PROTEC GILL. The fine art of gill protection
|
|
- Hilary Stevens
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The fine art of gill protection PROTEC GILL Protec Gill - designed to support gill health and recovery during disease, environmental and treatment challenges.
2 GILLS AN IMPORTANT MULTI-FUNCTIONING ORGAN Fish gills are the most important site of contact between the fish and the water. They are not only responsible for the exchange of the respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) they also play a part in maintaining salt balance and excreting waste. Skretting s gill handbook has been developed so you can learn more about this life sustaining organ, and how maintaining good gill health will enable fish to perform to their full potential. GILL STRUCTURE Gills lie in what s known as the branchial cavity and are protected by a hard bony flap called an operculum. If you lift the operculum, you will see four gill arches. On each gill arch, there are lines of frills called filaments. On the top and bottom of the filaments, there is a series of secondary folds called lamella. Inside the lamella, you find tiny blood vessels. The lamella walls consist of one cell layer, and the entire lamella is about 10 microns thick; a little more than half the thickness of a strand of human hair. This branching structure gives the gills its large surface which is about 50 times larger than the area of skin covering the body. Gill surface area declines with increasing fish weight which is why larger fish often are the first to succumb to oxygen depletion. Lamella Filament blood vessels Illustration showing how blood vessels coming from the heart (in blue) and going to the body (in red) runs through the gill arch. The water flows between the gill arches, through the gill filaments, passing each gill lamella.
3 GILL FUNCTION GAS EXCHANGE When the fish opens its mouth, water flows in, past the gills, and out of the gill operculum in one direction, while the blood in the gill flows in the opposite direction through the blood vessels in the lamella. This process is called the counter-current principle. The combination of the large surface area, the counter-current principle and the short distance between blood and water makes the gills very efficient. Gills can extract up to 80% of the oxygen from the water passing through them. CONTROLLING THE BODY S WATER CONTENT Chloride secretory cells located in the gill lamella play an important role in the transportation of salts to and from the blood into the surrounding water; this process is known as osmoregulation. In freshwater, water will continuously diffuse into the fish so it has to actively uptake salts from the water to get enough ions in the body for it to function properly. In seawater this process is reversed and fish will have a lower concentration of salts than that of the surrounding Lamella seawater, so it loses water and gains salts. Fish need to get rid of this excess salt to avoid dehydration. ELIMINATION OF WASTE The process of getting energy from feed produces waste and a large amount of this is in the form of nitrogen. Nitrogen combines with other molecules in the body to produce toxic compounds such as ammonia. About 80 to 90% of a fishes nitrogenous waste is excreted as ammonia by the gills, with the remainder excreted by the kidney as urea. Again, the short distance between the blood and the water the fish swims in is useful, as The counter-current principle: A small segment of one of the gill ammonia can easily be transported filaments where the lamellae are located. Water and blood flow from the blood stream to the water via in opposite directions past the lamellae making oxygen uptake very efficient. the thin lamella wall.
4 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN GILLS ARE COMPROMISED? There are many potential threats to gill integrity and function such as disease, poor water quality and the side-effects of treatments. The very design that makes gills so efficient means that they are also vulnerable to damage. The most common response of the gill to any disorder are inflammatory responses in which the distinguishing feature is either. 1) Hyperplasia - the enlargement of an organ caused by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cell 2) Hypertrophy the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells. Both hyperplasia and hypertrophy will lead to the lamellae becoming stuck or clubbed together. Chronic irritation is also likely to cause a thickening of the mucous layer. These inflammatory symptoms can significantly reduce the surface area available for gas and salt exchange as well as excretion. The effects on farmed fish populations can be reduced appetite, a lower tolerance to stress and in severe cases mortality. Today, gill disease is one of the most common causes of production loss in aquaculture. AGD AMOEBA CHALLENGES GILL HEALTH An increasingly common challenge to gill health is from the parasitic amoeba Neoparamoeba perurans which causes amoebic gill disease (AGD). Amoebas are single celled organisms. In the human intestine we have several naturally-occurring amoebas, while other amoebas that end up in food or drink can cause illness, for instance dysentery. N. perurans only infects fish in sea water and was first observed in Tasmania in By 2015 nine of the twelve Atlantic salmon producing countries worldwide had reported confirmed cases of the disease. Even though amoebas are small, they are large compared to the gill filaments, with a length of up to 50μm. N. perurans can float well in water and actively move over the surface of gills. They reproduce quickly and easily by cell division. When the amoeba attaches to the gills, its presence causes a severe increase in the number cells (hyperplasia) within the gill tissue which in turn leads to the fusion of the gill lamellar. These are the white spots visible when you open the gill operculum and study the gill filaments. If you look at the damage under a microscope, you can see that the lamellae are clumped together. Therefore, the gills lose their surface area, and the gill capacity is poorer. When the gills are severely attacked, the fish can suffocate. In Northern hemisphere salmon production regions, AGD is most common in the autumn
5 when the temperature starts to drop from the summer highs. The severity of the disease reduces when the temperature falls to its lowest winter levels. It has been proven that N. perurans can survive for at least 14 days in open sea water, and further spread one kilometer from the source. It also exists on other species living in the sea, such as cleaner fish, shellfish and hydroids. The risk of disease is likely to be higher in farmed salmon, as the density of fish and nutrients is higher. A common scoring system has now been adopted almost uniformly across the industry to monitor the gills to see if the fish has been infected by P. perurans. The damage is scored in individual fish on a scale of 1 to 5. More information about gill scoring can be found on Skretting s AGD poster and scorecard. A score of 5 indicates the most serious damage, where most of the gill tissue is altered and there is a higher risk of mortality. It is therefore common to treat the fish before the average gill score of the unit has escalated. AGD is treated with hydrogen peroxide or freshwater baths. This requires time and resources, and the treatment can be stressful for the fish. Skretting research has shown that the combination of several of our tried and tested functional ingredients can modulate key immune system parameters which are known to support gill structure and function. Amoebas may form runners used for movement and to catch food.
6 THE FUNCTIONAL FEED DEVELOPMENT PROCESS At Skretting our rigorous process of functional feed development starts by screening substances in the laboratory to establish the potential of the nutrient to either affect pathogens directly or to modulate the immune system to achieve a positive effect. As these innovative substances will be added to feed formulations the ingredients with potential are then assessed for aspects such as stability, yields and bioavailability in finished feed products. DEVELOPING PROTEC GILL The role that functional feed ingredients play in supporting farmed fish health and in turn to sustainable and economic production has been a major focus for Skretting Aquaculture Research Centre over the last 25 years. In 1992, Skretting launched its first functional feed called Response, whose ingredients were designed to strengthen the fish s immune defense systems. Since then, our researchers have discovered more functional ingredients that have been added to the feed that work synergistically to improve fish health. With these upgrades, the name of the feed was changed to Protec. Today, the Protec solution is used for a number of species worldwide, and is effective in preparing the fish for upcoming stress and challenges in farm conditions, such as handling, vaccination and diseases. With an extensive array of laboratory research, and repeated infection trials, a new feed that better supports gill health and recovery during environmental, treatment and disease challenges such as AGD has been developed. The feed is called Protec Gill and, as the name implies, it contains the full Protec package, with added components that ensure better gill health. Protec Gill has produced higher survival rates in three controlled AGD infection trials, and analysis of these results has shown that the fish fed Protec Gill had significantly lower rates of mortality.
7 Protec ingredients inhibit the growth of amoeba when exposed to mucus from fish fed different functional ingredients: Growth Percentage Neg. Control Protec Protec Gill Pos. Control Results show that when P. perurans amoeba are exposed to the mucus of Protec gill fed salmon the growth of amoeba is inhibited.
8 Protec Gill Increases Survival in fish challenged with P. Perurans Percentage Survival Days after infection Control Protec Gill Challenge trials using Protec Gill against AGD infections were replicated three times to confirm results. The fish that received Protec Gill had the lowest mortality rates every time, and showed 27.1% 20.3% and 42.4% higher survival rates.
9 Protec Gill supports osmoregulation in fish challenged with P. Perurans Blood Sodium (mmol/l) Control Protec Gill In seawater fish must replace the water which they constantly lose through osmosis. However, drinking seawater brings with it a large quantity of salt into the blood and this has to be removed by chloride secretory cells in the gills, which actively transport salts from the blood back into the surrounding water. Measuring blood sodium levels gives an indication of the integrity of gill structure and the efficiency of gill function. Unhealthy or damaged gills will be less efficient in removing salts from the blood. Research shows that Protec Gill fed fish are better able to maintain osmotic regulation during an AGD challenge; the principle cause of death in AGD infected fish.
10 Protec Gill increases the expression of antibodies Relative Expression Control Protec 0 IgM IgT An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralise pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Immunoglobulin M, or IgM for short, is a basic antibody that is produced by B cells. It is the first antibody to appear in response to initial exposure to an antigen. IgT is the first monomeric immunoglobulin to be shown in teleost fish. Recently discovered, IgT is produced following exposure to toxins, pathogens or other foreign substance and is predominantly found in the fish mucosal surfaces, suggesting a possible role of IgT in mucosal immunity.
11 Protec Gill increases anti-bacterial potential ** Iysozymes (U/ml) * Control Protec Protec Gill Lysozymes are enzymes that increase the rate of destruction of the cell walls of certain bacteria. Lysozyme is one of a number of immune related components occurring in fish mucus and indicates the importance that mucus plays in providing the first line of defence against a broad spectrum of pathogens. Research shows that the mucus produced by the skin and gills in Protec Gill fed fish have higher levels of lysozyme and anti-bacterial potential.
12 SKRETTING S RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MAINTAINING GOOD GILL HEALTH Proven functional feed solutions like Protec should be included as part of a structured approach to performance and health management and alongside other strategies such as vaccination, disease monitoring, and water quality management. When specific known gill stressors do develop, a change to Protec Gill will focus the benefits of functional nutrients to where they will have the most impact. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROTEC GILL USE Typical recommendations for Protec Gill use in Scottish seawater salmonid production: Before and During Gill Health Challenges Feeding Protec Gill 2 to 4 weeks ahead of known gill health risk periods and/or at the commencement of gill disease outbreaks until its resolution, will provide additional mitigation against the effects of the challenge. Before and After Bath Treatments Feeding Protec Gill for 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after Hydrogen Peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) treatments will support the regeneration of gill structure and function. Skretting is the global leader in the production of innovative and sustainable nutritional solutions for aquaculture. We deliver high quality feeds and services to farmers around the world, so that they can produce healthy and delicious food in a sustainable manner. Skretting produces feed in 18 countries and has an annual production of 2 million tonnes of high quality feed to a wide range of fish and shrimp species in all life stages.
Gill Health in Finfish Aquaculture. Dr. Hamish Rodger
Gill Health in Finfish Aquaculture Dr. Hamish Rodger Gill Health in Finfish Aquaculture Outline Gill disease background Aetiologies of gill disease Pathologies Control & treatments Gill Health in Finfish
More information(a) (i) Describe how a large difference in oxygen concentration is maintained between a fish gill and the surrounding water.
1. Answers should be written in continuous prose. Credit will be given for biological accuracy, the organisation and presentation of information and the way in which an answer is expressed. Fick s law
More informationAnimal Systems: The Respiratory System
Animal Systems: The Respiratory System Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things Cells, Cell Division, and Animal Systems and Plant Systems Cell Specialization Human Systems The Digestive The Circulatory
More informationClass Osteichthyes. Bony Fish
Class Osteichthyes Bony Fish General Characteristics of Class internal skeleton ossified (turned to bone) Paired fins made of rays and spines, or lobed fins swim bladder or lung present bony scales (ganoid,
More informationMammalian systems. Chapter 3 Pages
Mammalian systems Chapter 3 Pages 75-103 Learning intentions To know that multicellular organisms exist from specialized cells To know how the respiratory system is specialized and organized and how a
More informationMonday, ! Today: Respiratory system! 5/20/14! Transport of Blood! What we ve been covering! Circulatory system! Parts of blood! Heart! tubing!
Monday, 5.19.14! What we ve been covering! Circulatory system! Parts of blood! Heart! tubing! Transport of Blood! What is transported! Nutrients! Oxygen! Carbon Dioxide! Hormones! Antibodies! What it is/does!
More informationRespiration. Chapter 33
Respiration Chapter 33 Learning Objectives: Understand the basis of gas exchange and factors that influence diffusion of gases in and out of tissues Compare and contrast different respiratory systems among
More informationBiology. Slide 1 of 53. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biology 1 of 53 Chapter 33 Comparing Chordates 2 of 53 This chapter is a good revision of the material we saw during Unit III. 3 of 53 4 of 53 Controlling Body Temperature The control of body temperature
More informationIs a seahorse a fish, amphibian, or reptile? FISH
Ch. 30 Loulousis Is a seahorse a fish, amphibian, or reptile? FISH Vertebral Column (Endoskeleton) Gills Single-loop circulation Kidneys Also share all the characteristics of chordates such as notochord,
More informationBefore we can understand what dropsy is we must first understand two natural occurring scientific processes namely, Osmosis and Diffusion.
Dropsy (Ascites) By Duncan Griffiths Before we can understand what dropsy is we must first understand two natural occurring scientific processes namely, Osmosis and Diffusion. Osmosis is the movement of
More informationThese two respiratory media (air & water) impose rather different constraints on oxygen uptake:
Topic 19: OXYGEN UPTAKE AND TRANSPORT (lectures 29-30) OBJECTIVES: 1. Be able to compare air vs. water as a respiratory medium with respect to oxygen content, diffusion coefficient, viscosity and water
More informationPop Quiz. What produces mucus, HCl and pepsinogen in the stomach? List a water soluable vitamin What is a ruminant stomach?
Pop Quiz What produces mucus, HCl and pepsinogen in the stomach? List a water soluable vitamin What is a ruminant stomach? Respiratory System Review Cellular respiration: obtain glucose and oxygen, get
More information1. Label a diagram of the respiratory system. Objective sheet 3 Notes
1. Label a diagram of the respiratory system Objective sheet 3 Notes 2. Functions of the respiratory structures Name Description Function Nasal Cavity Trachea Bronchi (Singular Bronchus) Bronchioles Lungs
More informationB14 gas exchange note, reading and questions.notebook April 13, 2011
Review All organisms (plants and animals) need energy to carry out their life processes. The chemi reaction which provides this energy is called. In larger animals it is sometimes called respiration because
More informationPossibility of disease control by ambient dissolved oxygen level. Masashi Maita Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology Japan
Possibility of disease control by ambient dissolved oxygen level Masashi Maita Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology Japan Counter measures against infectious diseases in Aquaculture Food safety
More informationComparing Respiratory Systems
Comparing Respiratory Systems Respiration Respiration is a process involving the movement of oxygen gas into cells and carbon dioxide out of cells, (This better called BREATHING ) in order to facilitate
More informationFish Dissection Background
Fish Dissection Background Introduction Living things are similar to and different from each other. For example, when we look at the inside of a fish, we learn that the organ systems of fish are similar
More informationAssignments for Life Processes(Respiration)
Assignments for Life Processes(Respiration) 1 Question 1 Why do organisms need food? Organisms need food for obtaining energy to perform the vital functions. Question 2 What is a respiratory substrate?
More informationAQUACULTURE PROGRESS AQUACULTURE TODAY MILESTONE 1: MINIMIZING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS. Facts:
MILESTONE 1: MINIMIZING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS Background: Like all other animals, as fish metabolize food they produce wastes soluble nitrogenous compounds and settable solids (feces). A priority has been
More informationWhat do animals do to survive?
What do animals do to survive? Section 26-1 All Animals have are carry out Eukaryotic cells with Heterotrophs Essential functions such as No cell walls Feeding Respiration Circulation Excretion Response
More informationCompound Aqua feeds in a More Competitive Market: Alternative protein sources for a more sustainable future
Compound Aqua feeds in a More Competitive Market: Alternative protein sources for a more sustainable future Abstract Albert G.J. Tacon Aquatic Farms Ltd 49-139 Kamehameha Hwy Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744 USA
More informationSlide 1 of 64. End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall. End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall. Respiration. Slide 5 of 64
33-3 Form and Function in Chordates Chordates Vertebrate organ systems exhibit a wide range of complexity. This is seen in the different ways that vertebrates feed, breathe, respond, move, and reproduce.
More informationUnit II Problem 4 Physiology: Diffusion of Gases and Pulmonary Circulation
Unit II Problem 4 Physiology: Diffusion of Gases and Pulmonary Circulation - Physical principles of gases: Pressure of a gas is caused by the movement of its molecules against a surface (more concentration
More informationPage 1. Chapter 33: Respiration O 2 CO 2
Chapter 33: Respiration O 2 CO 2 Features of Respiratory Systems: 1) Moist surface (to dissolve gas) 2) Thin cells lining surface 3) Large surface area contacting environment Facilitate Diffusion Methods
More informationNoxious Fumes and Gases
Noxious Fumes and Gases The tissues of the body require oxygen 0 2 for normal metabolic processes (ie. the oxidation of food to produce energy). They must also eliminate CO, which is the waste product
More informationIntroduction. Case study 4 - Koi herpes virus. Major impact on commercial food carp production. History. KHV and other species
Introduction Case study 4 - Koi herpes virus Dr. David Huchzermeyer Sterkspruit Veterinary Clinic Lydenburg Koi Herpesvirus is a recently emerged viral disease of carp (Cyprinus carpio) in all of its varieties
More informationFish Shipments Recommendations
Fish Shipments Recommendations What to Consider Before Shipment: Age/Size/Health of Fish to be Shipped Travel Time Location of Shipment (Across State Lines?) Fish Health Certificate/Shipment Form Appropriate
More informationKillingly Public Schools
Grade 11 Draft: Jan. 2005 Killingly Public Schools Aquaculture/Natural Resources III Tilapia Production CONTENT STANDARD 11 AQ III 1: The students will understand the origin of Tilapia culture, the worldwide
More informationLesson 27. Objectives: At the end of this lesson you should be able to:
Lesson 27 Lesson Outline: Evolution of Respiratory Mechanisms Cutaneous Exchange Evolution of Respiratory Mechanisms - Water Breathers o Origin of pharyngeal slits from corner of mouth o Origin of skeletal
More informationSection Three Gas transport
Section Three Gas transport Lecture 6: Oxygen transport in blood. Carbon dioxide in blood. Objectives: i. To describe the carriage of O2 in blood. ii. iii. iv. To explain the oxyhemoglobin dissociation
More informationRespiratory Systems: Ventilation & Gas Exchange
Respiratory Systems: Ventilation & Gas Exchange Ventilation of Respiratory Surfaces Non-directional ventilation: Medium flows past gas exchange surface in an unpredictable pattern. Tidal Ventilation External
More informationYou Might Also Like. I look forward helping you focus your instruction while saving tons of time. Kesler Science Station Lab Activities 40%+ Savings!
Thanks Connect Thank you for downloading my product. I truly appreciate your support and look forward to hearing your feedback. You can connect with me and find many free activities and strategies over
More informationIt is a product of proteins broken down in the mammal. It is exchanged for oxygen which is taken into the blood.
5 The table shows the approximate composition of air breathed out by a mammal. Where does the nitrogen in the air breathed out come from? It is a product of proteins broken down in the mammal. It is a
More informationLesson 9.1: The Importance of an Organ Delivery System
Lesson 9.1: The Importance of an Organ Delivery System Animals require a continuous supply of oxygen (O 2 ) for cellular respiration, and they must expel carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), the waste product of this
More informationUse scientific principles to explain how the sprayer works. You may use diagrams to support your answer.
4.3 Marking Key This guide includes sample answers, task-specific observable elements, (Appendices 1 and 2), descriptive evaluation rubrics for each competency (Appendices 3 and 4), and non-descriptive
More informationRisk Evaluation of Norwegian Aquaculture and the new Traffic light system
Risk Evaluation of Norwegian Aquaculture and the new Traffic light system Geir Lasse Taranger Research director Aquaculture, marine environment and technology 1. Delimit regional production zones 2.Sustainability
More informationInternal Anatomy of Fish
Internal Anatomy of Fish The Systems of a Fish Skeletal System Muscular System Respiratory System Digestive System Circulatory System Nervous System Reproductive System Special Organs Skeletal System
More informationFish Dissection. Background
Fish Dissection The Fish Dissection program at Hatfield Marine Science Center is a 50-minute hands-on program for 4th through 12th grade students. Students will work in small groups as they examine a variety
More informationFrom water to land. Why closed containment is the future of international salmon farming
From water to land Why closed containment is the future of international salmon farming by Sue Scott Taking the high road in the controversy over ocean net pen salmon aquaculture is pretty challenging,
More informationCell Processes: Diffusion Part 2: Fick s Second Law
MathBench- Australia Diffusion Part 2 December 2015 page 1 Cell Processes: Diffusion Part 2: Fick s Second Law URL: http://mathbench.org.au/cellular-processes/time-to-diffuse/ Fick s Second Law Learning
More information3.3.2 Gas Exchange SPECIFICATION
alevelbiology.co.uk 3.3.2 Gas Exchange SPECIFICATION Adaptations of gas exchange surfaces, shown by gas exchange: Across the body surface of a single-celled organism In the tracheal system of an insect
More informationWhat does the % represent on the beakers?
DISSOLVED OXYGEN VIDEO FAQs What does the % represent on the beakers? What are the glass tubes to beakers for? How is the temperature being kept the same (at 5 o then 35 o )? What is salinity in parts
More informationA breath of fresh air
A breath of fresh air BIG IDEAS You are learning to: Describe the structure of the lungs Explain how the lungs clean themselves Interpret patterns in data Where are the lungs and what do they do? The lungs
More informationThen the partial pressure of oxygen is. b) Gases will diffuse down a pressure gradient across a respiratory surface if it is: i) permeable ii) moist
1 AP Biology March 2008 Respiration Chapter 42 Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces. 1) Gas exchange: Relies on the diffusion of gases down pressure gradients. At sea level, atmosphere
More informationLife 23 - Respiration in Air Raven & Johnson Ch. 53 (part)
1 Life 23 - Respiration in Air Raven & Johnson Ch. 53 (part) Objectives 1: Compare the properties of air and water as media for respiration, and the consequences for the evolution of respiratory systems
More informationTopic 13: Gas Exchange Ch. 42. Gas Exchange pp Gas Exchange. Gas Exchange in Fish pp Gas Exchange in Fish
Topic 13: Gas Exchange Ch. 42 Fig. 42.24 Gas Exchange pp.979-989 Gas exchange involves the uptake of oxygen and the discharge of carbon dioxide (i.e. respiration or breathing). It is necessary for cellular
More informationGASEOUS EXCHANGE IN PLANTS & ANIMALS 30 JULY 2014
GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN PLANTS & ANIMALS 30 JULY 2014 In this lesson, we: Lesson Description Define gaseous exchange o o Look at the requirements for efficient gaseous exchange Study gaseous exchange in various
More informationPerch Circulatory System. By: Maddy Kelley
Perch Circulatory System By: Maddy Kelley Organs involved in the circulatory system Two chambered heart: the simplest type of a true heart. Is a two chambered organ composed of one ventricle and one atrium.
More informationFISH ANATOMY DIAGRAM AND QUESTIONS
Name Block FISH ANATOMY DIAGRAM AND QUESTIONS External: 1. What percentage of fish are bony fish? 2. What is the operculum s function? 3. The nostrils are used for, not. 4. Which fins keeps the fish level
More informationINTRODUCTION.
INTRODUCTION Fish physiology is the scientific study of how the component parts of fish function together in the living fish. It can be contrasted with fish anatomy, which is the study of the form or morphology
More informationRespiratory System 1
Respiratory System 1 Outline Respiratory structures Gills Air-Breathing Animals Amphibians and Reptiles Mammals Birds Structures and Mechanisms of Breathing 2 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level *2677524077* MARINE SCIENCE 9693/03 Structured Questions May/June 2013 Paper
More informationRespiratory Protection
Respiratory Protection The 3M Four-Step Method What issues do we need to consider to get the correct respiratory protection? 1.Identify Respiratory Hazards 2.Understand the Contaminants Effect on Workers
More information(Slide 1) Lecture Notes: Respiratory System
(Slide 1) Lecture Notes: Respiratory System I. (Slide 2) The Respiratory Tract A) Major structures and regions of the respiratory Tract/Route INTO body 1) nose 2) nasal cavity 3) pharynx 4) glottis 5)
More informationFI F SH A ND F I F SHES E SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA
FISH AND FISHES SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA 24,600 LIVING SPECIES FUN FACTS THAT S MORE THAN TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS! EARTH IS 70% WATER BUT LESS THAN.1% OF THE WATER ON THE PLANET IS FRESHWATER 41% OF FISH SPECIES
More informationEffective Management Practices to Reduce the Incidence of Ascites in Broilers
Effective Management Practices to Reduce the Incidence of Ascites in Broilers December 2009 Summary Introduction Ascites is a multi-factorial syndrome caused by interactions between physiological, environmental
More informationSCIENCE 8 RESPIRATION
SCIENCE 8 RESPIRATION WHEN WE BREATHE, WHAT DO WE BREATHE IN? O2, N2, CO2, O3, NO2 (gas fumes), CO, pollutant, fragrants, toxins, etc. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF BREATHING IN? WHAT DOES OUR BODY WANT? O2 WHY?
More informationAn Important Change to Pinery s Water in March
An Important Change to Pinery s Water in March Chloramine Conversion Project The Pinery Water District is scheduled to convert its water disinfection process to a chloramine treatment process March 2018.
More informationChapter 22 Gas Exchange
Chapter 22 Gas Exchange PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko Introduction: Surviving in Thin Air
More informationComponents: Reader with DIGI MATERIAL cross-platform application (ios, Android, Windows, MacOSX) CLIL READERS. Level headwords.
CirculatorySystem _6 cover.qxp_circulatorysystem _6 cover.qxp 21/9/16 6:56 PM Page 1 Level 6 Components: Reader with DIGI MATERIAL cross-platform application (ios, Android, Windows, MacOSX) Level 1 300
More informationCouncil CNL(16)54. Salmon farming: the continuing damage and required solutions (Tabled by the NGOs)
Council CNL(16)54 Salmon farming: the continuing damage and required solutions (Tabled by the NGOs) Salmon farming: the continuing damage and required solutions Now that some 50 years have elapsed since
More informationSOUTH AFRICAN PONY CLUB
SOUTH AFRICAN PONY CLUB Worm Control Achievement Badge Workbook Objectives: Key points: To understand the main worms affecting horses, To know how we aim to manage worm burdens in horses and ponies To
More informationpractices makes perfect
Human Respiratory system Chapter 1: Respiration PMR 03, 08 1. The human respiratory system consists of: a... b... c.. d... e. Our body has.. lungs (right & left). f. Each lung consists of the, and alveoli.
More informationEssential Skills Course Acute Care Module. Respiratory Day 2 (Arterial Blood Gases) Pre course Workbook
Essential Skills Course Acute Care Module Respiratory Day 2 (Arterial Blood Gases) Pre course Workbook Acknowledgements This pre course workbook has been complied and updated with reference to the original
More informationWe will be the global leader in providing innovative and sustainable nutritional solutions that best support the performance of fish and shrimp.
We feed millions We will be the global leader in providing innovative and sustainable nutritional solutions that best support the performance of fish and shrimp. Nutritional solutions Active Nutrition
More informationQuestion 1: Define vital capacity. What is its significance? Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration. It is about 3.5 4.5 litres in the human body. It
More informationLesson 6 Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift PS 2.2 a,e PS 3.1i
Table of Contents Letter to the Student...................................... 5 Letter to the Family....................................... 6 New York State Performance Standards Correlation Chart.......
More informationGASEOUS EXCHANGE 17 JULY 2013
GASEOUS EXCHANGE 17 JULY 2013 Lesson Description In this lesson we: Discuss what is gaseous exchange? Consider requirements of an efficient gaseous exchange surface. Look at diversity in gas exchange systems.
More informationREVISION: GASEOUS EXCHANGE & EXCRETION 11 SEPTEMBER 2013
REVISION: GASEOUS EXCHANGE & EXCRETION 11 SEPTEMBER 2013 Lesson Description In this lesson we: Revise gaseous exchange in different animals and examine the structure of the kidney Key Concepts Important
More informationFishery. Fishing vessels (Dept. of Finance)
Fishery Fishing vessels (Dept. of Finance) The Newfoundland and Labrador fishery recorded a difficult year in 29 due to low market prices, continued pressure from low-cost producers, and an appreciating
More informationChapter 30 Nonvertebrate Chordates, Fishes, and Amphibians Name
Chapter 30 Nonvertebrate Chordates, Fishes, and Amphibians Name Lab Dissecting a Perch Background Information Fish are the largest group of vertebrates found in fresh and salt water. In fact, over 25,000
More informationMarine Fishes. Chapter 8
Marine Fishes Chapter 8 Fish Gills The construction of the gill is the same in all fish gill arch supports the entire structure, gill rakers are on the forward surface of the gill arch and gill filaments
More information3.6. The Respiratory System
The Respiratory System Whether you are aware of it or not, you breathe in and out 15 times each minute on average. This rate increases automatically if your physical activity increases. With normal breathing,
More informationAquatic vertebrates that are characterized by:
Aquatic vertebrates that are characterized by: Paired fins Used for movement Scales Used for protection Gills Used for exchanging gases Fishes were the first vertebrates to evolve The evolution of jaws
More informationTransport in cells. Specification coverage
3 Transport in cells T F A R What does smelling your best friend s deodorant have in common with making a cup of tea? One thing is that they both involve the movement of particles. Particles spread out
More informationalveoli Chapter 42. Gas Exchange elephant seals gills AP Biology
alveoli Chapter 42. Gas Exchange gills elephant seals Gas exchange O 2 & CO 2 exchange exchange between environment & cells provides O 2 for aerobic cellular respiration need moist membrane need high
More information2. State the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal breathing.
CLASS XI BIOLOGY Breathing And Exchange of Gases 1. Define vital capacity. What is its significance? Answer: Vital Capacity (VC): The maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration.
More informationLab Orientation and the Surface to volume ratio in animals
LAB ORIENTATION AND THE SURFACE TO VOLUME RATIO IN ANIMALS - 1 Lab Orientation and the Surface to volume ratio in animals by Antoine Morin and Gabriel Blouin-Demers Lab Orientation Details of your activities
More informationCharacterization and formulation of cocrystals
Characterization and formulation of cocrystals Cocrystals can deliver unique physical properties, but taking full advantage of these improved properties requires a new approach to cocrystal formulation
More informationRespiratory Protection
Respiratory Protection Everything You Wanted to Know About Respiratory Protection and Probably a Bit More. Instructor: Mary Schlagel Northern Illinois University Environmental Health & Safety Dept. 815-753-0404
More informationFishes are vertebrates that have characteristics allowing them to live and reproduce in water.
Section 1: are vertebrates that have characteristics allowing them to live and reproduce in water. K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out L What I Learned Essential Questions What are the features of
More informationThey selected fully grown leaves from five different plants of each species.
Q1.Scientists studied three species of plant. They selected fully grown leaves from five different plants of each species. For each leaf they measured: leaf surface area leaf thickness the number of stomata
More informationLesson 27. Lesson Outline: Phylogenetic Trends in Respiratory System Form and Function
Lesson 27 Lesson Outline: Phylogenetic Trends in Respiratory System Form and Function Objectives: Throughout the course what you need to master is an understanding of: 1) the form and function of structures,
More information08 Respiration. #79 Respiration realeases energy from food
08 Respiration #79 Respiration realeases energy from food Respiration is the chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy. In humans, our cells need energy (ATP)
More informationAP Biology. Chapter 42. Gas Exchange. Optimizing gas exchange. Gas exchange. Gas exchange in many forms. Evolution of gas exchange structures
alveoli Chapter 42. Gas Exchange gills elephant seals Gas exchange & C exchange exchange between environment & cells provides for aerobic cellular respiration need moist membrane need high surface area
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level *5466176767* MARINE SCIENCE 9693/03 Structured Questions May/June 2011 Paper
More informationSc ienc e 9-Biology Work sheet 8-2 A Single Breat h & Tak ing Care
Unit 2 Your Living Body Sc ienc e 9-Biology Work sheet 8-2 A Single Breat h & Tak ing Care Name No pen or pencil No Textbook 20 Due Date Show Me Hand In Correct and Hand In Again By Read pages 159-167
More information(breed) Anadromous. wholly seawater
Maintenance of Constancy of the Internal Environment during Fish Migration Between Fresh and Seawater Group 4: Kuan Yi Xian, Jeeann Lee Tien Ming Lee Tze Chuen Lee Wan-Jean Lee Yee Tjin Migration Seasonal
More informationInteractions Between Wild and Farmed Salmonids in Southern British Columbia: Pathogen Transfer
Interactions Between Wild and Farmed Salmonids in Southern British Columbia: Pathogen Transfer Stewart Johnson, Michael Foreman, Kyle Garver Brent Hargreaves, Simon R.M. Jones and Chrys Neville PICES AGM
More informationName period date assigned date due date returned
Name period date assigned date due date returned procedure 1. Take one balloon and stretch it out 2. Take one deep breath and blow into the balloon until you cannot breath out anymore. Do Not Take A Second
More informationTeacher Resource Guide
Teacher Resource Guide By Liz Kreitinger Objective The object of this presentation is to create an understanding of the function and purpose of adaptations, while applying this concept to life under water.
More informationDead Perch Parts. ACADEMIC STANDARDS: 4 th Grade B. Know that living things are made up of parts that have specific functions.
Dead Perch Parts Fish Anatomy Adapted from: An original Creek Connections activity created from the Fish Anatomy model. Grade Level: Intermediate or advanced Duration: 30 minutes Setting: classroom Summary:
More informationAre chloramines new? Why is my water supplier making the change to chloramines?
In order to maintain quality water, the Central Coast Water Authority uses chloramines as disinfectant. Chloramines are a combination of chlorine and a small amount of ammonia. This web page provides answers
More informationFISHES. Agnatha Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes
FISHES Agnatha Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes General Characteristics! Ectothermic! Vertebrates! Have scales! Swim with fins! Almost all exclusively aquatic! Filter oxygen from water over gills Classes of
More informationChapter 12 Part 2. The Worms Platyhelminthes, Nematoda & Annelida
Chapter 12 Part 2 The Worms Platyhelminthes, Nematoda & Annelida Phylum: Platyhelminthes Examples: Flatworms, Planaria sp., tapeworms and blood flukes Acoelomate, Invertebrate, Simplest critter w/ bilateral
More informationThe Human Body. Everyone Needs Healthy Systems. Blood Vessels
The Human Body Everyone Needs Healthy Systems There are several systems that make up the human body. Although their functions differ, they all work together to keep your body running smoothly. Some of
More informationGas Exchange Respiratory Systems
alveoli gills Gas Exchange Respiratory Systems elephant seals 2008-2009 Why do we need a respiratory system? respiration for respiration Need O 2 in for aerobic cellular respiration make ATP Need CO 2
More informationThe use of risk management as best practice to reduce outbreaks of recreational water illnesses in disinfected swimming facilities and spas
The use of risk management as best practice to reduce outbreaks of recreational water illnesses in disinfected swimming facilities and spas Roy Vore, Ph.D., NSPF I, CPO Vore & Associates, LLC Email: Roy.D.Vore@gmail.com
More information1.2 The structure and functions of the cardio-respiratory system Learning objectives
1.2 The structure and functions of the cardio-respiratory system Learning objectives To understand the functions of the circulatory system. To be able to identify the differences between veins, arteries
More informationThe reactants for this process are and. The products for this process are and. The gases for this process are and.
REVIEW All organisms (plants and animals) need energyto carry out their life processes. The chemical reaction which provides this energy is called. In larger animals it is often called respiration because
More information