OECD Workshop, Busan, June 2010

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1 Aquaculture Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change: An Industry Perspective Daniel Lee BAP Standards Coordinator Global Aquaculture Alliance OECD Workshop, Busan, June 2010

2 Outline Aquaculture Adaptation to Water stress Storms Temperature stress Harmful algae blooms Acidification Aquaculture Its ability to respond The best adaptation strategy of fisheries to climate change

3 Adaptation to Water Stress More efficient use of water Intensification Low and zero water exchange systems Development and application of better irrigation for feed crops

4 Farming fish to save water Food Freshwater consumption m 3 kg -1 Beef 100 Broiler chickens 3.5 Trout <3.5 Channel catfish Tilapia 2.8

5 Adaptation to Storms Offshore, submersible cages Raise construction standards for cages and moorings Build shrimp farms within the mangrove fringe Insurance

6 Offshore cage aquaculture, IPIMAR, Portugal

7 Honduras Honduras

8

9

10 Adaptation to Temperature Stress Offshore, submersible cages Breeding technology GM

11 Breeding technology Hormonal sex-reversal in tilapia Genetically male tilapia Hormone induced spawning in Pangasius Triploid oysters Selective breeding for disease resistance

12 Genetic Engineering GM feed ingredients Soya Rapeseed (canola) oil GM aquaculture species Salmon Tilapia GM research in government labs is needed to help dispel worries about monopolistic private companies

13 Response to Harmful Algae Blooms

14 Mussels Increased production of nutrient consuming species

15 Adaptation to Ocean Acidification

16 Acidification Example Result of lab experiment 740 ppm CO 2, ph 7.1 causes a 25% drop in calcification rate of M. edulis (mussels) Assumption Equates to a 25% drop in mussel production Economic analysis Overall economic impact measured as a drop in the NPV of the mussel industry. Horizon years.

17 Adaptation to Ocean Acidification Support research into low carbon energy technology to reduce global CO 2 emissions Avoid feel-good solutions (Support free trade and adopt Doha)

18 Avoid the costly approach of directly cutting carbon emissions now because this will stunt economic prospects of developing nations that are most at risk from climate change and will leave them less able to adapt. (Aquaculture is the best adaptation of fisheries to climate change.)

19 Aquaculture s Ability to Respond To demand By improving efficiency of resource use By overcoming disease shocks

20 lbs/capita/yr Top 10 Seafoods in the USA captured farmed Shrimp Canned Tuna Salmon Pollock Tilapia Catfish Crab Cod Clams Scallops

21 Aquaculture to Surpass Fisheries (Production, million mt) * 21

22 Improving efficiency of resource use Farming down the food chain Feed Improved feeding technology diet formulation conversion Integration on a global scale Water Zero exchange systems Recirculation systems Integration with irrigation Intensification e.g. Pangasius production up to 300mt/ha

23 Expansion of the farming of low trophic level fish

24

25 Example: Pangasius Photo courtesy of VASEP

26

27 kilotonnes Low trophic level fish tilapia catfish fed carps milkfish Data from Naylor et al. (2000) and Tacon and Metian (2008)

28 Relative changes 1997 others 43% fed carps, catfish, tilapia, milkfish 57%

29 Evidence of farming down the food chain 2007 others 38% fed carps, catfish, tilapia, milkfish 62%

30 More efficient shrimp: Litopenaeus vannamei vs Penaeus monodon More efficient feed conversion Lower protein and fishmeal content in diet Zero water exchange systems Closed breeding cycle Domesticated, SPF and SPR strains B. Klein

31 More efficient use of fish meal and fish oil inputs

32 Wild fish used in feed for fish and shellfish in 1997* Production with compound diets (kilotonnes) fishmeal fish oil wild fish Species/group (%) (%) FCR used marine finfish eel shrimp salmon trout tilapia milkfish catfish fed carps fish in: fish out ratio Overall * Naylor et al. 2000, excluding filter feeding carps and molluscs

33 Wild fish used in feed for fish and shellfish in 2007 Production with compound diets (kilotonnes) fish in: fish out ratio (m.) fish in: fish out ratio (o.) fishmeal fish oil wild fish wild fish Species/group (%) (%) FCR used (m.) used (o.) shrimp % 2% marine fish % 7% salmon % 16% trout % 12% chinese carps % 0% catfish % 2% eel % 5% misc f/w carnivores % 5% f/w crustaceans % 2% tilapia % 0% milkfish 608 3% 1% Overall Tacon and Metian (2008)

34 Aquaculture escapes the fishmeal trap!

35 Ratio Fish in: Fish out ratios for major, fed aquaculture species (data from Tacon and Metian, 2008) 8 7 salmon trout 6 5 eel marine fish shrimp 4 f/w crustaceans 3 2 tilapia catfish milkfish 1 0 fed carp total

36 Development of integrated farming systems

37 Can salmon and shrimp farming be classed as integrated aquaculture? Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) is a practice in which the by-products (wastes) from one species are recycled to become inputs (fertilizers, food) for another. (definition from Wikipedia)

38 fish oil Typical fishmeal and fish oil content of aquaculture diets (based on Tacon & Metian (2008)) 18% 16% 14% 12% salmon trout 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% milkfish tilapia catfish shrimp f/w crustaceans (forage fish) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% fishmeal marine fish misc. f/w carnivores eel

39 FCR Norwegian salmon: FCRs Asche and Tveterås (2005)

40 Aquaculture s ability to respond to disease shocks Salmon Better site selection Vaccines Shrimp Low and zero water exchange systems Selective breeding of disease-free and disease resistant stocks Oysters Introduction of new species

41 kg Norwegian salmon: antibiotics Asche and Tveterås (2005)

42 Aquaculture responds more quickly than fisheries Aquaculture Property rights for sites and stocks are clearly assigned incentives to address many externalities (like disease and pollution) Problems with fisheries Open-access (tragedy of the commons) overfishing Government subsidies

43 Aquaculture: the best adaptation strategy of fisheries to climate change

44 Thank You.

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