Animal Diversity. Kingdom Animalia

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2 Animal Diversity Kingdom Animalia

3 Animal Characteristics 1. animals are eukaryotes and are multicellular 2. cells are specialized for different functions (vision,digestion,reproduction) 3. protein, collagen surrounds the cells and keeps their shape 4. obtain energy for life processes by eating other organisms 5. animals digest their food 6. most animals reproduce sexually 7. capable of movement at some point in their lives

4 Animal Classification 1.5 million species of animals with more added every year How are animals grouped and classified? Vertebrates - an animal with a backbone Examples: fish, humans, birds, snake Invertebrate - an animal that does not have a backbone Examples: worms, spiders, insects, snails

5 Symmetry Another way to classify animals Symmetry - an organism s body plan Radial symmetry - can be divided into two parts that are nearly mirror images of each other anywhere through its central axis.

6 Radial symmetry A radial animal has a top and a bottom but no head or tail It can be divided along more than one plane and still have identical halves Examples: jellyfish, sea stars, sea anemones

8 Bilateral Symmetry Bilateral symmetry - can be divided into two parts that are nearly mirror images of each other. Examples: birds, mammals, reptiles, worms, insects

11 Asymmetry Asymmetry - cannot be divided into any two parts that are nearly mirror images of each other Examples: sponge

14 Molecular Classification DNA, RNA and proteins in the cells can be used for classification The more similar the DNA, the more closely related.

15 Phyla Animals are classified into 35 phyla, 9 phyla contain 95% Animals in the same phylum have similar body structures and characteristics Figure 5 page 379

16 Lesson 2 Invertebrate Phyla no backbone no internal support smaller than vertebrates often move slower than vertebrates 95% of all animal species discovered are invertebrates

17 Sponges - Phylum Porifera simplest of the invertebrates all sponges are asymmetrical have no tissues, organs, or organ systems cells are specialized for capturing food, digestion, reproduction, and providing support all sponges live in water, most in ocean environments larval stage swims

18 Cnidarians - jellyfish, sea anemones, hydras, corals no organs or organ systems radial symmetry single body opening, surrounded by tentacles simple tissues- muscles, nerves, digestive tissues specialized cells, nematocysts (stinging cells) for defense and capturing food all live in water, most in ocean environments

20 Flatworms - phylum Platyhelminthes Bilateral symmetry Nerve, muscle, and digestive tissues, simple brain Soft, flat bodies a few cells thick Digestive system has one opening Live in moist environments Parasites or free-living

22 Roundworms - phylum Nematoda Called nematodes Bilateral symmetry Nerve, muscle, and digestive tissues and simple brain Bodies round, with stiff outer covering called a cuticle Digestive system has 2 openings Live in moist environments Parasites or free - living

24 Phylum Mollusca Snails, slugs, clams, mussels, octopi, and squid Bilateral symmetry Soft bodies, some with hard shells Digestive system with 2 openings Body cavity contains heart, stomach, other organs Blood but no blood vessels Nervous system includes eyes, simple brains Must live in wet environments

25 Phylum Mollusca 3 Groups Snails and slugs Clams and mussels Octopi and squid

29 Phylum Annelida earthworms, leeches, marine worms Bilateral symmetry Soft bodies Body segments covered with a thin cuticle Digestive system has 2 openings Blood and blood vessels Simple brain Live in water or moist environments

31 Phylum Arthropoda Insects, spiders, shrimp, crabs, lobsters More species belong to this phylum than all other animal phyla More than 1 million identified species

32 Phylum Arthropoda - Arthropods bilateral symmetry exoskeleton jointed appendages body parts are segmented and specialized for different functions live in almost every environment on Earth

33 Appendage is a structure, such as a leg, that extends from the central part of the body

34 Largest Order of Arthropods -- Insects Insects: Three pairs of jointed legs Three body segments A pair of antennae 16 major groups of insects, most belong to one of five groups Beetles form the largest group - 40% of all known insect species

37 Phylum Arthropoda -- Order Arachnids Spiders, ticks, and scorpions All arachnids have: four pairs of jointed legs two body segments no antennae or wings

41 Phylum Arthropoda - Crustaceans Crabs, shrimp, lobsters All crustaceans have : one or two pairs of antennae jointed appendages that are specialized for biting and crushing food

44 Phylum Echinodermata Echinoderms - spiny skin Sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars Echinoderms have some unique features that are not in any of the other invertebrate phyla.

45 Echinoderms Radial symmetry Hard plates inside skin support the body Small, muscular tubes enable them to move (tube feet) Complete digestive system Live only in oceans

50 Lesson 3 Phylum Chordata A chordate is an animal that has a notochord, a nerve cord, a tail, And pharyngeal pouches at some point in its life.

51 A notochord is a flexible, rod-shaped structure that supports the body of a developing chordate. The nerve cord develops into the central nervous system. The pharyngeal pouches are between the mouth and the digestive system.

52 Most chordates are vertebrates, but the chordates also include two groups of invertebrates: tunicates and lancelets Tunicates and lancelets are only a few centimeters long and live in salt water - figure 16 p. 393

53 In vertebrate chordates, the notochord develops into a backbone during the growth of an embryo

54 Phylum Chordata Lancelets Tunicates Vertebrates

55 A chordate is an animal that has a notochord, a nerve cord, a tail, And pharyngeal pouches at some point in its life.

56 Characteristics of Vertebrates Backbone - series of structures that surround and protect the nerve cord (spinal cord) Bones that form a backbone are called vertebrae The nerve cord connects all the nerves in the body to the brain

57 Characteristics of Vertebrates Backbone Organ systems - digestive system with 2 openings circulatory system - moves blood nervous system - includes brain

58 5 Major Groups of Vertebrates Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

59 Fish Spend entire life in water Gills for absorbing oxygen gas from water Paired fins for swimming Grouped into 3 classes Jawless fish Cartilaginous fish Bony fish

60 Jawless Fish Most of this early group are now extinct, but a few remain: Lampreys and hagfish No jaws Some are parasites on other fish

61 Lampreys

62 Jawless Fish Hagfish Secrete slime when threatened Look like eels but belong to their own ancient family

63 Cartilaginous Fish Skeletons are made of a tough fibrous tissue called cartilage Sharks Skates Rays

65 Bony Fish Largest class of vertebrates - 28,000 species Examples:

66 Bony Fish Skeleton of bone Scales Paired fins One pair of gills Jaws

67 Reptiles Waterproof skin Scales 3 chambered heart Lungs Fluid filled eggs with leathery shells

68 Birds Class Aves Lightweight bones - mostly hollow inside to reduce weight Skin covered with feathers and scales Beaks - do not chew food but their digestive systems include gizzards, organs for grinding food Four chambered heart Respiratory system has extra air sacs which allow more oxygen to move through the lungs

69 Most birds make nests for eggs - hard shells Most have stiff outer feathers for flying They feed and care for their young Most have unique calls or songs

70 Mammals All mammals have fur or hair Chew food using teeth Complex digestive and nervous system Mammary glands that produce milk for young

Animal Evolution: Chordate and Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity (Learning Outline)

Animal Evolution: Chordate and Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity (Learning Outline) 1. Distinguishing features of the phylum Chordata and representative organisms. 2. Highlights of evolutionary steps