Animal Evolution The Invertebrates
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1 Animal Evolution The Invertebrates
2 More than 500 predatory mollusks live in the sea Use conotoxins to paralyze their prey Conotoxins interest biologists as potential sources for new drugs
3 C. geographicus secretes a toxin that one day might help epileptics The gene that codes for the enzyme gammaglutamyl carboxylase (GGC) catalyzes a step in the conotoxin synthesis pathway
4 GGC is present in insects and humans, but functions in blood clotting in our bodies GGC gene must have been around for at least the past 500 million years in a common ancestor
5 Multicelled heterotrophic eukaryotes Require oxygen for aerobic respiration Reproduce sexually, and perhaps asexually Motile at some stage Develop from embryos
6 Fig. 25-2a, p.404
7 Fig. 25-2c, p.405
8 Chordate s Echinoderms Arthropods Annelids CoelomateAncestry Mollusks Rotifers Bilateral Ancestry Roundworms Flatworms Multicelled Ancestry Radial Ancestry Cnidarians Sponges Single-celled, protistanlike ancestors
9 Ectoderm Endoderm Epithelium
10 Originated during the Precambrian (1.2 billion million years ago) From what? Two hypotheses: Multinucleated ciliate became compartmentalized Cells in a colonial flagellate became specialized
11 Animal Origins Fig. 25-4b, p.405
12 Symmetry Fig. 25-5, p.406
13 Region where food is digested and then absorbed Saclike gut One opening for taking in food and expelling waste Complete digestive system Opening at both ends; mouth and anus
14 epidermis gut cavity no body cavity; region between gut and body wall packed with organs Fig. 25-6, p.406
15 epidermis gut cavity unlined body cavity (pseudocoel) around gut Fig. 25-6, p.406
16 gut cavity lined body cavity (coelom) peritoneum Fig. 25-6, p.406
17 Repeating series of body units Units may or may not be similar to one another Earthworms - segments appear similar Insects - segments may be fused and/or have specialized functions
18 Segmentation sponges cnidarians flatworms annelids mollusks roundworms arthropods echinoderms chordates coelom lost coelom reduced pseudocoel coelom reduced molting radial ancestry, two germ layers PROTOSTOMES mouth from blastopore DEUTEROSOMES anus from blastopore multicelled body true tissues bilateral, coelomate ancestry, three germ layers Fig. 25-7, p.407
19 One living species, Tricoplax adherens Simplest known animal Two-layer body, 3 mm across Fig , p.409
20 No symmetry No tissues No organs Reproduce sexually Microscopic swimming larval stage
21 water out glasslike structural elements central cavity amoeboid cell pore semifluid matrix flattene d surface cells water in flagellum microvilli nucleus Stepped Art Fig , p.409
22 Fig. 25-9c, p.408
23 Fig. 25-9d, p.408
24 Only animals that produce nematocysts Nerve net Hydrostatic skeleton Saclike gut capsule s lid at free surface of epidermal cell trigger barbed thread inside capsule nematocyst Fig , p.410
25 Scyphozoans Jellyfish Anthozoans Sea anemones Corals Hydrozoans
26 outer epithelium (epidermis) Polyp mesoglea (matrix) Medusa inner epithelium (gastrodermis) Fig , p.410
27 Fig a2, p.411
28 Fig b, p.411
29 Acoelomate, bilateral, cephalized animals All have simple or complex organ systems Most are hermaphrodites
30 Turbellarians (Turbellaria) Flukes (Trematoda) Tapeworms (Cestoda)
31 Fig , p.412
32 proglottids scolex a Larvae, each with inverted scolex of future tapeworm, become encysted in intermediate host tissues (e.g., skeletal muscle) b A human, a definitive host, eats infected, undercooked beef which is mainly skeletal muscle d Inside each fertilized egg, an embryonic, larval form develops. Cattle may ingest embryonated eggs or ripe proglottids, and so become intermediate hosts c Each sexually mature proglottid has female and male organs. Ripe proglottids containing fertilized eggs leave host in feces, which may contaminate water and vegetation. Fig , p.413
33 proglottids scolex Fig e, p.413
34 Segmented, coelomate worms Class Polychaeta Class Oligochaeta Class Hirudinea
35 jaws Most are marine Bristles extend from paired, fleshy parapods on each segment Head end is specialized toothlike structures pharynx (everted ) antenna palp (food handling) tentacle eyes chemicalsensing pit parapod
36 Predators and parasites Less obvious body segmentation Most have sharp jaws
37 before feeding Fig a, p.414
38 No parapodia, few bristles per segment Dorsal blood vessel Circular muscle Longitudinal muscle Nerve cord Coelom Nephridium Nerve cord Seta (retracted) Fig , p.415
39 bladderlike storage region of nephridium nephridium s thin loop reabsorbs some solutes, relinquishes them to blood blood vessels body wall funnel (coelomic fluid external pore (fluid containing with waste enters here) wastes discharged here) Fig , p.415
40 Hearts Fig , p.415
41 Coelomic chambers Pharynx Esophagus Crop Gizzard Mouth Fig , p.415
42 Brain Nerve cord Fig , p.415
43 head end Fig g, p.415
44 Bilateral Cephalized False coelom Crown of cilia at head end Complete gut
45 Protostomes Deuterostomes Mollusks Annelids Arthropods Echinoderms Chordates
46 Protostome embryo (spiral cleavage) Deuterostome embryo (radial cleavage)
47 pouch will form mesoderm around coelom protostome developing gut coelom solid mass of mesoderm deuterostome developing gut
48 Bilateral, soft-bodied, coelomate Most have a shell or reduced version of one Mantle drapes over body and secretes shell Most have a fleshy foot Many have a radula for shredding food
49 Gastropods Chitins Bivalves Cephalopods
50 Twisting of body parts during larval development Occurs only in gastropods mouth gill anus Fig a, p.416
51 mantle cavity heart anus gill mantle digestive gland foot radula Fig , p.416
52 mouth left mantle retractor muscle retractor muscle foot palps left gill shell Figure Page 417
53 Only the nautilus retains external shell Other cephalopods are streamlined, active swimmers All move by jet propulsion Water is forced out of mantle cavity through a funnel-shaped siphon Have large brains relative to body size
54 Fig c, p.418
55 False coelom Complete digestive system pharynx intestine eggs in uterus gonad anus false coelom muscularized body wall Fig , p.419
56 Fig a, p.419
57 Fig c, p.419
58 Parasitic worms Complicated life cycle Larvae bore into human skin Worms mate in human host Larval stage infects a mollusk Adult infects a vertebrate Larvae form, leave snail Fertilized egg Asexual reproduction in intermediate host Ciliated larva Southeast Asian blood fluke
59 The phylum with the greatest number of species Four lineages: Trilobites (all extinct) Chelicerates (spiders, mites, scorpions) Crustaceans (crabs, shrimps, barnacles) Uniramians (insects, centipedes, millipedes)
60 Hardened exoskeleton Jointed appendages Fused and modified segments Respiratory structures Specialized sensory structures Division of labor Figure Page 420
61 Originated in seas A few are still marine: horseshoe crabs, sea spiders The arachnids are all terrestrial Spiders Scorpions Daddy longlegs Mites Chiggers Ticks
62 Chelicerates Fig a, p.421
63 Chelicerates Fig b, p.421
64 eye brain hear t digestive gland Malpighian tubule poison gland pedipalp chelicera mouth book lung sperm receptacle ovary silk gland spinners anus Fig , p.421
65 Most are marine, some freshwater, a few terrestrial Head has two pairs of antenna, three pairs of food-handling appendages Copepods Crayfish Barnacles Lobsters Shrimps Crabs Isopods (pillbugs)
66 antennae (two pairs) one of two eyes fused segments of cephalothorax segments of abdomen food-handling appendages (three pairs) first leg swimmerets tail fin five walking legs (five pairs total) Fig , p.422
67 Segmented bodies with many legs Millipedes Two pairs of legs per segment Scavengers Centipedes Flattened, with one pair of legs per segment Predators
68 Fig a, p.423
69 Fig b, p.423
70 Thorax usually has three pairs of legs and one or two pairs of wings Abdomen contains most internal organs and specialized structure for reproduction Three-part gut Malpighian tubules attach to midgut and serve in elimination of wastes
71 The only winged invertebrates More than 800,000 known species Most successful species are small in size and have a great reproductive capacity
72 Fig a, p.425
73 Fig c, p.425
74 Fig g, p.425
75 Poisonous spiders Disease-carrying ticks Venomous scorpions Agricultural pests Corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera) Fig , p.427
76 Harmful Spiders Fig b, p.426
77 Fig b, p.426
78 Bark Scorpion Fig , p.427
79 Mosquito Fig , p.427
80 Deuterostomes Body wall has spines or plates No brain Adults are radial with bilateral features Sea urchin Sea cucumber Brittle star
81 Fig , p.428
82 Crinoids (sea lilies and feather stars) Sea stars Brittle stars Sea urchins, heart urchins, sand dollars Sea cucumbers
83 Fig a, p.429
84 Body plan of a sea star
85 sieve plate ampulla Figure 25.44f Page 429
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