EAST, WEST, NORTH & SOUTH: Spatio-Temporal Variation in the Diet & Prey Characteristics of Rhinoceros Auklets in the N.

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1 EAST, WEST, NORTH & SOUTH: Spatio-Temporal Variation in the Diet & Prey Characteristics of Rhinoceros Auklets in the N. Pacific Ocean Julie A. Thayer & William J. Sydeman (PRBO Conservation Science), Douglas F. Bertram & Mark Hipfner (Canadian Wildlife Service & Simon Fraser University), Leslie Slater (USFWS, Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge), Scott A. Hatch (USGS, Alaska Biological Science Center), Yutaka Watanuki (Hokkaido University, Japan)

2 Objectives Investigate trends in spatial and temporal variation of marine bird diet in relation to oceanographic variability 6 study sites for Rhinoceros Auklet throughout N. Pacific Long-term datasets spanning 25 years Discuss importance of basin-wide network of marine bird bio-sampling stations to monitor predator & prey responses to ocean climate change

3 N. Pacific Seabird Colonies with Long-term Data Bluff Teuri Talan Buldir St. George Chowiet Barren Middleton St. Lazaria Frederick Triangle Tatoosh Yaquina Castle SE Farallon Point Reyes Alcatraz Año Nuevo Vandenberg S. Miguel Anacapa S. Barbara S. Benitos 0-200ft ft >1000ft N

4 North Pacific s Middleton St. Lazaria Tsushima Teuri N. Pacific Alaska Transition Zone SE Farallon Triangle Año Nuevo Kuroshio California N

5 Tertiary Consumer: Rhinoceros Auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata) Ranges throughout N. Pacific rim Diving seabird attains depths of 60m (avg 15m) Preys on mid-water schooling fishes Tim Zurowski Fishes sampled from auklets provisioning young in summer

6 % Mass Rhinoceros Auklet Diet other squid (Loligo) Juvenile predatory fishes: greenling (Hexagrammidae) sablefish (Anoplopoma) salmon (Oncorhynchus) rockfish (Sebastes) 5 Small coastal pelagic fishes: sardine (Sardinops) 10 herring (Clupea) N capelin (Mallotus) saury (Cololabis) 10 sandlance (Ammodytes) anchovy (Engraulis)

7 California Forage Fishes other squid (Loligo) Juvenile predatory fishes: sablefish (Anoplopoma) salmon (Oncorhynchus) rockfish (Sebastes) Small pelagic fishes: saury (Cololabis) anchovy (Engraulis) 10 5 Offshore California N % mass Nearshore

8 Transition Zone Forage Fishes other Juvenile predatory fishes: salmon (Oncorhynchus) rockfish (Sebastes) Small pelagic fishes: herring (Clupea) saury (Cololabis) sandlance (Ammodytes) 10 Transition Zone 5 N % mass Offshore

9 10 Offshore 5 % mass 10 5 Nearshore Alaska other Juvenile predatory fishes: N greenling (Hexagrammidae) Alaska Forage Fishes sablefish (Anoplopoma) salmon (Oncorhynchus) Small pelagic fishes: herring (Clupea) capelin (Mallotus) sandlance (Ammodytes)

10 10 % mass 5 Offshore other Juvenile predatory fishes: greenling (Hexagrammidae) Tsushima Small pelagic fishes: sardine (Sardinops) saury (Cololabis) N sandlance (Ammodytes) Tsushima Forage Fishes anchovy (Engraulis)

11 % Mass Rhinoceros Auklet Diet other squid (Loligo) Juvenile predatory fishes: greenling (Hexagrammidae) sablefish (Anoplopoma) salmon (Oncorhynchus) rockfish (Sebastes) 5 Small coastal pelagic fishes: sardine (Sardinops) N 10 5 herring (Clupea) capelin (Mallotus) saury (Cololabis) 10 sandlance (Ammodytes) anchovy (Engraulis)

12 10 Anchovy (Engraulis) 5 Tsushima % mass El Niño events California

13 Pacific Saury (Cololabis) 10 5 Tsushima % mass 10 5 Transition Zone California

14 Sablefish (Anoplopoma) % mass Alaska California

15 % Mass Rhinoceros Auklet Diet other squid (Loligo) Juvenile predatory fishes: greenling (Hexagrammidae) sablefish (Anoplopoma) salmon (Oncorhynchus) rockfish (Sebastes) 5 Small coastal pelagic fishes: sardine (Sardinops) N 10 5 herring (Clupea) capelin (Mallotus) saury (Cololabis) 10 sandlance (Ammodytes) anchovy (Engraulis)

16 Some Regime-shift Models Model 1 Model 2 Time

17 % mass of Juvenile Predatory Fishes vs Offshore Juvenile predatory fishes: greenling (Hexagrammidae) sablefish (Anoplopoma) salmon (Oncorhynchus) 5 Nearshore rockfish (Sebastes) Small coastal pelagic fishes: 10 sardine (Sardinops) 5 Offshore herring (Clupea) capelin (Mallotus) N 10 5 Offshore saury (Cololabis) sandlance (Ammodytes) anchovy (Engraulis) Smaller Pelagic Schooling Fishes 10 5 Nearshore

18 Summary El Niño effects more apparent in lower latitudes Gradual, sweeping fluctuations in prey composition apparent throughout time series (Model 1) Need longer time series, more sampling locations!

19 Future Directions Examine effects of oceanic variability on forage fish communities in more detail Examine diet of multiple marine bird predators simultaneously Network of marine bird bio-sampling stations throughout N. Pacific basin N

20

21 1.5 1 Tsushima SST Anomaly Feb Juv. predatory fishes Small pelagic fishes -1 % mass of Juvenile Predatory Fishes vs. Transition Zone Spring SST Anomaly Juv. predatory fishes Small pelagic fishes Smaller Pelagic Schooling Fishes California Spring SST Anomaly Juv. predatory fishes Small pelagic fishes Spring SST Anomaly Juv. predatory fishes Small pelagic fishes

22 Sandlance (Ammodytes) % mass Tsushima 10 Alaska Transition Zone

23 Greenling (Hexagrammidae) Tsushima % mass 6 4 Alaska

24 10 Rockfish (Sebastes) % mass 5 10 Transition Zone 5 10 California

25 Chick Provisioning Amounts Bill load mass varies significantly between colonies and years in the N. Pacific however, Bill load mass changes in a synchronous manner: - between colonies in the California over time (more strongly between ANI & SEFI, but also with TRI) - between colonies in the Alaska over time (more strongly between MIDD & LAZ, but also with TRI)

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