All About Sharks Mini Books. Sample file

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1 All About Sharks Mini Books

2 Created and designed by Debbie Martin All About Sharks Mini Books The Whole Word Publishing The Word, the whole Word and nothing but the Word." Copyright June 2010 by Debbie Martin 3627 D St. Bremerton, Wa All rights reserved. Permission is hereby granted to the individual purchaser to reproduce his book in whole or in part for non commercial individual or classroom use only. Permission is not granted for school wide system wide reproduction of materials. Clipart public domain.

3 Sharks What is a Shark? Sharks are a type of fish. They live in water, and use their gills to filter oxygen from the water. Sharks are a special type of fish because their body is made out of cartilage instead of bones like other fish. Sharks do not have bones. Because sharks are made up of cartilage, they are called Elasmobranchs, which translates into "fish made of cartilaginous tissues." Elasmobranchs also includes Rays, Saw fish, and Skates. Why are sharks a special type of fish? Do they have bones? Because sharks are made up of cartilage, what are they called? Directions: For above booklets Cut out, fold in half. Write inside and Glue into lapbook. Rays Saw fish Skate For Ray, Saw fish and Skate booklet. Cut out. Fold Ray over Saw fish and fold Skate over Saw fish and Ray. Write Elasmobranchs on front. Glue into lapbook.

4 There are about 400 species of sharks ranging in size from the smallest shark in the world, the small dwarf lantern shark, a deep water dogfish shark that calls the Caribbean Sea home. A full grown female comes in at about 7 1/2 inches while the male dwarf lantern shark reaches only 6 inches in length. The whale shark, the largest fish species, is a slow moving filter feeding shark which feeds only on plankton, squid and small fish. The largest confirmed whale shark had a length 42 feet and a weight of more than 47,000 pounds! The whale shark is found in tropical and warm oceans, lives in the open sea with a lifespan of about 70 years. Filter feeding animals are animals that feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water, typically by passing the water over a specialized filtering structure. Some animals that use this method of feeding are clams, krill, sponges and some fish and sharks such as the basking shark. Some birds, such as flamingos, are also filter feeders. Filter feeders can play an important role by clarifying water. Directions: Cut out booklets. Fold in half. Write inside. Glue into lapbook. How many species of sharks are there? Describe the dwarf lantern shark

5 Directions: Cut out booklets. Fold in half. Write inside. Glue into lapbook. Describe the whale shark. What is a filtering feeding animal? Clam Krill Basking shark Sponge

6 Sharks generally do not live in freshwater, with a few exceptions such as the bull shark and the river shark which can live both in seawater (saltwater) and freshwater. Sharks breathe with the use of five to seven gill slits. Sharks have five to seven gill slits on each side of their head, unlike bony fish which have one gill on each side. As water passes over their gills, oxygen is absorbed by the blood in the gills and transported from there to the rest of the body. Water enters the gill chambers through the mouth or spiracles in order for the shark to breathe. (Spiracles, which are special gill slits located just behind the eyes. They supply oxygen directly to the eyes and brain of the shark.) Previously it was thought that sharks had to move to keep breathing, but know we know that they can pump water over their gills by opening and closing their mouth. Due to low blood pressure the sharks rely on muscular movement to circulate their blood. Blood in the gill filaments absorb oxygen from the water and water then exits through the gill slits. For booklet. Cut out, Fold in half. Write inside. Glue into lapbook. What two sharks can live in both fresh and saltwater? For above shutter booklet. Cut out. Fold on dotted lines so flaps cover the middle. Inside booklet explain how a shark breathes. On the outside of the booklet write How a shark breathes.

7 How do sharks pump water over their gills? Write Did you know? here. >> What are spiracles? How does a shark circulate it's blood? For above shark booklets. Cut out, fold in half, write inside. Glue into lapbook. Ichthyology is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish. <<<< For the booklet to the left. Cut out, Fold on dotted lines. Write Did you know? on tab of booklet. Glue card on the left inside the booklet. Glue into lapbook.

8 Teeth Sharks have several sets of replaceable teeth. Teeth in sharks are arranged in rows in the mouth, but are not firmly attached to the jaws. Instead they are embedded in a fibrous membrane lying over the jaws. When a tooth becomes broken, worn or lost, it is replaced by one moving forward from the next row behind. Within its lifetime a shark can have thousands of teeth. Most sharks have one row of teeth exposed at a time, but they have up to 7 sets of fully-grown teeth waiting in their jaw. A young shark may lose a set of teeth in a week. Unlike most animals' jaws, both the sharks' upper and lower jaws move. The shark's jaw is not attached to the cranium. How many rows of teeth can a shark have waiting in their jaw? How are shark teeth arranged in it's mouth? How many rows of teeth does a shark have exposed at one time? What is special about the jaws of a shark? Directions: Cut out booklet, fold in half, write inside. Glue into lapbook.

9 A shark bites with it's lower jaw first and then its upper. It tosses its head back and forth to tear loose a piece of meat which it swallows whole. Each type of shark has a different shaped tooth. Sharks continually shed their teeth. A shark may grow and use over 20,000 teeth in its lifetime! For the booklet to the right. Cut out, fold in half, write inside and glue into lapbook. How many teeth can a shark grow in it's lifetime? For above booklet. Cut out, fold in half. Write on cover Shark Teeth. Glue into lapbook.

10 How does a shark tooth grow? When the tooth forms in the gum tissue, the crown cap develops first, followed by the root. The resulting teeth are composed of a dentin root and core, covered by a layer of enamel. The root and the enamel of the blade may sometimes be separated by a thin band of enamel, known as the bourlette or chevron. Depending on the species of shark, the blade of the tooth may or may not be serrated (saw toothed), and may have coarse or fine, irregular or regular serrations. Again depending on the species of shark, cusplets may be present. Directions: Using the labeled diagram as a guide. Label the unlabeled tooth diagram. Cut out booklet fold in half write A Shark's Tooth on the front. Glue into lapbook.

11 Anatomy of a Shark Directions: Using the labeled diagram as a guide. Label the unlabeled shark diagram. Cut out fold in half and label the outside Anatomy of a Shark. Glue into lapbook.

12 Shark Skin Shark skin magnified 70 times. Shark skin is made of tiny, hard, tooth-like structures called dermal denticles or placoid scales. These structures are shaped like curved, grooved teeth and make the skin a very tough armor with a texture like sandpaper. They have the same structure as a tooth with an outer layer of enamel, dentine and a central pulp cavity. Unlike the scales of scales of bony fish (ctenoid scales) that get larger as the fish grows, placoid scales stay the same size. As the shark grows, it just grows more placoid scales. Describe the sharks skin. What happens to the shark's scales as the shark grows? Directions: Cut out booklets. Fold in half. Write inside. Glue into lapbook.

13 The sharks scales are also designed to help the shark swim more quickly because their streamlined shapes helps decrease the friction of the water flowing along the shark's body, by channeling it through grooves. All of the spines of the denticles point backwards (towards the tail), so it would feel relatively smooth it you moved your hand from head to tail (but rough the other way). In the past, shark skin has been used as sandpaper. How do shark scales help a shark swim more quickly? Which way do the denticles point? How does a sharks skin feel? What did shark skin used to be used for? Directions: Cut out booklets. Fold in half. Write inside. Glue into lapbook.

14 Shark Tails Sharks have very distinctive tails. The tails (caudal fins) of sharks are different between species of each shark. The tail provides thrust, speed and acceleration each is dependent on tail shape. Different tail shapes have been designed for different environments. The tiger shark's tail has a large upper lobe which delivers the maximum amount of power for slow cruising or sudden bursts of speed. The tiger shark must be able to twist and turn in the water easily when hunting to support its diet of crustaceans, dugongs, seabirds, sea snakes and more. Whereas the porbeagle, which hunts schooling fish such as mackerel and herring has a large lower tail lobe to help it keep pace with its fast-swimming prey. The thresher shark feeds on fish and squid, which it herds and stuns with its powerful and long upper tail. The cookiecutter shark has a tail with broad lower and upper lobes of similar shape which are luminescent (gives off light) and may help to lure prey towards the shark. Directions: Cut out booklets. Fold in half. Write the name of the shark on the front. Glue in lapbook.

15 Directions: Cut out booklets. Fold in half. Write the name of the shark on the front. Glue in lapbook.

16 Buoyancy Buoyancy is the ability of an object to float in a liquid, such as water. Unlike bony fish, sharks do not have gas-filled swim bladders for buoyancy. (A swim bladder an air-filled sac near the spinal column in many fishes that helps maintain buoyancy.) Instead of a swim bladder sharks rely on a large liver, filled with an oil for buoyancy. The oil in the liver is lighter than water and gives the shark some buoyancy, but it is still heavier than water and will sink if it does not actively swim. The liver of large sharks can reach great weight and contain huge quantities of oil. For example, the basking shark has an elongated body cavity filled with an enormous, oily liver which may comprise some 20 to 25% of its total weight; up to 590 gallons (2,270 liters) of oil has been obtained from the liver of a single individual, a 29-foot (8.8-meter), 6.5-ton (5.9 tonne) specimen. In the days when sharks were fished commercially for the oil in their livers, it was estimated that a well-fed, 13-foot (4-meter) Tiger Shark might contain a liver that would yield as much as 18 gallons (82 liters) of rich oil! The liver makes up to 30% of the sharks body mass. What is buoyancy? What is a swim bladder? Do sharks have one? Directions: Cut out, fold in half, write inside. Glue into lapbook. How does a shark's liver help it float?

17 Sharks can also stay afloat because they are made of cartilage. Cartilage is about half the density of bone and a frame composed of cartilage would be much lighter than the same one made of bone. Finally, some sharks use air gulping as a way of controlling their buoyancy. There are several species in which air gulping is well known; most of these are the swell sharks (members of the cat shark family). There are 16 species of swell shark and, in most instances, they use this method to wedge themselves in rock crevices so that predators cannot dig them out. One shark that uses air gulping to an entirely different is the sand tiger shark. Sand tigers sharks gulp air at the surface, holding it in their stomachs and releasing it gradually until it achieves its desired depth. This retention of air allows the shark to hover almost motionless at a depth of its choosing. How does a shark's skeleton help it to float? Name two sharks that use air to help them control their buoyancy. Directions: Cut out booklets. Fold in half. Write inside. Glue into lapbook.

18 Below is the diagram of the inside of a shark. Locate the liver. The left lobe of the liver, the right lobe of the liver and the median lobe of the liver. Observe what a large liver a shark has. Go ahead and color the internal organs of the shark each with a different color. Fold the diagram in thirds and put in pocket on following page.

19 ** Directions: To make a pocket for your diagram on previous page. Cut out and color diagram. Next cut out pocket. Fold pocket in half. Lightly glue the sides but not the top to make a pocket for your diagram. After pocket is dry, fold diagram in thirds (as below). On the outside of the pocket in the space provided write "The Inside of a Shark." Glue pocket into lapbook. Insert diagram. **

20 Reproduction There are three different ways in which every shark species reproduce. Oviparity. Sharks lay eggs in the ocean The young are born alive and fully functional. Horn Shark egg Swell Shark egg Viviparity Very much like mammals, sharks have placental links with developing pups, nourish them and keep them until pups born fully functional. Ovoviviparity This is the most common reproduction method among sharks. Eggs develop inside the oviduct of the mother and then hatch inside the oviduct where they finish their development using the remaining egg content to make pups born fully functional.

21 Directions: Cut out booklet. Cut on red lines. Stop at black dotted line. Fold flaps over so the flaps cover the squares on the right. Inside booklet. Describe the three ways sharks reproduce. One in each square. On the outside of the flap write what was described inside the flap: Oviparity,Viviparity or Ovoviviparity. Glue into lapbook

22 Sh arks & electricity The dots seen here on the snout of this Tiger Shark are the Ampullae of Lorenzini. Sharks have electroreceptor organs called Ampullae of Lorenzini that gives sharks the ability to feel electrical impulses. They are the electric field sensors of sharks. These special sensing organs form a network of jelly-filled canals. They consist of electroreceptor cells connected to the seawater by pores on their snouts and other zones of the head. It is common among aquatic creatures since salt water is a better conductor of electricity than air. What do the Ampullae of Lorenzini give the shark the ability to do? What are the special electroreceptor organs on a shark's snout called? Directions: Cut out booklets, fold in half. Write inside, glue into lapbook. Glue additional pictures (above) into lapbook also.

23 Ampullae of Lorenzini organs Pore Jelly-filled canal Ampullae of Lorenzini Nerve For the above booklet. Using the completed diagram as a guide. Fill in the blank diagram with the parts of the Ampullae of Lorenzini. Cut out, fold in half. Write Ampullae of Lorenzini on the front of the booklet. Glue into lapbook. Ampullae of Lorenzini are used for electrolocation (detecting objects). They are able to detect the electromagnetic field generated by all living things. These sensory organs help fish to sense electric fields in the water. Sharks have from hundreds to thousands Ampullaes of Lorenzini. The shark has the greatest electrical sensitivity of any animal. Ampullae of Lorenzini are used by sharks to find its prey. Sharks find prey hidden in sand by detecting the electric fields they produce. Directions: For booklet, cut out, fold in half, write inside, glue into lapbook. What is electrolocation?

24 How many Ampullaes of Lorenzini do sharks have? What do sharks use the Ampullaes of Lorenzini for and how do they do it? Ocean currents moving in the magnetic field of the Earth also generate electric fields that sharks can use for orientation and possibly navigation. A problem with the early submarine telegraph cables was the damage caused by sharks who sensed the electric fields produced by these cables. Directions: For booklets, cut out, fold in half, write inside, glue into lapbook. What was the problem with early submarine telegraph cables?

25 Lateral Line Sharks have sensory organs that are known as lateral line systems. These organs allow the shark in to sense movement or vibration in the water around them, as well as changes in water pressure. The lateral line system of the shark can often looks like thin, faint lines running down the animal's sides roughly along the line of it's spine. The system itself is usually made up of a line of receptors known as neuromasts that are, in turn, comprised of hair cells. file What is a lateral line? Directions: Cut out booklet, fold in half. Write inside. Glue lapbook.sample into

26 What Does the Lateral Line System Do? Lateral line systems are extremely important sensory organs for most creatures that live a majority of their life within the water. For predators, the lateral line system allows better hunting abilities due to increased awareness of the location and movement of prey. For non-predatory animals on the other hand, a lateral line system helps to keep the animal aware of possible dangers and allows for schooling behavior (group movement). For all animals, such systems are an important way of monitoring depth through atmospheric pressure. How does the lateral line system help predators? How does the lateral line system help non-predatory animals?

27 Smell Sharks are designed with a pair of nostrils (also called nares), just under the edge of their snout. The nares are completely separate from the mouth and throat and do not aid in breathing, instead they are used purely for smell. Each nare is divided into two channels by a nasal flap, the water enters one channel and gets passed over an area called the olfactory lamellae which contain neuro-sensory cells, these then send chemosensory information through the olfactory bulb to the large olfactory lobe in the sharks forebrain. The olfactory lamellae are a series of folds on the surface of the olfactory sac; these folds increase the surface area and provide the shark with a greater opportunity of detecting smells. After passing through the olfactory sac the water is then channeled out. If the shark detects a smell which it wants to investigate it will swim in the direction of the scent moving its head back and forth. This motion will allow it to detect the direction of the smell by following the most concentrated signal. Describe how a shark smells. For booklet. Cut out, fold in half, write inside glue into lapook.

28 Shark Eyes Most sharks have excellent vision in dim light conditions; this is due to the retina containing millions of rod cells together with a structure called the tapetum lucidum, this is a layer found behind the retina which reflects light back onto the retina enlarging the image. In this photo, the retina has been loosened from the back of the eye and is hanging down (pinkish gray), revealing the tapetum lucidum (blue). The retina is still attached firmly to the optic nerve. The above photo is of a dissected calf eye. However, the design is very similar to a sharks eye. As you can see the blue color, the tapetum lucidum is the same substance in other animals eyes such as a cat's or racoon's eyes that make them glow in the headlights of a car or light like this:

29 What is the special structure in the sharks eye that helps them see well when it is dim? Where is it found? The tapetum lucidum has another function, in bright light pigmented cells cover the tapetum reducing reflections and protecting the retina. Shark eyes need to handle wide water pressure variations, as they range from shallow to deep water looking for food. The inner eye and retina have to compensate for pressure differences on the eye s outer surface. How does the tapetum lucidum help a shark in bright light? What do shark eyes need to handle? Directions: For booklets. Cut out, fold in half and write inside. Glue into notebook.

30 Sharks also have an upper and lower eyelid but these usually do not meet and therefore do not provide a full cover for the eye. Some sharks such as the tiger shark have a third eyelid known as the nicitating membrane, this rolls up from the base of the eye to completely cover the eyeball, the use of this nicitating membrane is demonstrated when the shark is attacking its prey. Species like the white shark which do not have the nicitating membrane roll the eye into the back of the socket exposing a hardened pad at the rear of the eyeball. What is a nicitating membrane? What do sharks do if they do not have a nicitating membrane? Did you know? Sharks have eyelids, but they do not blink because the surrounding water cleans their eyes. Directions: For booklets. Cut out, fold in half and write inside. Glue into notebook.

31 Taste As a shark bites into an object, chemicals are released and attach themselves to gustatory sensory cells present in the sharks mouth and throat, these gustatory cells then send messages to structures (the thalamus and the hypothalamus) located in the sharks forebrain. The shark will then either accept or reject the object it has bitten. Explain how does a shark tastes it's food. Directions: Cut out booklet. Fold in half, write inside. Glue into lapbook.

32 Feeding and digestion Most sharks are carnivorous meaning they only eat meat. Some species, including tiger sharks eat just about anything. Most sharks seek particular prey, and rarely vary their diet. Whale, basking and megamouth sharks use filter feeding. Whale sharks use suction to take in plankton and small fishes. Basking sharks are ram-feeders, swimming through plankton blooms with their mouth wide open. Megamouth sharks use luminescent (lighted) tissue inside the mouth to attract prey in the deep ocean. Whale shark Basking shark Megamouth shark Directions: Cut out cards. On the back of the cards briefly write how each shark filter feeds. Next cut out pocket. Fold in half and lightly glue sides, but not the top to make a pocket for your cards. Write Filter Feeders on the front of the pocket.

33 The cookiecutter shark is what we will call a parasitic feeder. (A parasite is a life-form that survives off its host.) This shark feeds on flesh sliced out of other larger fish or any other ocean creature including dolphins, seals and whales. The teeth in these sharks are enormous compared to their size. The lower jaw s teeth are particularly sharp. They are believed to latch onto their prey and use their thick lips to make a seal, twisting their bodies to rip off flesh. Parasitic attacks by the cookiecutter shark leave a round wound, about two across and almost three inches deep. Cookiecutter shark Cookiecutter shark mouth and teeth. shark Fish bitten from the cookiecutter shark. Directions: Cut out cards. On the back of the cards briefly write one thing about the cookiecutter shark. Next cut out pocket. Fold in half and lightly glue sides, but not the top to make a pocket for your cards. Write Cookiecutter Shark on the front of the pocket.

34 Angel sharks and wobbegongs use camouflage to lie in wait and suck prey into their mouths. Other sharks feed only on crustaceans which they crush with their flat teeth. Angel shark Wobbegong Other sharks feed on squid or fishes, which they swallow whole. The viper dogfish has teeth it can point outwards to strike and capture prey that it then swallows intact. The great white shark and other large predators can either swallow small prey whole or take huge bites out of large animals. Many sharks, including the whitetip reef shark are cooperative feeders and hunt in packs to herd and capture elusive prey. These social sharks are often migratory, traveling huge distances in large schools.

35 Digestion can take a long time. The food moves from the mouth to a 'J' shaped stomach, where it is stored and initial digestion occurs. Unwanted items may never get past the stomach, and instead the shark either vomits or turns its stomachs inside out and gets rid of unwanted items from its mouth. Shark digestion is short. This short length is because of the spiral valve with multiple turns within a single short section instead of a long tube-like intestine. The valve provides a long surface area, requiring food to circulate inside the short gut until fully digested. Esophagus Stomach Valve of intestine Above is the simple diagram of a shark's stomach. Color and fold into thirds. Next put in pocket on following page. For pocket. Cut out, fold in half. Lightly glue sides but not the top to make a pocket for your diagram. Write on the front of the pocket The Shark's Stomach.

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37 Great white shark Great hammerhead Blacktip reef shark Blue shark Bull shark Goblin shark

38 Bull shark Nurse shark Sand tiger shark Spiny dogfish shark Zebra shark Broadnose sevengill shark

39 Sharpnose sevengill shark Bluntnose sixgill shark Frilled shark

40 ** Directions: Cut out shark cards on the three previous pages. Next cut out pocket. Fold in half and lightly glue sides but not the top to make a pocket for your cards. On the front of the pocket write "Types of Sharks." **

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