Tilapia Production in Bangladesh Gupta et al. 1992

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1 Tilapia Production in Bangladesh Gupta et al Bangladesh - fish = 60 70% of animal protein Per cap. cons. = 7.9 kg/yr Urban elite = 22.1 kg/yr Rural poor = 4.4 kg/yr 1

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4 Tilapia Production in Bangladesh Gupta et al Prod./Farm Pond Size (m 2 ) Water Days Prod Mt/ha T 25 kg kg C 5 kg $ F 21 kg kg C 7 kg $ M 19 kg kg C 7 kg $ 4

5 Dr. Gupta s achievements in freshwater aquaculture have helped millions of rural farmers overcome severe poverty and nutritional deficiencies. Dr. Gupta developed low-cost technologies to increase fish yields and educated impoverished farmers, specifically women, in freshwater aquaculture practices. His efforts led to a significant rise in the consumption of fish a vital source of protein and vitamins in developing countries in Asia and Africa and more effective aquaculture research worldwide. 5

6 Dynamics of pond aquaculture edited by Hillary S. Egna and Claude E. Boyd CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl., 437 pp. $ 90 on Amazon.com Pond Aquaculture & Water Quality Management edited by Claude E. Boyd, and Craig S. Tucker Kluwer Academic, Boston, MA., 700 pp. $ 225 on Amazon.com 6

7 South-eastern Cambodia rice/fish culture Better water prod. (BW) = 604 kg/yr fish Poorer water prod. (PW) = 158 kg/yr fish However, consumption was the same = 37 kg/person and amount of fish purchased was also the same PW sold = 34 kg/year; BW sold = 356 kg/year 7

8 Aquaculture nutrition and feeds Farm-madeAquafeeds By Michael New, Albert Tacon and Imre Csavas pp., $ 70. STANDARD METHODS FOR THE NUTRITION AND FEEDING OF FARMED FISH AND SHRIMP By Albert Tacon pp., $ 129 Bernan Associates 4611-F Assembly Drive Lanham, MD query@bernan.com order@bernan.com 8

9 Nutrient Requirements of Fish (1993) $ 30 Amazon.com Committee on Animal Nutrition National Research Council National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 9

10 Nutrition and Feeding of Fish, nd Edition Tom Lovell (ed.) $ 165 Hardcover 10

11 Types of Diets Trash Fish Formulated feeds Farm-made diets Commercial rations Research Diets 11

12 Trash Fish Fresh or Frozen Strategies sardines, herring, etc. cuttle fish or squid shrimp or krill avoid thiamine deficiency alternate feeding of each avoid food restriction maintain high condition factor 12

13 Advantages of formulated feed Exact nutritional needs of the fish can be meet Optimum balance of ingredients can optimize food conversion Large qualities of feed can be prepared at one time with reasonable storage requirements and shelf life Use of low cost ingredients Easy to transport and distribute 13

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16 FCR = Food Conversion Ratio FCR = amount of feed needed to produce unit weight of fish Dry weight of feed/wet weight of fish Protein conversion ratio = amount of feed protein/amount of fish protein Protein is the most expensive component of feed Feed - cost/unit 16

17 Nutrient Digestibility Protein - > 80% Carbohydrate Herbivorous and omnivorous species, high; amylase-trypsin ratio 3:1 1:1 Carnivorous species, low; amylase-trypsin ratio 0.1:1 Lipids - > 90% 17

18 Key Nutrients Protein Carbohydrates Lipid Vitamins Minerals Additives 25-50% 40 - < 20% 10 20% Vit. E and C little information carotenoids 18

19 Use of fishmeal in aquaculture diets 19

20 Nutrient requirements - protein Tilapia Channel catfish Grass carp Japanese eel Atlantic salmon Casein Whole egg protein Casein Casein + amino acids Fish meal 30% 32 36% 41 43% 44% 55% 20

21 Nutrient requirements - protein Fish size (g) catfish 3 Protein g/100 g fish/day

22 EAA (% of protein) Tilapia Carp Salmon Arginine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine (+ cystine) Phenylalanine (+ tyrosine) Threonine Tryptohan Valine

23 EAA (% of protein) Soybean Tilapia Salmon Arginine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine (+ cystine) Phenylalanine (+ tyrosine) Threonine Tryptohan Valine

24 Deamination 24

25 Gross energy values Substrate Cornstarch Kcal/g 3.77 Beef fat Soybean oil Casein

26 Fatty acids 26

27 Essential fatty acids 27

28 Unsaturated fatty acids Oleic acid Linoleic acid = EFA Linolenic acid = EFA 28

29 Essential fatty acids 29

30 Essential fatty acids Species Carp Grass carp Japanese eel Yellowtail flounder Silver bream Red drum EFA PUFA PUFA PUFA n-3 HUFA n-3 HUFA n-3 HUFA % of dry diet

31 Vitamins - NRC based premixes based on salmon Vitamin salmon mg/kg dry diet catfish mg/kg dry diet Thiamin 10 1 Ascorbate Vitamin E

32 Minerals Dicalcium phosphate 2 3 % of diets Trace metal mixtures - NRC based premixes based on salmon 32

33 Practical Tilapia diets; pond & raceway Ingredients Fish meal Soybean meal, CP >48% Grains or grain byproducts Fat Pellet binder Dicalcium phosphate Vit. & min. premix 25% Protein % of diet included? 32% Protein % of diet included 33

34 Practical Fish Meal Based Diet Channel catfish 32% protein Ingredients Meat & bone meal, CP >65% Soybean meal, CP 48% Cotton Seed meal, CP 41% Corn grain Wheat middlings Vegetable or fish oil Vit. & min. premix % of Diet included 34

35 Practical Fish Meal Based Diet Japanese Yellowtail Ingredients Fish meal Krill meal Wheat flour Potato starch Wheat gluten Fish oil Vitamin mix Mineral mix % of Diet

36 Practical shrimp feeds Ingredients Fish meal Shrimp head meal Squid meal Soybean meal, CP >48% Cereals or byproducts 25% Protein % of diet % Protein % of diet

37 Practical shrimp feeds cont. Ingredients Fish oil Soybean lecithin Cholesterol Pellet binder Dicalcium phosphate Vitamin and mineral mix 25% Protein % of diet included 38% Protein % of diet included 37

38 Cage culture 38

39 Cage culture 39

40 Cage or pen size The larger the cage size the lower the production cost. Netting required for 4 small cages equal in surface area to 1 large cage is 30% more. Water exchange may be less however in large cages. May limit the introduction of natural food 40

41 Pros - cage or pen culture No requirement for land however access to water is required Capital investment is low in relationship to return The low labor requirement allows for other farming activities to be continued. Flexible technology Ability to culture high value crops. 41

42 Cons - cage or pen culture Risk culture dependent on good water quality Risk - potential for disease Cage or pen fouling Loss of crop Need for reliable seed supplies Need for reliable feed sources 42

43 David = Vietnamese cage culture of catfish versus Goliath = U.S. pond culture of catfish 43

44 Aquaculture catfish The Delta 44

45 Aquaculture catfish The Delta Catfish and the Delta: Confederate Fish Farming in the Mississippi Delta by Richard Schweid 45

46 Global catfish production = 1,524,000 ~ 2 % of global fish production/yr 46

47 Catfish production cycle = 2 yrs 47

48 Catfish production ponds 48

49 Catfish production 49

50 Catfish growout 50

51 Catfish harvesting 51

52 Catfish processing 52

53 Primary product (60%) = fillets (~ 40% yield from a 1 2 lb fish) catfish are kept alive up until the minute they're processed. The entire processing process is completed in less than 30 minutes. fish are cleaned, processed and placed on ice or frozen to temperatures of - 40 o F below zero. Frozen farm-raised catfish are individually quickfrozen (IQF), a method which preserves the taste and quality of the fish. Plants are inspected and certified by the U.S. Department of Commerce 20 certified processing plants have a combined capacity of more than 10 million pounds of catfish every week. 53

54 Catfish production costs Feed cost has been highly variable but longterm trend for average feed cost is relatively flat Production costs - increase of ~ 1%/yr. when feed prices are held steady Total annual costs in 1996 estimated to be: $ for 160 acre farm $ for 320 acre farm $ for 640 acre farm 54

55 Catfish prices (farm gate) Swingle - late 1950's $ 0.50/lb (catfish culture profitable) 1987 (Stickney 1991) $ 0.75/lb 1990 (Stickney 1991) $ 0.80/lb 1994 (Aquaculture Outlook, March 15, 1995) $ 0.78/lb 1999 (The Catfish Journal, September) $ 0.77/lb 2000 (The Catfish Journal, September) $ 0.76/lb 55

56 Industry survival Increase in production 1950 s = ~ 1,000 lbs/acre Today some farmers harvest 7,000 lbs/acre Increase in farm size Expansion of markets from regional to national catfish # 5 most popular seafood C.I.A. off flavor Year round availability Value added products 56

57 David = Vietnamese cage culture of catfish Goliath = U.S. pond culture of catfish 57

58 Basa catfish cage rearing 58

59 Basa catfish Asian catfish sold as Delta (Mekong) Catfish 2002 (USDA) price drops $ 0.58/lb U.S. Congress legislates that only catfish grown in the U.S.A. can be labeled such Basa fillets capture 12% of U.S. $ 590 million market U.S. catfish growers call for anti-dumping duties 59

60 Catfish prices (farm gate) Swingle - late 1950's $ 0.50/lb (catfish culture profitable) 1987 (Stickney 1991) $ 0.75/lb 1990 (Stickney 1991) $ 0.80/lb 1994 (Aquaculture Outlook, March 15, 1995) $ 0.78/lb 1999 (The Catfish Journal, September) $ 0.77/lb 2000 (The Catfish Journal, September) $ 0.76/lb 2002 (USDA) $ 0.68/lb 60

61 The Catfish Ad Wars U.S. Farm-Raised Catfish turn your taste buds red, white and blue Agifish biggest importer of basa used all the publicity as a basis for the following ad: What do you know about the trade dispute between the American Catfish and the Vietnamese Basa? Just try Agifish s Basa products, you ll know imported fish nibbling on who knows what 61

62 Strings Italian Café in the Marketplace basa al forno a mild white fish baked and topped w/ garlic sauce, white wine and lemon, w/ a side of angel hair pasta and fresh veggies 62