depth Body width Head length Snout length Orbit diameter Interorbital width Caudal peduncle depth Caudal peduncle length Upper jaw length Predorsal length Preanal length Prepelvic length First dorsal spine Second dorsal spine Longest dorsal spine Longest soft dorsal ray First anal spine Second anal spine Longest soft anal ray 29.8 * Caudal fin length * 35.0 * Caudal concavity * 15.5 * Pectoral fin length Pelvic spine length Pelvic fin length * damaged fins head; second dorsal spine 2.2 ( ) in head; fifth to eighth dorsal spines subequal, the longest 1.35 ( ) in head; membranes of spinous portion of dorsal fin deeply incised, the indentation varying from nearly full length of first spine for first membrane to three-fourths spine s length for last spine; membranes at tip of spinous portion of dorsal fin with a short filament; third dorsal soft ray longest, 3.3 ( ) in SL; first anal spine 2.45 ( ) in head; second anal spine 3.8 ( ) in SL; first three anal soft rays subequal, the longest 3.15 ( ) in standard length; caudal fin forked, its length 3.0 ( ) in SL, the caudal concavity 2.45 ( ) in head; fourth pectoral ray longest, 3.15 ( ) in SL; pelvic spine 1.6 ( ) in head; first soft ray of pelvic fin filamentous, reaching from just beyond origin of anal fin to beyond its spinous portion, 2.4 ( ) in SL. Colour in life (from underwater photographs): Dorsal part of head, anterior body, and scaled basal part of dorsal fin light greyish green, the scale edges dusky; rest of body white, the centres of scales a little pinkish; naked portion of caudal fin and soft portions of dorsal and anal fins black; pectoral fins with transparent membranes, faintly dusky rays, and no black spot at base; pelvic fins white. Capable of quickly adding or removing three broad blackish bars on body (Fig. 6). Colour in alcohol: Yellowish brown, the edges of scales darker brown, paler ventrally and more so posteriorly where scale edges not darker; spinous portion of dorsal fin yellowish brown, the very narrow edge of membranes and the short filaments dark brown; unscaled part of caudal fin and of soft portion of dorsal and anal fins dark brown; paired fins pale with no black spot at base or axil of pectorals. Etymology This species is named Amblyglyphidodon melanopterus from the Greek melanos for black and pteron for fin, in reference to the black caudal fin and soft portions of the dorsal and anal fins. Distribution Amblyglyphidodon melanopterus is known only from Tonga. It was collected and photographed at Tongatapu in the south and Vava u in the north on protected coral reefs at depths of m. It has also been collected in the Ha apai Group of low islands between Tongatapu and Vava u. Remarks Five species of Amblyglyphidodon are found at islands in Oceania. A. ternatensis (Bleeker) ranges 149 aqua vol. 5 no

20 A review of the leucogaster species complex of the pomacentrid genus Amblyglyphidodon, with descriptions of two new species east only to Palau and the Solomon Islands; it is distinct in having biserial teeth at the front of the jaws and tubed lateral line scales. A. aureus (Cuvier) occurs east to the Marshall Islands, Caroline Islands, and Fiji; it is readily distinguished by its overall bright yellow colour and by having a naked suborbital. A. curacao (Bloch) ranges east to the Samoa Islands and islands of Micronesia; it is pale green with broad blackish bars on the body and gill rakers. A. leucogaster (Bleeker) occurs in Melanesia to Vanuatu and at all the island groups of Micronesia; it is yellow ventrally on the body and pelvic fins, with broad black outer margins of the dorsal and anal fins and upper and lower edges of the caudal fin; it has modally 15 tubed lateral line scales and (modally 27) gill rakers. A. orbicularis (Hombron & Jacquinot), presently known only from the Samoa Islands, Fiji, and New Caledonia, is light grey-green dorsally, silvery-white on side, shading to pale yellow ventrally and posteriorly, with yellow or yellowish pelvic and anal fins and blackish upper and lower edges of the caudal fin; it has modal counts of 15 lateral-line scales and 30 gill rakers. Of these five species, A. melanopterus seems most closely related to orbicularis, differing in the black of its median fins and in having modal counts of 16 tubed lateral line scales and 31 or 32 gill rakers. A. melanopterus appears to be the largest member of the leucogaster complex and is perhaps the largest Amblyglyphidon. Eight of 23 specimens in one lot of paratypes (USNM ) exceeded 100 mm. Amblyglyphidodon orbicularis (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1853) Figs Glyphisodon orbicularis Hombron & Jacquinot, in Jacquinot & Guichenot, 1853: 52 (type locality: unknown, but probably Fiji or Samoa). Diagnosis Dorsal rays XIII,12-13; anal rays II,12-14; pectoral rays 17; tubed lateral line scales (modally 15-16); total gill rakers 28-31; suborbital scaled; body depth in SL; head and nape grey, silvery white on body suffused with yellow, becoming more yellow ventrally and posteriorly; dorsal fin grey with no black markings; anal and pelvic fins yellow to yellowish grey; caudal fin with whitish rays and transparent membranes, the upper and lower edges narrowly black to blackish; a very small black spot at upper edge of pectoral fin base. Remarks Glyphisodon orbicularis was previously considered a Fig. 8. Amblyglyphidodon orbicularis, 80 mm SL, Fiji. Photo by J. E. Randall. aqua vol. 5 no

21 Gerald R. Allen and John E. Randall Fig. 9. Amblyglyphidodon orbicularis, about 90 mm SL, Suva, Fiji. Photo by G. R. Allen. Fig. 10. Amblyglyphidodon orbicularis, about 73 mm SL, Tutuila, American Samoa. Photo by J. E. Randall. 151 aqua vol. 5 no

22 A review of the leucogaster species complex of the pomacentrid genus Amblyglyphidodon, with descriptions of two new species junior synonym of Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster (Bauchot et al., 1978 and Allen, 1991). Although Hombron and Jacquinot (1853) did not mention the type locality in the original description, we have deduced that it was most likely Fiji or Samoa. The voyage of the French ships, Zélee and Astrolabe, on which the specimen was collected, included both Fiji and Samoa (M. Desoutter, pers. comm.). Moreover, the holotype (MNHN 8535) has a total gill raker count of 30, which is partially diagnostic (Table II) in combination with the colour pattern. Amblyglyphidodon orbicularis is presently known only from Samoa, Fiji, and New Caledonia. Laboute and Grandperrin (2000) illustrated a live individual from New Caledonia as Amblyglyphidon sp. Material examined Samoa Islands: BPBM 17481, 6: mm, Tutuila, American Samoa; BPBM 17527, 45 mm, Tutuila, American Samoa; BPBM 6181, 2: mm, Upolu, Western Samoa; Fiji Islands: BPBM 11648, 3: mm, Viti Levu; USNM , 79 mm, Malolo Island (17 44 S, E); USNM , 2: mm, Malolo Island; USNM , 3: mm, Matuku, Lau Group. Bleeker, P Labroideorum ctenoideorum bataviensium diagnoses et adumbrationes. Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappe, 21:1-33. Jacquinot, H., & A. Guichenot Reptiles et poissons. In: J. Dumont d Urville, Voyage au Pôle Sud et dans l Oceanie sur les corvettes L Astrolabe et La Zélée. 3 (2): 1-56, Plates 1-7. Laboute, P. & R. Grandperrin Les Poissons de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Editions Catherine Ledru, Nouméa, 519 pp. Smith, J. L. B., & M. M. Smith The Fishes of Seychelles. Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa. 215 pp. Winterbottom, R. & R. C. Anderson A revised checklist of the epipelagic and shore fishes of the Chagos Archipelago, central Indian Ocean. J. L. B. Smith Institute Ichthyological Bulletin, 66:1-28. Acknowledgements We thank Martine Desoutter and Patrice Pruvost of MNHN for providing gill-raker counts for the holotype of Glyphisodon orbicularis and information concerning the voyage of the Zélee and Astrolabe on which this species was first collected. Richard Winterbottom (ROM), David G. Smith (USNM), and Sandra Raredon (USNM) generously provided loan specimens of A. indicus, A. melanopterus and A. orbicularis. Conservation International-Indonesia provided funds for G. Allen s field work at Weh Island, Sumatra. References Allen, G. R The Anemonefishes, their Classification and Biology. Second edition. T.F.H. Publications, Inc., Neptune City, New Jersey, 352 pp. Allen, G. R Damselfishes of the World. Mergus, Melle, Germany, 271 pp. Allen, G. R Two new species of damselfishes (Pomacentridae) from Indonesian seas. Revue Française d Aquariologie, 21 (1994: 3-4): Allen, G. R Altrichthys, a new genus of damselfish (Pomacentridae) from Philippine seas with description of a new species. Revue Française d Aquariologie, (1999: 1-2): Allen, G. R. & J. E. Randall A review of the damselfishes (Teleostei: Pomacentridae) of the Red Sea. Israel Journal of Zoology, 29: Bauchot, M.., Desoutter, M., & G. R. Allen Catalogue critique des types de poissons du Museum National d Histoire Naturelle. Famille des Pomacentridae. Bulletin du Museum National d Histoire Naturelle, 3 rd series, (1): aqua vol. 5 no

23 aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology Fifty new records of shore fishes from the Society Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago John E. Randall 1, Philippe Bacchet 2, Richard Winterbottom 3, and Louise Wrobel 4 1) Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice St., Honolulu, HI , USA 2) B.P. 2720, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia 3) Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen s Park., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2C6 4) Service des Ressources Marines, B.P. 20, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia Accepted: Keywords New records, shore fishes, Society Islands, Tuamotu Archipelago Abstract The following species of fishes are here recorded from the Society Islands and/or the Tuamotu Archipelago: Gymnothorax elegans, G. formosus, Monopenchelys acuta, Heteroconger hassi, Ophichthus altipennis, Synodus capricornis, Antennarius maculatus, A. scriptissimus, Minyichthys myersi, Beryx decadactylus, Myripristis chryseres, Sebastapistes galactacma, Plectranthias rubrifasciatus, Liopropoma tonstrinum, Belonoperca chabanaudi, Oxycirrhites typus, Apogon fukuii, Atule mate, Seriola rivoliana, Emmelichthys karnellai, Erythrocles scintillans, Aphareus rutilans, Etelis radiosus, Paracaesio xanthurus, Pristipomoides argyrogrammicus, P. auricilla, P. filamentosus, P. flavipinnis, Randallichthys filamentosus, Chaetodon tinkeri, Oxycheilinus arenatus, Polylepion russelli, Callionymus filamentosus, Diplogrammus goramensis, Bryaninops tigris, B. yongei, Gobiodon quinquestrigatus, Gobiopsis exigua, Paragobiodon modestus, Pleurosicya coerulea, P. micheli, Trimma taylori, T. unisquamis, Trimmatom nanus, Vanderhorstia ornatissima, Ptereleotris hanae, Naso thynnoides, Xanthichthys auromarginatus, Canthigaster leoparda, and C. ocellicincta. Zusammenfassung Die nachfolgenden Fischarten werden erstmals von den Gesellschafts-Inseln und dem Tuamoto Archipel nachgewiesen: Gymnothorax elegans, G. formosus, Monopenchelys acuta, Heteroconger hassi, Ophichthus altipennis, Synodus capricornis, Antennarius maculatus, A. scriptissimus, Minyichthys myersi, Beryx decadactylus, Myripristis chryseres, Sebastapistes galactacma, Plectranthias rubrifasciatus, Liopropoma tonstrinum, Belonoperca chabanaudi, Oxycirrhites typus, Apogon fukuii, Atule mate, Seriola rivoliana, Emmelichthys karnellai, Erythrocles scintillans, Aphareus rutilans, Etelis radiosus, Paracaesio xanthurus, Pristipomoides argyrogrammicus, P. auricilla, P. filamentosus, P. flavippinis, Randallichthys filamentosus, Chaetodon tinkeri, Oxycheilinus arenatus, Polylepion russelli, Callionymus filamentosus, Diplogrammus goramensis, Bryaninops tigris, B.yongei, Gobiodon quinquestrigatus, Gobiopsis exigua, Paragobiodon modestus, Pleurosicya coerulea, P. micheli, Trimma taylori, T. unisquamis, Trimmato nanus, Vanderhorstia ornatissima, Ptereleotris hanae, Naso thynnoides, Xanthichthys auromarginatus, Canthigaster leoparda und C. ocellicincta. Résumé Les espèces de poissons ci-dessous sont signalées dans les Iles de la Société et/ou dans l Archipel de Tuamotu: Gymnothorax elegans, G. formosus, Monopenchelys acuta, Heteroconger hassi, Ophichthus altipennis, Synodus capricornis, Antennarius maculatus, A. scriptissimus, Minyichthys myersi, Beryx decadactylus, Myripristis chryseres, Sebastapistes galactacma, Plectranthias rubrifasciatus, Liopropoma tonstrinum, Belonoperca chabanaudi, Oxycirrhites typus, Apogon fukuii, Atule mate, Seriola rivoliana, Emmelichthys karnellai, Erythrocles scintillans, Aphareus rutilans, Etelis radiosus, Paracaesio xanthurus, Pristipomoides argyrogrammicus, P. auricilla, P. filamentosus, P. flavipinnis, Randallichthys filamentosus, Chaetodon tinkeri, Oxycheilinus arenatus, Polylepion russelli, Callionymus filamentosus, Diplogrammus goramensis, Bryaninops tigris, B. yongei, Gobiodon quinquestrigatus, Gobiopsis exigua, Paragobiodon modestus, Pleurosicya coerulea, P. micheli, Trimma taylori, T. unisquamis, Trimmatom nanus, Vanderhorstia ornatissima, Ptereleotris hanae, Naso thynnoides, Xanthichthys auromarginatus, Canthigaster leoparda, et C. ocellicincta. 153 Sommario Nelle Isole della Società e/o dell Arcipelago delle Tuamotu viene registrata per la prima volta la presenza delle seguenti specie di pesci: Gymnothorax elegans, G. formosus, Monopenchelys acuta, Heteroaqua vol. 5 no

24 Fifty new records of shore fishes from the Society Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago conger hassi, Ophichthus altipennis, Synodus capricornis, Antennarius maculatus, A. scriptissimus, Minyichthys myersi, Beryx decadactylus, Myripristis chryseres, Sebastapistes galactacma, Plectranthias rubrifasciatus, Liopropoma tonstrinum, Belonoperca chabanaudi, Oxycirrhites typus, Apogon fukuii, Atule mate, Seriola rivoliana, Emmelichthys karnellai, Erythrocles scintillans, Aphareus rutilans, Etelis radiosus, Paracaesio xanthurus, Pristipomoides argyrogrammicus, P. auricilla, P. filamentosus, P. flavipinnis, Randallichthys filamentosus, Chaetodon tinkeri, Oxycheilinus arenatus, Polylepion russelli, Callionymus filamentosus, Diplogrammus goramensis, Bryaninops tigris, B. yongei, Gobiodon quinquestrigatus, Gobiopsis exigua, Paragobiodon modestus, Pleurosicya coerulea, P. micheli, Trimma taylori, T. unisquamis, Trimmatom nanus, Vanderhorstia ornatissima, Ptereleotris hanae, Naso thynnoides, Xanthichthys auromarginatus, Canthigaster leoparda, and C. ocellicincta. Introduction Randall (1973) made a compilation of the Tahitian names of fishes, along with a preliminary checklist of the fishes of the Society Islands; his list included 616 species. In 1985 he published a checklist of all the fishes known for the islands of French Polynesia. The localities within French Polynesia were recorded as A for the Austral Islands, M for the Marquesas, R for Rapa, S for the Society Islands, and T for the Tuamotu Archipelago. The total species count was 800. Of the island groups, the well-collected Society Islands had the largest number of species, 633. Overlooked in the 1985 list were the carangid Caranx lugubris, the large lethrinid Lethrinus olivaceus (though both were included in the 1973 list, the latter as L. miniatus, the name used at that time), Scarus tricolor (Bleeker) (S. cyanognathus, terminal male and S. sexvittatus, initial phase of Bagnis et al., 1972), and Medusablennius chani Springer, Randall et al. (1990) reported on the fish collections from Rapa, French Polynesia; they recorded 268 species. Randall and Earle (2000) updated the list of shore fishes for the Marquesas Islands. They documented 49 new records and raised the total for this island group to 415 species. The present new records for the Society Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago have resulted from recent visits by Randall, underwater photographs taken by Bacchet, a collection of fishes made by Winterbottom in 1993, chiefly in Moorea, and deposited in the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto (ROM), and specimens obtained by Wrobel, principally from fishermen handlining at depths greater than usually reached by scuba divers. She sent specimens to the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu (BPBM) and some, especially lutjanids, to the Grice Marine Biological Laboratory in Charleston (GMBL) to further research by William D. Anderson, Jr. We regard as shore fishes those known to occur at depths of this, or less. Some of our new records of fishes from French Polynesia are from depths greater than 200 m, but we include them when the species are known to occur in less than 200 m at other localities. Inshore pelagic fishes such as jacks (Carangidae) are included in our new records, but not offshore pelagic species such as the flyingfishes, billfishes, dolphins (Coryphaena), and most of the tunas. The new records are presented in phylogenetic sequence under family headings, with comments, especially on distribution. The length of specimens is given as standard length (SL) or for eels as total length (TL). Muraenidae (moray eels) Gymnothorax elegans Bliss, This slender, white-spotted moray was described from Mauritius; it is known from only a few scattered Indo-Pacific localities from East Africa to the Hawaiian Islands. It is probably more common than its few records indicate because of its predilection for deeper water than most morays. Our two Society Islands specimens are from Moorea: BPBM 31610, 645 mm TL, caught by hook and line off Temae in 300 m, and BPBM 37146, 420 mm TL, from the north shore (17 31 N, W) taken in a trap at 150 m by Joseph Poupin. Castle and McCosker in Smith and Heemstra (1986) reported l41 vertebrae for a specimen of G. elegans. Our two Moorea specimens have 146 and 149 vertebrae. Gymnothorax formosus Bleeker, This species was identified for us by the late Eugenia B. Böhlke. We have a single lot of four specimens, ROM 59951: mm TL, from the slope of the reef top and an associated sandy gutter in 9-14 m just south of Haura at the northwest tip of Moorea. The specimens have 4-5 pre-dorsal, pre-anal and total vertebrae. Colour pattern of a 190 mm specimen: large, irregular dark brown blotches (smaller ventrally) on a reticulate yellow background, margins of median fins yellow, head plain yellow with a dark brown mask over eye and post-orbital region, a dark spot at the rictus. Distribution uncertain; rare in museum collections. Monopenchelys acuta (Parr, 1930). Previously recorded from the Caribbean, Ascension Island, Hawaii, and the western Indian Ocean (Comoro Islands, Seychelles, and Agalega Islands). Here reported from the Society Islands based on six specimens (ROM 60019, mm TL) from m on a reef slope of coral rubble with some live coral off the north-west coast of Moorea. Our specimens fall within the range of characters given by Böhlke and McCosker (1982), and have pre-dorsal, pre-anal, total vertebrae. Overall coloration aqua vol. 5 no

25 John E. Randall, Philippe Bacchet, Richard Winterbottom, and Louise Wrobel light brown with a broad, diffuse, reddish band from the tip of the snout through the eye, grading into the background colour at about the end of the skull. Congridae (conger eels and garden eels) Heteroconger hassi (Klausewitz & Eibl- Eibesfeldt, 1959). The most widely distributed of the garden eels of the subfamily Heterocongrinae, H. hassi is known from Sodwana Bay, South Africa to the Samoa Islands and Line Islands; in the western Pacific from the Ryukyu Islands to the Great Barrier Reef and New Caledonia (Castle and Randall, 1999: fig. 11). Our record from the Society Islands is based on the photo in Fig. 1, taken in a gently sloping sandy area on the outer reef off the west coast of Tahiti in m. The eel was in a mixed group of this species and H. lentiginosus Böhlke and Randall. In addition to the numerous small black spots, H. hassi has three large black spots, the one surrounding the gill opening and pectoral fin as seen in the photograph, one about halfway along the side of the trunk (was seen by the second author before he took the photograph), and the third around the anus. Fig. 2. Ophichthus altipennis, Tahiti. Photo by P. Bacchet. Synodontidae (lizardfishes) Synodus capricornis Cressey & Randall, Collections off the north coast of Moorea yielded eight specimens of this species (ROM : mm SL). They were collected from the reef slopes with sand and rubble channels in m. The species was described from specimens collected at Easter Island and the Pitcairn Islands, and has most recently been reported from Hawaii (Waples and Randall, 1988). Antennariidae (frogfishes) Antennarius maculatus (Desjardins, 1840). When Bacchet reported he had photographed Antennarius maculatus in Tahiti, Randall commented that the fish was probably the similar A. pictus, the type locality of which is Tahiti. A. maculatus is not reported east of the Solomon Islands (Pietsch and Grobecker, 1987). However, as shown in Fig. 3, the fish is maculatus, a noteworthy range extension. The prominent wart-like protuberances on the head and body of this Fig. 1. Heteroconger hassi, Tahiti. Photo by P. Bacchet. Ophichthidae (snake eels) Ophichthus altipennis (Kaup, 1856). Previously known from the Maldive Islands, Western Australia, Indonesia (type locality, Ambon),Thailand, the Philippines, Guam [Myers, 1999: fig. 1 i, as Pisodonophis cancrivorus], New Caledonia [Laboute and Grandperrin, 2000: 118, as Pisodonophis boro], and American Samoa (Wass, 1984: 6, from a specimen collected by Randall at Aunu u Island). This eel lives in sand, generally near reefs, often with just the front of its head protruding vertically from the sand as seen in Fig. 2, which shows an eel from the lagoon in Tahiti. This species is reported to reach 120 cm. McCosker and Randall (in press) have shown that O. melanochir Bleeker is a synonym of O. altipennis. Fig. 3. Antennarius maculaus, Tahiti. Photo by P. Bacchet. 155 aqua vol. 5 no

26 Fifty new records of shore fishes from the Society Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago species readily distinguish it from A. pictus. There is also a broad gap in the range of A. maculatus westward from Indonesia to Mauritius. Antennarius scriptissimus Jordan in Jordan & Sindo, This species was reported as A. sarasa Tanaka by Pietsch and Grobecker (1987), who stated that it is known from only five specimens, mm SL, from off Tokyo, the Philippines ( m), New Zealand (73 m), and Réunion. However, Theodore W. Pietsch (pers.comm.) informed us that sarasa is a junior synonym of scriptissimus, the type locality of which is the entrance to Tokyo Bay. Our specimen from Tahiti, BPBM 31702, 252 mm SL, was caught in an estimated 350 m. Syngnathidae (pipefishes) Minyichthys myersi (Herald & Randall, 1972). A single specimen of this species (ROM 60689, 48 mm SL) was collected from the reef slope off the northwest coast of Moorea in m. Dorsal rays 27, pectoral fin rays 13, trunk scutes 19, caudal scutes 39. The previous distribution was at St. Brandon s Shoals north of Mauritius, the eastern part of the Philippine/New Guinea region, and Guam (Dawson, 1985). Berycidae (alfonsinos) Beryx decadactylus Cuvier, A circumglobal species except for the northeast Pacific; known from 180 to at least 1000 m (Paxton in Carpenter and Niem, 1999). It is reported in the Hawaiian Islands from 180 to 760 m (Chave and Mundy, 1994). The juveniles are pelagic, whereas the adults are benthopelagic, ranging above the bottom at night. The species attains a total length of about 60 cm. We have two specimens from Tahiti, BPBM 31648, 184 mm SL, from Papenoo in 250 m, and BPBM 31642, 60 mm SL, taken from the stomach of Etelis carbunculus caught in 350 m off Punaauia. Holocentridae (squirrelfishes and soldierfishes) Myripristis chryseres Jordan & Evermann, This yellow-finned soldierfish occurs in deeper water than most species of the genus. Chave and Mundy (1994) noted the depth range in the Hawaiian Islands as m; it is rarely seen in less than 30 m. Other localities include American Samoa, Mariana Islands, the Ogasawara Islands, Mauritius, Réunion, and Natal, South Africa (Randall and Greenfield, 1996). Two specimens, BPBM 31665, mm SL, were caught by hook and line between 150 and 200 m off Mehetia. Yves Lefevre photographed it underwater in 75 m at Rangiroa Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago, and Bacchet has observed it in Tahiti in 47 m and more. Scorpaenidae (scorpionfishes) Sebastapistes galactacma Jenkins, Eschmeyer and Randall (1975) reported this small scorpionfish only from the Hawaiian Islands. We now know that it is widespread in the central and western Pacific. The California Academy of Sciences has material from Pohnpei (Ponape), and the Bishop Museum from the Ogasawara Islands, Papua New Guinea, Kiritimati (Gilbert Islands), Pitcairn Islands, the Marquesas Islands, and Mangareva in the Tuamotu Archipelago (BPBM 13581, 23 mm SL). Serranidae (groupers, basslets, and anthias) Plectranthias rubrifasciatus Randall & Fourmanoir, This anthiine fish was described from a single specimen (BPBM 22543, 49 mm) taken from a crab pot set in 100 m in Bulari Pass, New Caledonia. Joseph Poupin collected the present specimen (BPBM 35809, 69 mm) at Mururoa Atoll ( S, W), Tuamotu Archipelago in a trap from 200 m. The specimen is aberrant in having XI dorsal spines, but its other meristic data correspond with that of the holotype, as does the colour photograph provided by Mr. Poupin. Liopropoma tonstrinum Randall & Taylor, This cryptic basslet is reported only from scattered localities in Micronesia, Fiji, American Samoa, and Christmas Island in the eastern Indian Ocean. Three individuals were discovered by Bacchet in the dark recess of a cave at 27 m on the north coast of Tahiti, and one was photographed (Fig. 4). Fig. 4. Liopropoma tonstrinum, Tahiti. Photo by P. Bacchet. Belonoperca chabanaudi Fowler & Bean, Randall et al. (1980) determined that this fish is a soapfish, first by noting the bitter taste of the skin mucus and later by demonstrating toxin-producing glands in the skin. It remains hidden in caves during the day and becomes active at dusk, but rarely ventures into the open. The yellow saddle-like spot on the caudal peduncle is usually noticed before the fish itself. It is widely distributed from the coast of East Africa to American Samoa where it is reported from aqua vol. 5 no

27 John E. Randall, Philippe Bacchet, Richard Winterbottom, and Louise Wrobel depths of 4-45 m. Bacchet has observed it in the Tuamotus and Marquesas as well as in the Society Islands where it was photographed (Fig. 5). Fig. 5. Belonoperca chabanaudi, Tahiti. Photo by P. Bacchet. Cirrhitidae (hawkfishes) Oxycirrhites typus Bleeker, The longnose hawkfish is a popular aquarium fish widely distributed from the Red Sea and Madagascar to the eastern Pacific where it ranges from the Gulf of California to the Galápagos Islands and Colombia. In the western Pacific it occurs from southern Japan to the Great Barrier Reef and New Caledonia. It is surprising that it is only now being recorded from French Polynesia. One reason is its predilection for deeper reefs; also it is often well-camouflaged by its cross-hatch pattern when it perches on black coral or gorgonians. It has not been observed in less than 38 m in Tahiti, and was seen by Bacchet off Manihi Atoll in the Tuamotus in more than 70 m. Our Society Islands record is based on a photograph (Fig. 6) taken in black coral at 49 m off Tahiti Iti. Apogonidae (cardinalfishes) Apogon fukuii Hayashi, This cardinalfish was first reported as Apogon sp. by Masuda et al. (1984: 146, pl. 130 M) from depths of m. Winterbottom et al. (1987: 30, fig. 168) recorded it as Apogon sp. 1 from m in the Chagos Archipelago. It was described from six specimens taken in m from southern Japan by Hayashi (1990: 8, fig. 1). Randall et al. (1997: 25, pl. 7 B) listed it from the Ogasawara Islands. Joseph Poupin collected our one specimen, BPBM 37138, 72 mm, at Makemo Atoll ( S, W) in the Tuamotu Archipelago in a trap at 120 m. Carangidae (Jacks) Atule mate (Cuvier, 1833). Our only record for the Society Islands is the photograph (Fig. 7) taken by Arsène Stein of the Service des Ressources Marines of a specimen caught off Raiatea. This carangid is a small (largest specimen recorded, 30 cm TL), wideranging species from East Africa to the Hawaiian Islands. In the South Pacific it was previously known eastward only to American Samoa (Wass, 1984). Fig. 7. Atule mate, Raiatea. Photo by A. Stein. Seriola rivoliana Valenciennes,1833. The Almaco Jack is circumtropical, and the juveniles are pelagic. It is surprising that it has not been reported previously from French Polynesia. It has probably been overlooked because of its similarity to the more common Seriola dumerili and because it generally occurs in deeper water than S. dumerili. Our only specimen, BPBM 31628, 350 mm SL, was caught from 250 m off Teahupoo, Tahiti. Bacchet has observed the species in 45 m off Tahiti, and Yves Lefevre has photographed it at depths greater than 40 m in the northern Tuamotus. Fig. 6. Oxycirrhites typus, Tahiti. Photo by P. Bacchet. Emmelichthyidae (rovers) Emmelichthys karnellai Heemstra & Randall, This slender species was described from six specimens from the Hawaiian Islands from depths of 157 aqua vol. 5 no

28 Fifty new records of shore fishes from the Society Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago m and one specimen from Easter Island caught in 250 m. Our Society Islands record is based on one specimen, BPBM 31703, 230 mm SL, from 200 m off Raiatea. Erythrocles scintillans (Jordan & Thompson, 1912). Heemstra and Randall (1977) reported this species from the Hawaiian Islands (Hilo, Hawaii is the type locality) from a depth range of m, and from Okinawa. An Okinawa specimen was illustrated in colour by Masuda et al. (1984: pl. 145 F). Our specimens, BPBM, 31634, 252 mm SL, and BPBM 31645, 289 mm SL, were caught off Tautira, Tahiti from a depth estimated at 350 m. Lutjanidae (snappers) Aphareus rutilans Cuvier, Known by the common name rusty jobfish, this species is reported throughout the Indo-Pacific region east to the Hawaiian Islands and American Samoa. It is usually found at depths greater than 100 m, but Randall once observed it in 20 m off Western Australia, and Bacchet has seen it while diving off Tahiti. Our only specimen, BPBM 31641, caught off Paea, Tahiti in 200 m, is represented by just the head and caudal fin of an adult. Etelis radiosus Anderson, With the common name of pale snapper from its light red coloration, this fish is known from Sri Lanka(type locality) to American Samoa, north to Japan and south to New Caledonia. It is reported from rocky bottoms at depths of m, but our specimen from Taunoa, Tahiti (BPBM 32671, 379 mm SL) was taken at a depth estimated by the fisherman to be 350 m. Paracaesio xanthurus (Bleeker, 1869). The yellowtail blue snapper is semipelagic in the Indo-Pacific region from the Red Sea and coast of East Africa to American Samoa where it forms small schools at depths of about m (Allen, 1985). We have a specimen, BPBM 31675, 272 mm SL, taken in 250 m off Tautira, Tahiti. Pristipomoides argyrogrammicus (Valenciennes, 1831). This colourful species, silvery-pink with yellow and iridescent blue markings, is reported from depths of m in the western Pacific east to the Samoa Islands and one Indian Ocean record from Mauritius (Allen,1985). The range is extended to the Society Islands by two specimens, BPBM 31627, 225 mm SL, off Paea at 300 m, and GMBL 85-96, 205 mm SL at 350 m off Tautira, Tahiti. Pristipomoides auricilla (Jordan, Evermann & Tanaka, 1927). We have no specimens of this species from French Polynesia, but it is occasionally caught in the Society Islands by hand-lining. A photograph of one from off Mehetia (Fig. 8) provides the record of Fig. 8. Pristipomoides auricilla, Mehetia. Photo by L. Wrobel. this distinctively coloured snapper; the specimen was not retained. The published distribution of this species is from the Andaman Sea and Indonesia to the Hawaiian Islands and American Samoa; and in the western Pacific from southern Japan to New Caledonia. Pristipomoides filamentosus (Valenciennes, 1830). This snapper, a little more wide-ranging than the one above (from the Red Sea and East Africa to the Hawaiian Islands and Samoa Islands), is known from the depth range of m. We have three specimens from Tahiti: BPBM 31596, 258 mm SL from Tautira, BPBM 31597, 228 mm SL, from Maiao, and GMBL 85-94, 235 mm SL, from Tautira, taken at depths of m. Pristipomoides flavipinnis Shinohara,1963. The fourth new record for the genus for the Society Islands, was previously known in the western Pacific from the Ryukyu Islands, throughout Indonesia, south to New Caledonia and east to the Samoa Islands. We report it from one specimen, GMBL 85-97, 203 mm SL, collected off Papenoo, Tahiti. Allen (1985) gave the same depth range, m, as P. filamentosus. Randallichthys filamentosus (Fourmanoir, 1970). Allen (1985) noted that this lutjanid is known only from New Caledonia (the type locality), the Hawaiian Islands, and Okinawa, adding that it inhabits rocky bottoms in m. We here extend the range to Tahiti with a specimen (BPBM 31597, 228 mm) caught in 200 m off Maiao. The currently recorded localities suggest an antitropical distribution, but this may be due to less deep-water handline fishing in more tropical areas. Chaetodontidae (butterflyfishes) Chaetodon tinkeri Schultz, This deepdwelling species, rarely seen in less than 40 m and reported from down to 183 m (Chave and Mundy, aqua vol. 5 no

29 John E. Randall, Philippe Bacchet, Richard Winterbottom, and Louise Wrobel 1994), is known from the Hawaiian Islands (type locality), Johnston Island, the Marshall Islands, Rarotonga, and Tarawa Atoll, Kiribati. Hybrids have been reported at Tawara with two closely related species, C. burgessi Allen and Starck and C. flavocoronatus Myers (Allen et al., 1998). Our record for French Polynesia is the photograph taken by Yves Lefevre outside the reef of Rangiroa Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago in 70 m (Fig. 9). Fig. 10. Oxycheilinus arenatus, Tahiti. Photo by P. Bacchet. Polylepion russelli (Gomon & Randall, 1975). This pink- and yellow-striped species was described briefly in the genus Bodianus from the holotype collected in 240 m off Oahu, Hawaiian Islands and two paratypes, one from the Honolulu fish market and the second from Okinawa (depth reported only as over 100 m). Gomon (1977) placed B. russelli in the new genus Polylepion. The species was described more completely and illustrated in colour by Gomon and Randall (1978). Randall et al. (1985) recorded it from Johnston Island to the south-west of the Hawaiian Islands in m. We here report it from Moorea from a specimen (BPBM 31609, 245 mm SL) caught off Temae in 300 m. Fig. 9. Chaetodon tinkeri, Rangiroa Atoll. Photo by Y. Lefevre. Labridae (wrasses) Oxycheilinus arenatus (Valenciennes,1840). Gill (1862) created the new genus Oxycheilinus, designating Cheilinus arenatus Valenciennes as the type species. This genus was largely ignored until Westneat (1993) revised the generic classification of the tribe Cheilinini and shifted seven species from Cheilinus to Oxycheilinus. O. arenatus, with a type locality of Réunion, is otherwise known from only a few scattered localities from the Red Sea and Indonesia (Cheilinus notophthalmus Bleeker from Java is a synonym) to the Samoa Islands (Wass, 1984). Randall collected it in the Marshall Islands, Palau, and Tonga at depths of m. The paucity of records is probably due to its occurrence in deeper water than most species of the tribe. Our one record from French Polynesia is the underwater photograph (Fig. 10) taken off the west coast of Tahiti by an escarpment in 46 m. O. arenatus is easily recognized by the blackish mid-lateral stripe not found in other species of the genus and the black spot on the lower half or more of the first two dorsal fin membranes. Callionymidae (dragonets) Callionymus filamentosus Valenciennes, Our only specimen of this dragonet (ROM 61193, 21 mm SL) was collected by Winterbottom and colleagues at Cook s Bay, Moorea from a patch reef on silty sand and rubble in m. We also have an underwater photograph (Fig. 11) taken in the lagoon of the east coast of Tahiti in 4-5 m on flat, silty sand bottom. The species was described from the distinctive male form that has an isolated prolonged first dorsal spine and two elongate middle caudal rays. It is known from the Red Sea (and has immigrated to the eastern Mediterranean via the Suez Canal) and East Africa to the western Pacific where it ranges from Taiwan to Papua New Guinea (Fricke, 1993). That the first record for Oceania is the Society Islands is surprising. Fig. 11. Callionymus filamentosus, Tahiti. Photo by P. Bacchet. 159 aqua vol. 5 no

30 Fifty new records of shore fishes from the Society Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago Diplogrammus goramensis (Bleeker, 1858). This little callionymid has previously only been reported in the Pacific Ocean from the Philippines and Viet Nam south to the southern Great Barrier Reef and east to the Marshall Islands and the Cook Islands (where it was described as Callionymus cookii by Jordan and Seale, 1906). Our record for the Society Islands is the photograph (Fig. 12) taken at Huahine of a malefemale pair; the male is erecting its first dorsal fin in courtship display. longnose hawkfish (Oxycirrhites typus). The identification of the goby was confirmed by Helen K. Larson. Bryaninops yongei (Davis & Cohen, 1969). This fish is known as the whip goby for its occurrence on the antipatharian sea whip Cirrhipathes anguina. Larson (1985) recorded it from scattered localities in the Indo-Pacific from the Seychelles to the Hawaiian Islands and Rapa (from a Bishop Museum specimen). Randall and Earle (2000) reported it from the Marquesas. Larson noted that it is found at depths of 3-45 m, usually with one male-female pair per sea whip, sometimes with one to several juveniles as well. Fig. 14 represents the first record for Tahiti where the species is usually found deeper than 35 m. Fig. 12. Diplogrammus goramensis, Huahine. Photo by P. Bacchet. Gobiidae (gobies) Bryaninops tigris Larson, Described from specimens from the Great Barrier Reef (type locality, Lizard Island), Solomon Islands, Chagos Archipelago, Gulf of Thailand, and the Hawaiian Islands, all from antipatharians of the genus Antipathes (popularly known as black coral). With such a wide distribution, the discovery of this species in the Society Islands is not very surprising. Our record is based on the photograph (Fig. 13) taken by Bacchet on a wall off the south coast of Tahiti Iti in 49 m. Three individuals were seen on a colony of Antipathes, sharing it with the Fig. 13. Bryaninops tigris, Tahiti. Photo by P. Bacchet. Fig. 14. Bryaninops yongei, Tahiti. Photo by P. Bacchet. Gobiodon quinquestrigatus (Valenciennes, 1837). Sixteen specimens of this species (seven ROM lots, mm SL) were collected on the outer reef slopes of Moorea in 3-33 m. The specimens have 10 dorsal rays, 8 anal rays, 18 or 19 pectoral rays, and no inter-opercular groove; the coloration is brown (almost always black at other locations) with a variable number of curved blue bars on the head, but always at least five (Fig. 15). The similar G. rivulatus (Rüppell) is distinguished by having numerous light wavy bars across the abdomen. Our largest specimen is less than half the length the species reaches elsewhere. Either the local population does not attain that size or we failed to collect fully-grown specimens. Previously known from the Comoro Islands to Tonga, Palau, and the eastern Caroline Islands. Gobiopsis exigua (Lachner & McKinney, 1979). Three specimens (ROM 60782, 60881,18.2 and mm SL) were collected from the outer reefs of Moorea in 3-24 m. They have 10 anal rays, 2-3 horizontal rows of papillae on cheek, sensory canal pores on head, a single pair of chin barbels, and three narrow dark transverse bands across the preaqua vol. 5 no

31 John E. Randall, Philippe Bacchet, Richard Winterbottom, and Louise Wrobel Fig. 15. Gobiodon quinquestrigatus, ROM 60778,15.5 mm SL, Moorea. Photo by R. Winterbottom. dorsal area (Fig. 16). Previously recorded from the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati), the Seychelles, and the Comoro Islands. Fig. 16. Gobiopsis exigua, ROM 60880, 18.2 m SL, Moorea. Photo by R. Winterbottom. Paragobiodon modestus (Regan, 1908). Eighteen specimens (BPBM 8304, 5: mm; six ROM lots, mm), were collected from Moorea in 1-26 m, mostly from outer reefs. This species is identified by its brown to reddish-brown head and dark brown to black body and fins (Fig. 17); in preservative the head is pale, the body brown and the fins darker brown; it has pectoral rays, sparse short papillae dorsally on the head and similar papillae on the cheek below the eye which reach to less than a pupil diameter from the ventral rim of the orbit. Previous distribution was from the Comoro Islands to the western Pacific where it ranges from the Ryukyu Islands to Lord Howe Island, east to the Marshall Islands and Fiji; usually found among the branches of coral of the genus Pocillopora. Pleurosicya coerulea (Larson, 1990). Two specimens of this species (ROM 59128, 59129, both 12.0 Fig. 17. Paragobiodon modestus, ROM 60786, 15.5 mm SL, Moorea. Photo by R. Winterbottom. mm SL) were collected from the lagoon of Moorea and from a pass on the north coast. It is distinguished by its broad head, fleshy upper lip, naked nape, and its colour, translucent bluish to blue-green with two reddish stripes on the head and usually a dusky spot medially on the nape; largest specimen recorded, 20 mm SL. Commensal on the blue coral (Heliopora coerulea). Our specimens were identified by Helen K. Larson who revised the genus in Previously recorded from the western Indian Ocean to New Caledonia and the islands of Micronesia. Pleurosicya micheli Fourmanoir, This tiny goby rarely exceeds 20 mm SL. It is transparent with a broad red to dusky red stripe on the lower side that continues onto the lower part of the caudal fin; a dark and white banded line may be seen dorsally on the vertebral column. The fish is solitary and is generally found on hard corals of various genera, usually at depths greater than 10 m. It was reported by Larson (1990) from the Seychelles, the Philippines, Okinawa, Palau, Tonga, Fiji, and Hawaii. Randall has underwater photographs of it from the Solomon Islands, Papua Fig. 18. Pleurosicya micheli, Tahiti. Photo by P. Bacchet. 161 aqua vol. 5 no

32 Fifty new records of shore fishes from the Society Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago New Guinea, and Alor, Bali, and Sulawesi in Indonesia. Fig. 18 is a photograph taken in Tahiti. Trimma taylori Lobel, Also very small, this goby was described from the Hawaiian Islands. It has since proven to be a widespread species in the Indo- Pacific, with records from the Chagos Archipelago in the western Indian Ocean (Winterbottom, 1984, who re-described the species), the Maldives (Randall and Goren, 1993, who also reported it from Indonesia), and the Red Sea (Winterbottom, 1995). It is generally found at depths greater than 25 m in loose aggregations near the roof of caves, often swimming with its ventral surface toward the cave roof. The Society Islands record is an underwater photograph from Tahiti (Fig. 19). both dorsal fins, a dark bar on the caudal peduncle (Fig. 20), and a single row of ctenoid scales lining the trough between the eyes. Wide-ranging in the Indo- Pacific from the Comoro Islands to the Hawaiian Islands (type locality) and Easter Island, hence one might expect to find it in the Society Islands. Trimmatom nanus Winterbottom & Emery, Five specimens, (ROM 60779, 60780, 60900, mm) in 6-26 m on the outer reef and pass between lagoon and outer reef on the northern shore of Moorea. These specimens differ from the type series from the central Indian Ocean in having 14 pectoral-fin rays. The specimens of the type series have (modally 15) pectoral rays. This tiny fish is the shortest known vertebrate so far described (although a shorter, as yet undescribed species in a different genus is known from Japan). Previously known from Mauritius to Fiji. Winterbottom and Emery (1981) had no information on the live or fresh color pattern for their description of the species. Our photograph from Moorea (Fig. 21) is the first to be published of the fresh coloration. Fig. 19. Trimma taylori, Tahiti. Photo by P. Bacchet. Trimma unisquamis (Gosline, 1959). Eight specimens (five ROM lots, mm SL) were collected from 6-34 m on the outer reefs of the northern shore of Moorea. This species is readily distinguished from other species of Trimma by the black margins of Fig. 21. Trimmatom nanus, ROM 60780, 8.0 mm SL, Moorea. Photo by R. Winterbottom. Vanderhorstia ornatissima Smith, Lives in symbiotic association with alpheid shrimps. The shrimps (generally a pair) maintain the burrow in sand while the goby serves as the sentinel. Sometimes a pair of gobies share the same burrow. Recorded from East Africa to the Samoa Islands; in the western Pacific from southern Japan to the Great Barrier Reef and New Caledonia. We have specimens from Rangiroa Atoll in the Tuamotus (BPBM 38493, 7: mm SL) and Raiatea (ROM 60781, 4: mm; ROM 60782, 2: mm), as well as underwater photographs from Moorea (Fig. 22). Fig. 20. Trimma unisquamis, ROM 59755, 14.6 mm SL, Moorea. Photo by R. Winterbottom. Ptereleotridae (dartfishes) The dartfishes were shifted from the Gobiidae to a sub-family of the Microdesmidae by Hoese (1984). Thacker (2000) has now elevated the group, which aqua vol. 5 no

33 John E. Randall, Philippe Bacchet, Richard Winterbottom, and Louise Wrobel Fig. 22. Vanderhorstia ornatissima, Moorea. Photo by P. Bacchet. Acanthuridae (surgeonfishes) Naso thynnoides (Valenciennes, 1835). This unicornfish, distinct in having about 30 narrow dark bluish-grey bars along the midside of the body and a broad mid-lateral yellowish stripe, is a small (largest specimen recorded, 28.5 cm), semi-pelagic species that occurs in roving aggregations that feed on zooplankton. It lacks the rostral protuberance found on some species of the genus, and it has only a single fixed caudal spine (all but one of the other species of Naso have two). It ranges from East Africa to the islands of Micronesia except the Marshall Islands; in the western Pacific from the Ryukyu Islands to the Solomon Islands and Great Barrier Reef. Our only record for French Polynesia is the underwater photograph (Fig. 24) taken at Rangiroa Atoll in the Tuamotu Archipelago. includes the genera Ptereleotris, Nemateleotris, Parioglossus, Aioliops, and Oxymetopon, to family status. Ptereleotris hanae (Jordan & Snyder, 1901). Like other dartfishes, this species feeds on zooplankton and takes refuge in a burrow. The burrow is not one it makes; it is often a shrimp goby burrow constructed by a symbiotic pair of alpheid shrimps. With the approach of danger, the dartfish retreats to a position near the burrow and hovers over it. When threatened further, it darts head first into the burrow. Often a pair will share the same burrow. P. hanae is usually seen over sand or sand and rubble in the vicinity of reefs. It occurs in Western Australia and in the western Pacific from southern Japan to New South Wales and Lord Howe Island; it is recorded east in Oceania to the Line Islands and American Samoa (Randall and Hoese, 1985). The long caudal filaments are found only on adults. The photograph of Fig. 23 was taken in 6 m in Moorea. Fig. 23. Ptereleotris hanae, Moorea. Photo by P. Bacchet. Fig. 24. Naso thynnoides, Rangiroa Atoll. Photo by J. E. Randall. Balistidae (triggerfishes) Xanthichthys auromarginatus (Bennett,1831). Like most species of the genus, X.auromarginatus is sexually dichromatic. The females (Fig. 25) have a dark reddish-brown margin on the median fins (except for the dark first dorsal), in contrast to the male (Fig. 26) in which the margin is bright yellow. In addition, the male has a large blue area on the ventral part of the head. This species occurs on outer reef slopes, usually below 30 m; it feeds on zooplankton, mainly calanoid copepods. These two photographs were taken in Tahiti at unusually shallow depths of m. The previously known localities have all been oceanic islands or reefs, from the western Indian Ocean to the Hawaiian Islands and throughout the islands of Micronesia. In the South Pacific the species has been reported eastward as far as New Caledonia. This record is therefore a major range extension. Tetraodontidae (puffers) Canthigaster leoparda Lubbock & Allen, This small spotted puffer was described from 163 aqua vol. 5 no

34 Fifty new records of shore fishes from the Society Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago Fig. 25. Xanthichthys auromarginatus, female, Tahiti. Photo by P. Bacchet. Fig. 26. Xanthichthys auromarginatus, male, Tahiti. Photo by P. Bacchet. specimens from the Mariana Islands, Philippines, Indonesia, and Christmas Island, Indian Ocean collected from depths of m. The present specimen (BPBM 37142, 23 mm) was collected from a trap by Joseph Poupin in 120 m at Makemo Atoll ( S, W) in the Tuamotu Archipelago. Canthigaster ocellicincta Allen & Randall, This distinctively coloured small toby is very secretive and difficult to photograph underwater. It is usually found in caves on steep drop-offs, generally below 25 m. It has been reported from the Philippines, Indonesia, the Great Barrier Reef, Palau, the Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, and Fiji. Its discovery in Tahiti (Fig. 27) reveals another disjunct distribution. This does not mean, of course, that it is missing from intervening areas, only that it has probably been missed. Fig. 27. Canthigaster ocellicincta, Tahiti. Photo by P. Bacchet. aqua vol. 5 no

35 John E. Randall, Philippe Bacchet, Richard Winterbottom, and Louise Wrobel Acknowledgements We thank William D. Anderson, Jr., Helen K. Larson, and Theodore W. Pietsch for assistance in fish identification and the following persons for providing specimens of our new records of fishes: Charles Ah Kiou, Bruno Champes, Jean Moux dit Faty, Eric Millaud, Joseph Poupin, Arsène Stein, Teriimoana Tehamana, and the late Francis Fuller. Special thanks are due Yves Lefevre for his photographs, in particular Chaetodon tinkeri from Rangiroa. We are grateful also for the curatorial help of Loreen R. O Hara and Arnold Y. Suzumoto of the Bishop Museum and Marty Rouse of the Royal Ontario Museum. Philippe Bacchet acknowledges the assistance of Gilles Jugel, Pascal Lecointre, and Joshua Rouger in locating some of the fishes that he was able to photograph. Richard Winterbottom thanks the ROM Foundation and NSERC Operating Grant OGP for partial financial support for the field work in Moorea in References Allen, G. R Snappers of the world. FAO Species Catalogue, 6: vi pp. Allen, G. R., R. Steene, & M. Allen A Guide to Angelfishes & Butterflyfishes. Odyssey Publishing/Tropical Reef Research, Perth. 249 pp. Bagnis, R., P. Mazellier, J. Bennett, & E. Christian Poissons de Polynésie. Les Éditions du Pacifique, Papeete. 368 pp. Böhlke, E. B. & J. E. McCosker Monopenchelys, a new eel genus, and redescription of the type species, Uropterygius acutus Parr (Pisces: Muraenidae). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 134 : Carpenter, K. E. & V. H. Niem (eds.) The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 4. Bony fishes, part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. v pp. Castle, P. H. J. & J. E. Randall Revision of Indo-Pacific garden eels (Congridae: Heterocongrinae), with descriptions of five new species. Indo- Pacific Fishes, 30: Chave, E. H. & B. C. Mundy Deep-sea benthic fish of the Hawaiian Archipelago, Cross Seamount, and Johnston Atoll. Pacific Science, 48 (4): Dawson, C. E Indo-Pacific Pipefishes (Red Sea to the Americas). Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs. 230 pp. Eschmeyer, W. N. & J. E. Randall The scorpaenid fishes of the Hawaiian Islands, including new species and new records (Pisces: Scorpaenidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 40 (11): Fricke, R Indo-Pacific Callionymidae. J. Cramer, Braunschweig. x pp. Gill, T Catalogue of the fishes of Lower California in the Smithsonian Institution collected by Mr. J. Xantus. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 14 (3-4): Gomon, M. F A new genus and eastern Pacific species of bodianine labrid fish. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 89 (54): Gomon, M. F. & J. E. Randall Review of the Hawaiian fishes of the labrid tribe Bodianini. Bulletin of Marine Science, 28 (1): Hayashi, M Two new cardinalfishes (Apogonidae: genus Apogon) from the Indo-West Pacific. Scientific Reports of the Yokosuka City Museum, 38:7-18. Heemstra, P. C. & J. E. Randall A revision of the Emmelichthyidae (Pisces: Perciformes). Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 28: Hoese, D. F Gobioidei: relationships. pp in Special Publication Number 1 of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. Jordan, D. S. & A. Seale The fishes of Samoa. Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, (1905) 25: Laboute, P. & R. Grandperrin Poissons de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Editions Catherine Ledru, Nouméa. 519 pp. Larson, H. K A revision of the gobiid genus Bryaninops (Pisces), with a description of six new species. The Beagle. Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences, 2 (1): Larson, H. K A revision of the commensal gobiid fish genera Pleurosicya and Luposicya (Gobiidae), with descriptions of eight new species of Pleurosicya and discussion of related genera. The Beagle. Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences, 7 (1): Masuda, H., Amaoka K., Araga C., Uyeno, T. & T. Yoshino (eds.), The Fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Tokai University Press, Tokyo. Vol. 1 (text: xxii pp.) and vol. 2 (plates). McCosker, J. E. & J. E. Randall. In press. Ophichthus melanochir Bleeker, 1865, a junior synonym of the highfin snake eel Ophichthus altipennis (Kaup, 1856). Copeia Myers, R. F Micronesian Reef Fishes, Ed. 3. Coral Graphics, Guam. vi pp. Pietsch, T. W. & D. B. Grobecker Frogfishes of the World. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. xxii pp. Randall, J. E Tahitian fish names and a preliminary checklist of the fishes of the Society Islands. Occasional Papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 24 (11): Randall, J. E Fishes, pp , in B. Delesalle, R. Galzin, and B. Salvat (eds.). Fifth International Coral Reef Congress, Tahiti, 27 May - 1 June, Vol. 1: French Polynesian Coral Reefs. 165 aqua vol. 5 no

36 Fifty new records of shore fishes from the Society Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago Randall, J. E., Lobel, P. S. & E. H. Chave Annotated checklist of the fishes of Johnston Island. Pacific Science, 39 (1): Randall, J. E. & J. L. Earle Annotated checklist of the shore fishes of the Marquesas Islands. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, 66: Randall, J. E. & M. Goren A review of the gobioid fishes of the Maldives. Ichthyological Bulletin of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, 58: Randall, J. E. & D. W. Greenfield Revision of the Indo-Pacific holocentrid fishes of the genus Myripristis, with descriptions of three new species. Indo-Pacific Fishes, 25: Randall, J. E. & D. F. Hoese Revision of the Indo-Pacific dartfishes, genus Ptereleotris (Perciformes: Gobioidei). Indo-Pacific Fishes, 7: Randall, J. E., Ida H., Kato, K., Pyle R. L. & J. L. Earle Annotated checklist of the inshore fishes of the Ogasawara Islands. National Science Museum Monographs, 11: Randall, J. E., Smith M. M. & K. Aida Notes on the classification and distribution of the Indo-Pacific soapfish, Belonoperca chabanaudi (Perciformes: Grammistidae). Special. Publication of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Rhodes University, 21: 1-8. Randall, J. E., Smith, C. L. & M. N. Feinberg Report on fish collections from Rapa, French Polynesia. American Museum Novitates, 1966: Smith, M. M. & P. C. Heemstra (eds.) Smith s Sea Fishes. Macmillan South Africa, Johannesburg. xx pp. Springer, V. G Medusablennius chani, a new genus and species of blennioid fish from the Tuamotu Archipelago: its implication on blennioid classification. Copeia, 1966 (1): Thacker, C Phylogeny of the wormfishes (Teleostei: Gobioidei: Microdesmidae). Copeia, 2000 (4): Waples, R. S. & J. E. Randall A revision of the Hawaiian lizardfishes of the genus Synodus, with descriptions of four new species. Pacific Science, 42 (3-4): Wass, R. C An annotated checklist of the fishes of Samoa. NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF Westneat, M. W Phylogenetic relationships of the tribe Cheilinini (Labridae: Perciformes). Bulletin of Marine Science, 52 (1): Winterbottom, R A review of the gobiid fish genus Trimma from the Chagos Archipelago, central Indian Ocean, with description of seven new species. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 62: Winterbottom, R Red Sea gobiid fishes of the genus Trimma, with the description of two new species. Revue Française d Aquariologie, 22 (3-4): Winterbottom, R. & A. R. Emery A new genus and two new species of gobiid fishes (Perciformes) from the Chagos Arcipelago, Central Indian Ocean. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 6 (2): Winterbottom, R., Emery, A. R. & E. Holm An annotated checklist of the fishes of the Chagos Archipelago, central Indian Ocean. Life Sciences Contributions of the Royal Ontario Museum, 145: vi pp. aqua vol. 5 no

37 aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology Two new damselfishes of the genus Pomacentrus from the south-west Pacific John E. Randall Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice St., Honolulu, HI , USA Accepted: Keywords Taxonomy, Pomacentridae, Pomacentrus, new species, south-west Pacific Abstract Pomacentrus callainus, formerly identified as a colour variety of the western Pacific P. lepidogenys, is described from specimens from Tonga and Fiji. It is distinct from P. lepidogenys in its overall blue-green colour with a wedge-shaped black spot at the upper base of the pectoral fin, higher gill raker counts (22-25, compared to for P. lepidogenys), deeper body ( % SL compared to % SL, for P. lepidogenys), longer dorsal spines (longest spine % SL, compared to % SL in P. lepidogenys), and probable larger size. Pomacentrus spilotoceps is described as new from four specimens from Tonga and underwater photographs from Fiji. Its closest relative appears to be P. chrysurus, known from the western Pacific to the Maldive Islands. P. spilotoceps differs in having in orange or yellow spots on the operculum and before and above the base of the pectoral fins and gill rakers, compared with for P. chrysurus). Zusammenfassung Pomacentrus callainus, früher als Farbvariante von P. lepidogenys aus dem westlichen Pazifik bezeichnet, wird anhand von Exemplaren aus Tonga und Fidschi beschrieben. Diese Art unterscheidet sich von P. lepidogenys durch ihre gesamt blaugrüne Farbe, einen keilförmigen schwarzen Punkt an der oberen Basis der Brustflosse, eine größere Anzahl von Kiemenreusen (22 25, im Vergleich zu in P. lepidogenys), einen höheren Körper ( % SL im Vergleich zu % SL in P. lepidogenys), längere Rückenflossendornen (der längste % SL, im Vergleich zu % in P. lepidogenys), sowie ein vergleichbar größeres Körperausmaß. Pomacentrus spilotoceps wird anhand von vier Exemplaren aus Tonga sowie von Unterwasserfotografien aus Fidschi, als neu beschrieben. Der naheste Verwandte dieser Art scheint P. chrysurus sein, die im westlichen Pazifik bis zu den Maldiven hin vorkommt. P. spilotoceps unterscheidet sich von P. chrysurus durch die Anwesenheit von orangefarbigen oder gelben Punkten auf dem Kiemendeckel, sowie vor und über der Basis der Brustflossen und durch Kiemenreusen (im Vergleich zu in P.chrysurus). Résumé Pomacentrus callainus, jadis identifié comme variété de couleur de P. lepidogenys du Pacifique ouest, est décrit à partir de spécimens de Tonga et de Fidji. Il se distingue de P. lepidogenys par sa couleur générale bleu-vert avec une tache noire cunéiforme à la base supérieure de la pectorale, un nombre plus élevé de branchiospines (22-25, contre pour P. lepidogenys), un corps plus haut (47,5-51% de la LS contre 43,5-47% de la LS pour P. lepidogenys), des épines dorsales plus longues (la plus longue 14,7-17,1% de la LS contre 12,7-14% de la LS de P. lepidogenys) et sans doute d'une taille supérieure. Pomacentrus spilotoceps est décrit comme une autre espèce nouvelle de Tonga et à partir de photos subaquatiques de Fidji. L'espèce la plus proche semble être P. chrysurus, présent du Pacifique ouest jusqu'aux Maldives. P. spilotoceps se distingue par des taches orange ou jaunes sur l'opercule et avant et au-dessus de la base des pectorales et par branchiospines (contre pour P. chrysurus). Sommario Pomacentrus callainus, già noto come variante cromatica di P. lepidogenys, presente nel Pacifico occidentale, viene descritta sulla base di esemplari raccolti alle isole Tonga e Fiji. Si distingue da P. lepidogenys per la sua completa colorazione verde-blu con una macchia cuneiforme nera alla base superiore della pinna pettorale, per un maggior numero di rastrelli branchiali (22-25, rispetto a in P. lepidogenys), per una maggiore altezza dl corpo ( % SL rispetto a % SL in P. lepidogenys), per le spine dorsali più lunghe (la più lunga è % SL, rispetto al % SL in P. lepidogenys) e probabilmente per avere dimensioni maggiori. Pomacentrus spilotoceps viene descritta come nuova specie sulla base di quattro esemplari raccolti a Tonga e una segnalazione fotografica presso le Isole Fiji. La sua specie più vicina sembra essere P. chrysurus, diffuso dal Pacifico occidentale alle Isole Maldive. P. spilotoceps se ne distingue per la presenza di una macchia arancione o 167 aqua vol. 5 no

38 Two new damselfishes of the genus Pomacentrus from the south-west Pacific gialla sull opercolo e al di sopra e al di sotto della base della pinna pettorale e per avere rastrelli branchiali, rispetto ai in P. chrysurus). Introduction The author collected a pale blue-green Pomacentrus in Fiji in 1971 and another in Tonga in 1983 that had scales on the sub-orbital and the general morphology characteristic of P. lepidogenys, but lacked the yellow normally seen on the median fins of P. lepidogenys. The specimens went on the shelf of the Bishop Museum as P. lepidogenys, but with a question mark. In 1999 the author took underwater photos of the species in Fiji and noted the apparent absence of typical P. lepidogenys. While writing the pomacentrid section for a book on South Pacific fishes, the author made a more detailed examination of these specimens from Fiji and Tonga. A difference in colour from typical P. lepidogenus was noted in the preserved specimens. The black spot at the upper base of the pectoral fin is larger and wedgeshaped, extending about halfway down the base of the fin (the lower, attenuate part is generally more lightly pigmented). This spot is very small in P. lepidogenys, often only dusky, and sometimes wanting, at least in preserved specimens. No differences in fin ray or scale counts could be found from typically coloured P. lepidogenys, but there is a modal shift of one in the number of tubed lateral line scales, and a significant difference in gill raker counts (Table I). The species is therefore described here as new. A second new species of Pomacentrus was collected in Tonga in 1983 and photographed underwater in Fiji in It languished as Pomacentrus sp. at the Bishop Museum until recent closer examination. It is unique in having pale orange or yellow spots on the operculum and anterior to and above the pectoral fin base. Materials and Methods Type specimens of the first-mentioned species were deposited in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu (BPBM); the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. (USNM); the Western Australian Museum, Perth (WAM); the Australian Museum, Sydney (AMS); the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (CAS); Muséum National d Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN); the National Science Museum, Tokyo (NSMT); and the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto (ROM). Type specimens of the second species were deposited in the first three institutions listed above. Lengths of specimens are given as standard length (SL), measured from the most anterior end of the upper lip to the base of the caudal fin (posterior end of hypural plate); head length is measured from the same anterior point to the posterior end of the opercular flap; body depth is the maximum depth taken vertically from the base of the dorsal spines; body width is the maximum width just posterior to the gill opening; orbit diameter is the greatest fleshy diameter, and interorbital width the least fleshy width; upper jaw length is taken from the front of the upper lip to the posterior end of the maxilla; caudal peduncle depth is Table I. Meristic data of species of Pomacentrus. Dorsal soft rays Anal soft rays Pectoral rays P. callainus P. lepidogenys P. spilotoceps Tubed lateral line scales P. callainus P. lepidogenys P. spilotoceps 1 3 Upper limb gill rakers Lower limb gill rakers P. callainus P. lepidogenys P. spilotoceps Total gill rakers P. callainus P. lepidogenys P. spilotoceps aqua vol. 5 no

39 John E. Randall the least depth, and caudal peduncle length the horizontal distance between verticals at the rear base of the anal fin and the caudal fin base; lengths of fin spines and rays of the dorsal and anal fins are measured to their extreme bases; caudal fin length is the horizontal length from the posterior end of the hypural plate to a vertical at tip of the longest ray; caudal concavity is the horizontal distance between verticals at the tips of the shortest and longest rays; pectoral fin length is the length of the longest ray; pelvic fin length is measured from the base of the pelvic spine to the tip of the longest soft ray; pectoral ray counts include the upper rudimentary ray; only the tube-bearing anterior lateral line scales are counted; the counts of posterior lateral line scales include tubed, pored, and deeply pitted scales that are in continuous series to the caudal fin base; gill raker counts include all rudiments. Data in parentheses in the descriptions refer to paratypes (when different from the holotype). Ratios of proportional measurements in the text of the diagnoses and descriptions are rounded to the nearest Pomacentrus callainus n. sp. (Figs. 1-2; Tables I, II) Holotype: BPBM 37982, male, 61.8 mm, Tonga, Tongatapu, Hakaumama o Reef; patch reef in lagoon near tower, 3 m, spear, J. E. Randall, 5 March Paratypes: BPBM 11350, 41.7 mm, Fiji, Viti Levu, Rat-tail Pass (first pass west of entrance to Suva Harbor), west side, m, rotenone, J.E. Randall, R.D. Randall, M. Gawel, O. McCauseland, D. Owens, and L. Craighead, 7 August 1971; WAM P , 57.5 mm, same data as preceding; MNHN , 59.4 mm, CAS , 61.0 mm, NSMT-P 63012, 63.7 mm, all with same data as holotype; BPBM 37970, 73.5 mm, Tonga, Tongatapu, Monuafe Island, east side, coral patch, 1.5 m, spear, J. E. Randall, 4 March 1983; AMS I , 66.3 mm, Tonga, Vava u Group, Euakafa Island, south side, reef, m, rotenone, J. E. Randall and K. Okamoto, 14 March 1983; USNM , 73.8 mm, same data as preceding; ROM 48677, 18: mm, Fiji, Dravuni Island, about 300 m off USP field station, coral head, rotenone, R. Winterbottom, A. Emery, T. Emery, J. Payne, and R. McKinnon, 28 March Diagnosis Dorsal rays XIII,13-14 (usually 14); anal rays II,13-15; pectoral rays 17-19; tubed lateral line scales (modally 16); total gill rakers 22-25; sub-orbital scaled, the margin smooth or rarely with one or two weak serrae; body depth in SL; longest dorsal spine in head length; second anal spine in head length; pale blue-green in life with a wedgeshaped black bar at upper pectoral fin base; largest specimen, 73.8 mm SL. Fig. 1. Holotype of Pomacentrus callainus, BPBM 37982, 61.8 mm SL, Tongatapu, Tonga. Photo by J. E. Randall. 169 aqua vol. 5 no

40 Two new damselfishes of the genus Pomacentrus from the south-west Pacific Fig. 2. Underwater photograph of adult Pomacentrus callainus, Tongatapu, Tonga. Photo by J. E. Randall. Description Dorsal rays XIII,14 (13-14, usually 14); anal rays II,14 (13-15); all dorsal and anal soft rays branched, the last to base; pectoral rays 18 (17-19), the upper two and lowermost one or two unbranched; pelvic rays I,5; principal caudal rays 15, the median 13 branched; upper procurrent caudal rays 6 (6-7), the posterior two segmented; lower procurrent caudal rays 7 (7-8), the posterior two segmented; scales in longitudinal series 27; tubed lateral line scales 17 (15-18); posterior mid-lateral scales with a pore or deep pit (in continuous series) 8 (7-8, usually 8); scales above lateral line to origin of dorsal fin 3; scales above lateral line to base of middle dorsal spine 1.5; scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin 8; gill rakers ( ); pseudobranchial filaments of holotype 15; branchiostegal rays 5; supraneural (pre-dorsal) bones 3; vertebrae Body depth 2.05 ( ) in SL; body compressed, the width 2.7 ( ) in body depth; head length 3.35 ( ) in SL; dorsal profile of head nearly straight; snout shorter than orbit, its length 3.5 ( ) in head length; orbit diameter 2.75 ( ) in head; interorbital space nearly flat, its width 2.95 ( ) in head; caudal peduncle depth 1.8( ) in head; caudal peduncle length 2.6 ( ) in head. Mouth small, terminal or with lower jaw slightly projecting, and oblique, at about 45 to horizontal axis of head and body; maxilla nearly or just reaching a vertical at anterior edge of orbit, the upper jaw length 2.95 ( ) in head; front of jaws rounded; teeth incisiform, the tips nearly truncate at front of jaws and rounded to the side; teeth biserial, those of inner row slender, one at each juncture of outer teeth; teeth on each side of upper jaw of holotype 17, and on each side of lower jaw 15. Tongue pointed, set far back in mouth. Gill rakers long and slender, the longest on lower limb near angle about three-quarters length of longest gill filaments. Nostril (no posterior nostril detected) round with a low fleshy rim, directly anterior to middle of eye about two-thirds pupil diameter from edge of orbit. Opercular spine very small, flat, and largely hidden by overlying scale; posterior margin of preopercle serrate, with 23 serrae in holotype, the free edge extending nearly to level of centre of eye (though upper edge hidden by scales); anterior margin of preopercle extending to below corner of mouth; suborbital narrow, free nearly to vertical at posterior edge of orbit, the edge usually smooth (holotype with two small serrae on one side, none on the other); posterior part of pre-orbital twice as deep as sub-orbital, with a small spine at its rounded lower posterior corner. Scales finely ctenoid; head scaled except lips, narrow edge at front of snout (1.6 mm on holotype), and a zone of about pupil diameter across side of snout, containing nostrils in its upper part; a scaly sheath at base of dorsal and anal fins, pupil height posteriorly on spinous portion of dorsal fin, progressively shorter on soft portion; a column of scales on each membrane of dorsal and anal fins, narrowing distally, those on spinous portion of dorsal progressively aqua vol. 5 no

41 John E. Randall longer, reaching nearly three-quarters distance to spine tips on posterior membranes; small scales on soft portion of dorsal fin reaching half way to margin anteriorly and progressively less posteriorly; small scales on caudal fin (when all present) extending about two-thirds distance to posterior margin; small scales on about basal quarter of pectoral fins; a median scaly process extending posteriorly from between base of pelvic fins, its length about threefifths length of pelvic spine; axillary scale above base of pelvic spine about equal in length to median scaly process. Origin of dorsal fin over second lateral line scale, the pre-dorsal length 2.65 ( ) in SL; base of spinous portion of dorsal fin twice as long as base of spinous portion; first dorsal spine 3.1 ( ) in head; second dorsal spine 2.45 ( ) in head; thirteenth dorsal spine longest 1.9 ( ) in head; membranes of spinous portion of dorsal fin incised about half length of spine anteriorly, progressively less posteriorly; a thickened, tapering cirrus extending posteriorly from near tip of each dorsal spine, its pointed tip nearly reaching following spine, supporting membrane below; fifth or sixth dorsal soft ray longest, 4.2 ( ) in SL; origin of anal fin beneath base of tenth dorsal spine, the pre-anal length 1.5 ( ) in SL; first anal spine 2.85 ( ) in head; second anal spine 1.65 ( ) in head; eighth and ninth anal soft rays longest, 3.9 ( ) in SL; caudal fin forked, the lobe tips rounded, its length 2.7 ( ) in SL; caudal concavity 2.35 ( ) in head; fourth pectoral ray longest, 3.2 ( ) in SL; origin of pelvic fins slightly posterior to base of pectoral fins, the prepelvic length 2.35 ( ) in SL; pelvic spine 1.85 ( ) in head; first soft ray of pelvic fin filamentous, just reaching or extending slightly beyond origin of anal fin, 3.4 ( ) in SL. Colour of holotype when fresh (Fig. 1): Purplish grey, tinged with pink on operculum, cheek, pre-pectoral area, and ventrally on body; a blackish streak from chin to ventral edge of preopercle; edge of orbit narrowly blackish; dorsal part of head, body above tubed portion of lateral line, and scaled basal part of spinous portion of dorsal fin dark purplish grey ; outer spinous portion of dorsal fin dark purplish-grey the distal cirri of membranes black; a pale area on each membrane between scaled basal part and outer dark incised part; soft portion of dorsal fin and anal fin coloured like body on basal scaled portion, the rays purplish grey, the membranes dusky yellowish, becoming blackish distally; base of caudal fin dull Table II. Proportional measurements of type specimens of Pomacentrus callainus standard length. expressed as percentages of the Holotype Paratypes BPBM BPBM WAM MNHN CAS NSMT BPBM USNM Standard length (mm) Body depth Body width Head length Snout length Orbit diameter Inter-orbital width Caudal peduncle depth Caudal peduncle length Upper jaw length Pre-dorsal length Pre-anal length Pre-pelvic length First dorsal spine Second dorsal spine Third dorsal spine Longest dorsal spine Longest dorsal ray First anal spine Second anal spine Longest anal ray Caudal fin length broken Caudal concavity Pectoral fin length Pelvic spine length Pelvic fin length aqua vol. 5 no

42 Two new damselfishes of the genus Pomacentrus from the south-west Pacific pink, this colour continuing on rays, the membranes dusky yellow, becoming blackish distally; pectoral fins with purplish grey rays, clear membranes, and a wedge-shaped black spot at upper base; pelvic fins purplish grey tinged with pink, shading to blackish distally and to black on filament. Colour in life (Fig. 2): Light blue-green, the edges of scales dusky; a wedge-shaped black spot on upper part of pectoral fin base; ventral part of head and chest dusky; a dusky bar through middle of eye; outer edge of each spinous membrane of dorsal fin either blue-green or bright blue. Colour of holotype in alcohol: Medium brown, the scale edges a little darker; scaled basal part of dorsal fin coloured like body; outer part of spinous membranes of dorsal fin dark brown to level of indentation of membrane, the tapering distal cirrus very dark brown; a translucent submarginal band below dark brown incised portion of dorsal fin; anal fin medium brown, the anterior and outer edges broadly darker brown; caudal fin brown like body basally, grading to lighter brownish yellow, the distal edge dusky; pectoral fins pale yellowish with a prominent dark brown spot at upper base, narrowing to a line extending threequarters down base; inner base of pectoral rays dusky, darkest dorsally; pelvic fins brown, the first soft ray and adjacent membranes dark brown. Etymology This species is named Pomacentrus callainus from the Latin for blue-green, in reference to its life colour. Remarks The life colour of this species fades very quickly after death, as can be seen by comparing Figures 1 and 2. As mentioned in the Introduction, Pomacentrus callainus was initially identified as P. lepidogenys Fowler & Bean,1928, described from the Philippines. Both share the distinctive feature of a fully scaled suborbital that is smooth or with a few weak serrae on the ventral margin. The most obvious colour difference of P. lepidogenys, as may be seen in Figure 3 of this species, is the broad zone of yellow at the base of the dorsal fin. Also, the base of the caudal is often yellow, as is the base of the anal fin. There is only a very small blackish spot at the upper edge of the pectoral fin base; the outer edge of each spinous membrane of the dorsal fin is black. A slight difference is apparent in Table I in the number of lateral line scales, modally 16 in Pomacentrus callainus and 17 in P. lepidogenys. A more obvious difference is evident from the table in the total number of gill rakers, 22 to 25 in P. callainus and in P. lepidogenys. Table III. Proportional measurements of type specimens of Pomacentrus spilotoceps expressed as percentages of standard length. Holotype Paratypes BPBM WAM MNHN USNM Standard length (mm) Body depth Body width Head length Snout length Orbit diameter Inter-orbital width Caudal peduncle depth Caudal peduncle length Upper jaw length Pre-dorsal length Pre-anal length Pre-pelvic length First dorsal spine broken Second dorsal spine Third dorsal spine Longest dorsal spine Longest dorsal ray broken 23.6 First anal spine Second anal spine Longest anal ray Caudal fin length Caudal concavity Pectoral fin length Pelvic spine length Pelvic fin length aqua vol. 5 no

43 John E. Randall Fig. 3. Underwater photograph of adult Pomacentrus lepidogenys, Solomon Islands. Photo by J. E. Randall. Two morphological differences were found with no overlap. The body depth is greater in Pomacentrus callainus, % SL, compared to % for P. lepidogenys (15 specimens, mm SL). The longest dorsal spine of P. callainus is % SL, compared to % SL in P. lepidogenys. The second anal spine is usually longer in P. callainus as well, % SL, compared to % for P. lepidogenys. There also may be a difference in the maximum size. The largest of 36 specimens of P. lepidogenys from eight lots is 68 mm SL. The largest of the specimens of P. callainus measures 73.8 mm SL. The Bishop Museum has one lot of Pomacentrus. lepidogenys (BPBM 27107, 4: mm) from Kinde Reef, New Caledonia, collected by P. Laboute and J.-L. Menou in 1979 with no record of life colour, but judging from the figure of this species in the book on New Caledonia fishes by Laboute and Grandperrin (2000: 325), the coloration there is typical of the species. However, the number of gill rakers of the four specimens is 22-24, with two counts on 23, the modal count for P. callainus. On the other hand, the lateral line scale count, three with 17 and one with 18, favours P. lepidogenys. The body depth of the four specimens, % SL, is intermediate to P. lepidogenys and P. callainus, and the longest dorsal spine, % SL slightly favours P. callainus. More material is needed from New Caledonia, and especially documentation of the life colour, to determine if there is a population there intermediate in some features to P. lepidogenys and P. callainus. Allen (1991: 149) has added to the complexity by writing with respect to P. lepidogenys, Australian and Melanesian specimens are mainly pale blue-grey whereas throughout the northern part of the range (Indonesia and northwards), the dorsal fin and tail base are bright yellow. However, his figure of P. lepidogenys, with yellow on the dorsal and caudal fins, is from the Great Barrier Reef, and he illustrated still another (Allen, 1975: 213, upper fig.) from the southern Great Barrier Reef with the same yellow-finned coloration. Note, in addition, that the illustration of P. lepidogenys in the present paper is from the Solomon Islands, part of Melanesia. The lower figure on page 213 of Allen (1975), also from the Great Barrier Reef, is evidently the pale blue-grey phase of P. lepidogenys that he mentioned as the dominant colour form. This figure has no dark spot at the upper base of the pectoral fin. Clearly more study is needed of P. lepidogenys in the western part of its range. There may be two species and not two colour phases. Material of Pomacentrus lepidogenys examined: RYUKYU ISLANDS: Ishigaki, BPBM 6874, 2: mm: BPBM 6879, 60 mm; BPBM 7439, 9:40-63 mm. PHILIPPINES: Siquijor, ROM 54604, 29: mm. SOLOMON ISLANDS: Florida Island, BPBM 15660, 3: mm. GREAT BARRIER REEF: Lizard Island, ROM 51291, 36 mm; ROM 51295, 48.5 mm; ROM 51322, 33 mm. Capricorn Group, One Tree Island, ROM 59495, 3: mm. 173 aqua vol. 5 no

44 Two new damselfishes of the genus Pomacentrus from the south-west Pacific Pomacentrus spilotoceps n. sp. (Figs. 4, 5; Tables I, III) Holotype: BPBM 37983, male, 60.0 mm, Tonga, Tongatapu, Hakaumama o Reef, patch reef in lagoon near tower, 3 m, spear, J. E. Randall, 5 March Paratypes: MNHN , 59.6 mm, USNM , 67.3 mm, and WAM P , 59.2 mm, all with same data as holotype. Diagnosis Dorsal rays XIII,14-15 (usually 15); anal rays II,15; Fig. 4. Holotype of Pomacentrus spilotoceps, BPBM 37893, 60.0 mm SL, Tongatapu, Tonga. Photo by J. E. Randall. Fig. 5. Underwater photograph of adult of Pomacentrus spilotoceps, Viti Levu, Fiji. Photo by J. E. Randall. aqua vol. 5 no

45 John E. Randall pectoral rays 18; tubed lateral line scales (usually 18); total gill rakers 22-24; sub-orbital naked, the margin serrate; posterior edge of pre-orbital with a strong retrorse spine; body depth in SL; longest dorsal spine in head length; second anal spine in head length; yellowish brown, the scale edges blackish; dull yellow to pale orange spots on opercle and anterior to and above pectoral fin base; two blue lines on side of snout crossing upper lip; a small vertically elongate deep blue or black spot at upper end of gill opening, and a small black spot at upper pectoral fin base; ocellus posteriorly in lower half of dorsal fin present or absent in adults; caudal fin abruptly yellowish. Description Dorsal rays XIII,15 (14-15); anal rays II,15; all dorsal and anal soft rays branched, the last to base; pectoral rays 18, the upper two and lowermost unbranched; pelvic rays I,5; principal caudal rays 15, the median 13 branched; upper procurrent caudal rays 6, the posterior two segmented; lower procurrent caudal rays 7, the posterior two segmented; scales in longitudinal series 27; tubed lateral line scales 17 (18); posterior mid-lateral scales with a pore or deep pit (in continuous series) 8 (7-9); scales above lateral line to origin of dorsal fin 3; scales above lateral line to base of middle dorsal spine 1.5; scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin 8; gill rakers ( ); pseudobranchial filaments of 59.2-mm paratype 13; branchiostegal rays 5; supraneural (pre-dorsal) bones 3; vertebrae Body depth 2.0 ( ) in SL; body compressed, the width 2.8 ( ) in body depth; head length 3.15 ( ) in SL; dorsal profile of head nearly straight; snout length 3.3 ( ) in head length; orbit diameter 3.25 ( ) in head; interorbital space slightly convex, its width 3.45 ( ) in head; caudal peduncle depth 2.0 ( ) in head; caudal peduncle length 3.05 ( ) in head. Mouth small, terminal, and slightly oblique, forming an angle of about 20 to horizontal axis of head and body; maxilla nearly or just reaching vertical at anterior edge of orbit, the upper jaw length 3.35 ( ) in head; front of jaws rounded; teeth in jaws slender, incisiform with rounded tips, slightly incurved, and biserial, those of inner row twice as slender, each at gap between two outer teeth; total upper jaw teeth of outer row of holotype 45 and total for lower jaw 42. Tongue pointed, set far back in mouth. Gill rakers long and slender, the longest on lower limb near angle nearly as long as longest gill filaments. No posterior nostril detected. Nostril round with a low fleshy rim, directly anterior to middle of eye, about two-thirds pupil diameter from edge of orbit. Opercular spine at level of lower edge of orbit, small and flat, only its tip projecting from beneath most posterior scale on opercle; posterior margin of preopercle strongly serrate, the serrae angled upward, progressively shorter dorsally, 25 on holotype; posterior margin of preopercle extending slightly dorsal to level of centre of eye (though upper edge hidden by scales); anterior margin of preopercle extending to below corner of mouth; sub-orbital irregularly serrate; pre-orbital twice as deep as sub-orbital, with a large retrorse spine on its posterior edge. Scales finely ctenoid; head scaled except suborbital, pre-orbital, lips, and a narrow edge at front of snout about one-half pupil diameter in width; a scaly sheath at base of spinous and anterior soft portions of dorsal and anal fins, pupil height posteriorly on spinous portion of dorsal fin; a column of scales on each membrane of spinous portion of dorsal fin, narrowing distally, reaching two-thirds to three-quarters distance to spine tips; small scales extending out on anterior soft portion of fin nearly three-quarters distance to margin, then progressively shorter posteriorly; small scales on anal fin extending more than three-quarters distance to margin except posteriorly; small scales on caudal fin, when intact, extending about three-quarters distance to posterior margin; small scales on about basal quarter of pectoral fins; a median scaly process extending posteriorly from between base of pelvic fins, its length about two-thirds length of pelvic spine; axillary scale above base of pelvic spine nearly three-quarters length of pelvic spine. Origin of dorsal fin over base of third lateral line scale, the pre-dorsal length 2.65 (2.7) in SL; base of soft portion of dorsal fin nearly half as long as base of spinous portion; first dorsal spine 3.2 ( ) in head; second dorsal spine 2.8 ( ) in head; thirteenth dorsal spine longest (but eleventh and twelfth nearly as long), 1.6 ( ) in head; membranes of spinous portion of dorsal fin incised only posteriorly, about half length of spine at front of fin, progressively less posteriorly; membrane from tip of each spine of dorsal fin extending horizontally behind, supported by a slender thickening, ending posteriorly in a point; eighth and ninth dorsal soft rays longest, 4.2 ( ) in SL; origin of anal fin below base of eleventh dorsal spine, the pre-anal length 1.5 in SL; first anal spine 2.85 (2.8) in head; second anal spine 1.5 ( ) in head; ninth and tenth anal soft rays longest, 4.1 ( ) in SL; caudal fin forked, the lobe tips slightly rounded, its length 3.15 ( ) in SL; caudal concavity 2.95 ( ) in head; fourth pectoral ray longest, 3.35 ( ) in SL; origin of pelvic fins below lower base of pectoral fins, the pre-pelvic length 2.45 (2.4) in SL; pelvic spine 1.8 ( ) in head; first soft ray of pelvic fins just reaching anus in holotype, prolonged as a short filament in paratypes, nearly reaching or just reaching origin of anal fin, 4.05 ( ) in SL. Colour of holotype when fresh (Fig. 4): Yellowish brown, the scale edges blackish; a large pale orange spot on each scale of opercle, pre-pectoral area, and on three scales above pectoral fin base, the lowest 175 aqua vol. 5 no

46 Two new damselfishes of the genus Pomacentrus from the south-west Pacific notably large and sub-triangular; two blue lines on side of snout crossing upper lip, and a parallel one below posterior end of maxilla; blue dots on postorbital head, tending to form lines, one of which continues as an oblique row of five scales on nape, the dot on each enlarged to a blue blotch; a small vertically elongate black spot at upper end of gill opening, and a small black spot at upper pectoral fin base; an oblong black spot, narrowly rimmed in blue, posteriorly in dorsal fin; upper edge of each inter spinous membrane of dorsal fin bright blue with a sub-marginal brownish orange line; a longitudinal blue line in spinous portion of fin just above basal scaled part; anal fin with a narrow blue margin, a narrow blue band in outer third of fin with a proximal row of four blue spots, one per membrane, and a faint bluish streak on last six rays of fin; caudal fin abruptly yellowish brown basally, shading to pale yellowish distally; pectoral fins with transparent membranes and brown-edged yellow rays; pelvic fins yellowish brown, the spine darker brown with a pale blue edge. Colour in life of an adult from Fiji (Fig. 5): Similar to the above, but spots on opercle and around upper part of pectoral fin base more yellow than orange, and blue markings absent except anterior edge of dorsal fin ocellus and margins of dorsal and anal fins. Colour of holotype in alcohol: Brown, the scale edges dark brown; centres of scales on opercle lighter brown than edges; a vertically elongate black spot of nearly pupil diameter in length at upper end of gill opening; a round black spot of about half pupil diameter at upper base of pectoral fins; axil of pectoral fins not black; a pale-edged black spot in dorsal fin between tenth and thirteenth soft rays, about onethird way out in fin; naked spinous part of dorsal fin below incised portion lighter brown than rest of fin, thus appearing as a pale longitudinal band; caudal fin abruptly light yellowish brown. Etymology This species is named Pomacentrus spilotoceps from the Greek spilotos for spotted and ceps short for head, in reference to the orange or yellow spots on the head, its most characteristic markings. Remarks Juveniles were not observed, but it is presumed they had bright blue lines and small spots on the head, as is often seen on species of Pomacentrus. Vestiges of these persisted in the 60-mm holotype, a mature male, when first collected. This species was only rarely encountered in Tonga and Viti Levu. It occurred on shallow coral reefs in calm areas. Of the known species of Pomacentrus, P. spilotoceps seems most similar to P. chrysurus Cuvier which ranges from New South Wales and the Great Barrier Reef north to the Ryukyu Islands, east to New Caledonia and Palau, and west to the Maldives. It has the same fin-ray counts, white to yellow caudal fin, the same upper black spot on the opercle and on the pectoral fin base, two oblique blue lines on side of snout, and it can retain an ocellus posteriorly in the dorsal fin to adult size (though higher on the fin). P. spilotoceps differs in having instead of tubed lateral line scales, but this slight difference may disappear when more specimens are available. More significant is the gill raker difference, for spilotoceps compared to for chrysurus. The most obvious colour difference, other than the orange or yellow spots anteriorly on spilotoceps, is the more strongly contrasting white or yellow caudal fin of chrysurus. The juvenile of chrysurus is bright yellow on the broad upper part of the head and body and dorsal fin to the ocellus, with no blue markings within. As mentioned, the blue markings dorsally on the head and nape of the holotype of spilotoceps probably indicate better developed, brighter blue markings on juveniles. Acknowledgements Richard Winterbottom and Marty Rouse of the Royal Ontario Museum are thanked for the very helpful loan of Pacific specimens of Pomacentrus. Thanks are also due Arnold Y. Suzumoto and Loreen R. O Hara of the Bishop Museum for curatorial assistance and X-rays. References Allen, G. R Damselfishes of the South Seas. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey, 240 pp. Allen, G. R Damselfishes of the World. Aquarium Systems, Mentor, Ohio, 271 pp. Fowler, H. W. & B. A. Bean Contribution to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions. The fishes of the families Pomacentridae, Labridae, and Callyodontidae, collected by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross, chiefly in Philippine seas and adjacent waters. Bulletin of the United States National Museum. 100, volume 7: viii +525 pp. Laboute, P. & R. Grandperrin Poissons de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Editions Catherine Ledru, Nouméa, 520 pp. aqua vol. 5 no

47 1. Manuscript preparation: manuscripts must be submitted in English. In exceptional cases aqua may provide translations of manuscripts written in French, German, Italian, or Spanish. Manuscripts must be word-processed in Microsoft WORD and submitted in an electronic form. Generic, specific, and sub-specific names must be italicised. All papers must conform to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Authors are strongly advised to follow the format set out in previous publications of aqua. 2. Title: the title must be short and should precisely identify the main topic of the article. Names of genera or species are followed by the systematic group to which they belong. Author name(s) are given in full beneath the title, followed by the complete mailing and address(es). 3. Abstract: the abstract should not exceed 250 words and draw attention to the principal conclusions. It should not contain any uncommon abbreviations or literature citations. The inclusion of abstracts in other languages is optional. 4. Subject matter: the text of the manuscript is usually arranged in four main sections: Introduction, Materials and methods (including a key to abbreviations), Results, and Discussion. Other subdivisions may be chosen depending on the material presented. Acknowledgements should be placed between the text and references. Scientific names of genera, species, and subspecies should be followed by the name(s) of author(s) and the year of publication on first mention. A description of a new taxon must contain the following sections: Material, Diagnosis, Description, and Affinities. Holotype and paratypes must be clearly identified, the institution in which they have been deposited named, and the catalogue numbers given. Private collections are not acceptable as repositories for holotypes. Synonyms must be arranged in chronological order. Identification keys must be dichotomous. The metric system and SI units must be used. Temperatures are given in C. Fractions should not be used. 5. References to literature: the name-year system must be used. The list of references should be placed at the end of the paper, alphabetically arranged according to author name. Only those publications cited in the paper may be included. Titles of journals must be given in full. Examples of correct reference formats: Guidelines for Authors BLABER, S. J. M Fish of the Trinity inlet system of North Queensland, with notes on the ecology of fish faunas of tropical Indo-Pacific estuaries. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 31: DAY, J. H., BLABER, S. J. M., & WALLACE, J. H Estuarine fishes. In: Estuarine Ecology with Particular Reference to Southern Africa. (Ed. J.H. Day.): A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam. DIMMICH, W. W Ultrastructure of North American cyprinid maxillary barbels. Copeia 1988 (1): TREWAVAS, E Tilapiine Fishes of the Genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Museum (Natural History), London, 583 pp. 6. Submission of manuscript and illustrations: The manuscript and illustrations must be submitted digitally to the Scientific Editor: Dr. Friedhelm Krupp Senckenberg Research Institute Senckenberganlage Frankfurt am Main, Germany fkrupp@senckenberg.de Tel: , Fax: to whom all subsequent correspondence shall be addressed. Texts, tables, and graphs should be in Microsoft-compatible electronic form. After the paper has been accepted for publication, illustrations as high-resolution TIF files or original photographs (ideally transparencies; otherwise glossy prints, preferably in the size in which they will appear - the type area of aqua is 158 x 224 mm, one column is 76 mm wide) must be sent to: Aquapress, The Managing Editor Via G. Falcone 11, Miradolo Terme (Pavia), Italy aqua@aquapress-bleher.it Authors should retain copies of all materials for reference. Proofs of accepted papers will be sent as PDF files by e- mail attachment to the corresponding author. 7. Evaluation of manuscripts: manuscripts will be evaluated by the editors and referees. Papers are accepted on the understanding that they have not and will not be published elsewhere. 8. Reprints: Authors will receive one free copy of the issue in which their paper appears and an e-print in PDF format. Additional copies may be ordered from Aquapress.

48 aqua Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology Vol. 5 (4), July 2002 Contents: Arturo Acero P. and Ricardo Betancur-R: Arius cookei, a new species of ariid catfish Pages from the tropical American Pacific Gerald R. Allen and John E. Randall: A review of the leucogaster species complex Pages of the Indo-Pacific pomacentrid genus Amblyglyphidodon, with descriptions of two new species John E. Randall, Philippe Bacchet, Richard Winterbottom, and Louise Wrobel: Pages Fifty new records of shore fishes from the Society Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago John E. Randall: Two new damselfishes of the genus Pomacentrus from the Pages south-west Pacific Papers appearing in this journal are indexed in: Zoological Record; Biolis - Biologische Literatur Information Senckenberg; Cover photo: Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster, about 90 mm total length, underwater photograph, Kakaban Island, north-eastern Kalimantan, Indonesia. Photo by G. R. Allen. The label below the seahorse (left) in the Museo de Archeologia in Tiwanaku, Bolivia, reads Hippocampus titicacaensis. There is an account of the discovery of this seahorse by the archeologist Arthur Posnansky in Lake Titicaca in 1943; also, a clay seahorse (right) dating back more than 2000 years has been unearthed in the area. This is also on display in the museum, and a team is working to verify this surprising discovery of what may be the only freshwater seahorse in existence - soon to be published, in a future issue of aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology. Photos by H. Bleher