Name Date Class. 1. In 2002, Pacific Lamprey were proposed for listed under the Act.

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1 Student Worksheets

2 STUDENT WORKSHEETS Name Date Class Lesson 1: All About Lampreys 1. In 2002, Pacific Lamprey were proposed for listed under the Act. 2. The Pacific Lamprey is a creature that is a very good indication of how a river system is. 3. Put the following species of animals in order of those species that have existed the longest over time to those that have existed the shortest: human beings, dinosaurs, salmon, lamprey, sturgeon. (oldest) (youngest) 4. Lamprey are one of four groups (classes) of fish. They are most similar to the hagfish group and both of these groups do not have or paired fins. These interesting fish have a round sucker-like, no scales, and breathing holes instead of gills. The other fish groups are sharks, skates, and rays. 5. The Columbia River Basin is home to 3 species of lampreys. Name all three species: 6. The Pacific Lamprey (Entosphenus tridentata) was historically widespread along the West Coast of the United States. However, populations have declined in abundance and have become restricted in distribution throughout which five western states? 7. Name at least two ways that Pacific Lamprey are different from Sea Lamprey.

3 8. Pacific lamprey, like salmon, are born in freshwater streams and after they grow large enough they migrate to the 9. Pacific Lamprey have been caught in waters as deep as feet! 10. Lampreys are _fish. They use their sucking mouths to hook on to herring, Pollock, hake, salmon and sharks. 11. Entosphenus tridentata is the scientific name for Pacific lamprey. Loosely translated, it means "" 12. The Pacific lamprey swims by wriggling back and forth in the water. In swift currents, they often suck onto rocks with their to rest and hold fast in the current. 13. The number of and the position of their help us identify adult lamprey. 14. The Head: The head is small. It can be hard to tell where the head stops and the rest of the trunk of the fish begins. The mouth has no. The nostril is a clearly visible pore on the top midline part of the head. Note that there is only nostril in lamprey. 15. The two eyes are on the sides of the head a little behind the level of the nostril. They are deeply sunk into the head. For young lamprey the eyes do not function. You will not see them because they are deep in the tissue of the head. The or pineal eye is on the top middle of the head but is not easy to see. 16. The Trunk: Most of the length of the body is the trunk. At the front of the lamprey there are two short rows of small pores. These are openings for the important system of fishes. Lamprey have gill slits on each side of the trunk. The lamprey gills are used for respiration. 17. Lamprey have instead of bones. Since adults feed on bodily fluids of fish and marine mammals, Pacific lampreys do not need a for digestion. Lamprey bodies are round, long, and flexible. 18. Fin and Tail: Unlike other fish, lampreys do not have paired fins. Lampreys have one long fin and a caudal fin. The is the tail fin. The long dorsal fin extends along the top midline for the entire length of the trunk.

4 Name Date Class Lesson 2: Pacific Lamprey Life Cycle 1. Like salmon, the Pacific lamprey is, meaning that they spend all or part of their adult life in salt water and return to fresh water streams or rivers to spawn. They are a species that ranges from southern California to Alaska. 2. Pacific lampreys in similar habitats to salmon. They spawn in gravel bottomed streams. 3. Spawning occurs between March and July depending upon the location within their range. The degree of homing is unknown, but adult lampreys cue in on released by ammocoetes. This aids adult migration into suitable areas for spawning. Adult lamprey do not home to where they were born like salmon do, but rather cue in on these pheromones released by ammocoetes. 4. How are salmon and lamprey different when they return to fresh water? 5. Mating pairs of lampreys dig shallow in small gravel by sucking onto rocks and moving their bodies rapidly. They move larger rocks with their mouths. This helps create the nests for the eggs. 6. After the female lamprey eggs are deposited and fertilized, the lamprey adults typically within hours to a few days. 7. Two to three weeks after the eggs are laid, the eggs hatch into small larvae called ammocoetes. The embryos hatch in 59 Fahrenheit (F) and the ammocoetes drift downstream to areas of low velocity and fine substrates where they burrow, grow and live as filter feeders for 2 to 7 years. Ammocoetes feed primarily on, diatoms, and detritus. 8. After 2 to 7 years, while still buried in sediment, the ammocoetes undergo a transformation, or, from its larval (ammocoete) form into the adult form. The early adult form is a "teenager" and called a macrophthalmia. The lamprey have changes to their body form at this stage including developing eyes, and a sucking disk with. Like a smolt they turn silver in color.

5 9. Soon before transformation the ammocoetes emerge from the sediment and begin their to the ocean. This transformation into adulthood typically begins in July to October. They drift and swim downstream as they emigrate to the between late fall and spring. 10. Pacific lampreys live in the ocean as adults for 1 to 3 years, where they are external on larger fish. A hungry Pacific lamprey will grip onto the side of a fish. Its tongue, which has sharp edges like a file, will then make a hole in the animal, allowing the lamprey to feed on and other bodily fluids. 11. This rarely the animal. Once full from their feeding, the lamprey falls until it is hungry once again. 12. Adult Pacific lampreys enter freshwater between July and September and spawn the following spring. Like salmon, Pacific lampreys do not during their upstream migration in freshwater n many ways Pacific lamprey are like Pacific salmon. They are both a central part of the cultures of the Pacific Northwest tribes, they are both anadromous and their populations have in many areas of their historic habitat. 14. There are five species of Pacific salmon. Name all five species. 15. Adult Pacific lamprey average 1 lb. and inches long. 16. There are historical records of salmon as large as lbs. 17. Salmon have teeth in the upper and lower jaw and on the. 18. Adult Pacific lamprey lay as many 100,000 to pinhead-sized eggs in stream bed nests, then die.

6 19. Adult salmon lay-up to eggs in freshwater streams. 20. After 2-3 weeks, tiny (as small as 3/16"), blind lamprey ammocoetes hatch from the eggs and burrow into the sand and silt stream bottom to feed for years. 21. Salmon eggs hatch into or sac fry. 22. During a two-month, Pacific lamprey develop eyes and a sucking disc; the 4-7" juveniles then migrate to the ocean. 23. The salmon smolt body changes, allowing them to live 24. Pacific lamprey matures for 1-3 years before returning to freshwater to. 25. Adult Salmon feed and mature in the ocean for 1-6 years before returning to their natal stream to 26. Lamprey larvae eat small plant and animal parts, algae and tiny invertebrates. The adults in the ocean are on larger fishes. 27. Young salmon eat tiny zoo plankton and adult invertebrates. Adult salmon eat shrimp, krill, small fish in the ocean. After entering freshwater adult salmon stop

7 PACIFIC LAMPREY LIFE CYCLE CROSSWORD PUZZLE Across 1. Lamprey return to the spawn in stream by cueing in on produced by ammoceotes. 3. Also known as larvae 7. When returning to freshwater to spawn what do adult lamprey eat? 9. Lamprey spawning begins this month. 10. This is the month lamprey begin adult lamprey migrating back to freshwater. 11. Ammmoceote lamprey will burrow themselves in sand and. 14. At this stage the lamprey grows to about 30 inches long. 15. Lamprey spawn in bottom streams. 17. The ammoceote stage lasts up to years. 18. When lamprey hatch they are born. Down 2. Scientific name for early adult form or teenager stage. 4. To prepare her nest a female lamprey will use her powerful to move the rocks for nest. 5. Within hours after spawning lamprey will do what? 6. A female will lay as many as 10,000-40, Adult ocean lamprey are on larger fish 12. Adult lamprey spend one to years at sea. 13. This is the stage when lamprey develop eyes. 16. At the juvenile stage lamprey migrate to where?

8 Name Date Class Lesson 3: Ecology of Lamprey 1. Pacific Lamprey play several important beneficial roles in our environment. These include: a) Lamprey ammocoetes are a known food source for other fish and. b) Adult Pacific lampreys may act as a for migrating adult salmon from predation from marine mammals. c) Pacific lampreys, like salmon, return important marine to the freshwater systems in which they spawn and die. d) Pacific lampreys remain important to the Native Americans both culturally and as a source. e) Today, Pacific lampreys are used for research, education, and. 2. Since lamprey larvae water and mud during the first 2 to 6 years of their life, they are very susceptible to from urban or agricultural runoff. Urban development, forestry, and agricultural practices have resulted in a loss of wetlands, side channels, and beaver ponds, which the Pacific lamprey ammocoetes prefer. Increases in stream also may reduce the lamprey s food supply. 3. Because ammocoetes do not move a lot in the stream and often they are found together in large numbers, they are more to effects from poisoning that may affect many age classes from a single act of poisoning.

9 4. Many age classes of ammocoetes in streams can be impacted by mining or activities because of their colonial nature. is thought to be one of the reasons for the loss of lamprey in the upper John Day River basin in Oregon. 5. Because lamprey ammocoetes areas and are relatively in the stream, they are more sensitive to effects from changes in the stream channels. In addition, the loss of and side channel may reduce areas for spawning and habitat for ammocoete. Roads built near streams and other developments have resulted in many streams being, loss of side-channel habitat and other features that provide ammocoete habitat. 6. Just like salmon, lamprey need and water. When water temperatures rise above certain temperatures, biologists have found that these temperatures contributed to the of lamprey eggs and juveniles. Water temperatures of 72 F may cause large numbers of eggs and juvenile lamprey to die or become. This may occur more in streams that have been degraded during the early to mid-summer period of lamprey spawning and ammocoete development. Also, ammocoetes tend to concentrate in the lower portions of streams and rivers where gradients are low and, if present, accumulate. 7. Native and nonnative predators feed on both Pacific lamprey and salmon during their migration. Name three of the predatory fish. 8. Reductions in the availability of host/food species may be affecting adult lamprey survival and growth. Name three of the lamprey host/food species. 9. Adult Pacific Lamprey have difficulties passing dams and that salmon migrate pass with ease. One difference is that salmonids leap up dam ladders and into culverts. Pacific lamprey move upstream by sucking onto the surface with their mouth then bursting up and sucking again with their mouth, similar to how a rock climber

10 moves up a rock face. However, when the lamprey bursts up but is met with a ladder step or other sharp angle they can have difficulty finding the next place to suck on with their, especially if there is moving water. They may try repeatedly to move up these obstacles. The excessive swimming needed by lamprey to pass the dams may be one reason the largest declines have been further upstream in the river systems. In the Columbia River, the number of Pacific lamprey counted passing Wells Dam, the ninth main stem dam, has been less than 50 in all years since Also fish ladders use faster flow to attract Salmon to move upstream in the. However, Pacific Lamprey often seek waters to move upstream and can have difficulties locating fish ladders. 10. Several types of bird species that feed on fish have become abundant along the Columbia River. commonly feed on lamprey. As lamprey migrate back upstream in the Columbia River many are preyed on by seals and. Since these animal feed on Pacific lamprey, lamprey become a for salmon. In addition lamprey are more calorie rich and easier to eat with their cartilage skeleton. 11. Harvest was historically more widespread for lampreys than today, though may still present a threat, particularly if concentrated on rivers with low numbers. Use of Pacific lampreys for has been discontinued by the states of Oregon and Washington. California allows the daily harvest of up to 5 lamprey (any species). Also in some areas lamprey have been regularly for use as bait. 12. What three things biologists and tribal members are doing to help restore the Pacific Lamprey populations? 13. Based on the video in this chapter, what is the greatest challenge facing biologists as they try to manage Pacific Lamprey populations?

11 Name Date Class Lesson 5: Lamprey and Native American Tribes 1. Pacific lampreys are one of the many religious and subsistence of the Native Americans in the mid-columbia River Plateau. Although lampreys are called ksuyas or asum in the Sahaptin native tongue, many people refer to the Pacific lamprey as. 2. In the past 50 years Pacific Lamprey have been pushed to near extinction in the River Basin. Lamprey have been a part of the cultures of the tribes in the Pacific since time immemorial and in the videos and information shown here tribal members share their feelings on this amazing creature as well as what they are doing to help keep them from going. 3. Indians have lived along the Columbia River for thousands of years. There are hundreds of different groups, now known as tribes. Each one is unique in some way: clothing, language, houses, or government. There are many tribes in the Pacific Northwest. Name the four Plateau tribes. 4. Lamprey are an important source for the Columbia Basin Native American tribes. Fishing for lampreys is done by hand, dip net, or long pole and hook at sites where lampreys gather together, such as below or rapids. The fish were then prepared traditionally by drying or. 5. Pacific lamprey also have medicinal value to Tribal peoples. collected from drying lampreys is applied to the skin or other ailing parts of the body. Historically, the oil was used to condition hair and to cure aches. 6. Early fur traders used Pacific lampreys for food and also found that lampreys were good bait for trapping. In the early days of fish hatcheries, raw ground Pacific lamprey proved to be a premium feed for young. 7. A commercial fishery for Pacific lampreys began in 1941 at Falls. Primary use of the fish was for vitamin oil and food for

12 livestock, poultry, and fish meal. 8. To address the decline of Pacific Lamprey, the Columbia River treaty tribes created the most comprehensive restoration plan for Pacific lamprey that the Columbia Basin has seen. The Tribal Pacific Lamprey Plan is the first restoration plan for Pacific lamprey that will address lamprey restoration through a wide range of mainstream and tributary actions. 9. How are the Columbia River Tribes helping lamprey get up into the spawning grounds of the Umatilla river?

13 Name Date Class Lesson 6: Take Action! Today the Pacific Lamprey need our help. This amazing and ancient fish will continue to decline in numbers if we don t take action. Biologists, fisheries experts, and Columbia Basin tribal members are all working hard to help protect this very important fish. However, there are action steps we can all take to help protect lamprey fish. Here are some important steps everyone can take to help protect the Pacific Lamprey. On the next page design an advertisement here that will inform people how they can help protect Pacific Lamprey.