36-1 Phylum Arthropoda

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1 36-1 Phylum Arthropoda I. Characteristics of Arthropods ( jointed foot ) A. Jointed Appendages (extensions of the body and include legs and antennae) B. Segmented body a pair of appendages is attached to each segment

2 C. Exoskeleton a hard external covering, for protection and structure. Made of chitin protein / tough carbohydrate Three layers secreted by an epidermis Outer waxy, repels water Middle hard, protection, strengthened by calcium Inner flexible at the joints D. Ventral nervous system, open circulatory system, digestive system, and specialized sensory receptors.

3 E. Muscles occur in bundles that attach to the exo. on each side of the hinge. F. exoskeleton must be shed periodically, it s called MOLTING or ecdysis arthropods grow until they put a great deal of pressure on the exoskeleton, a hormone is produced that induces molting. read p. 724 for process Molts many times, each time the arthropod grows larger. Animals are most vulnerable during molting. Usually go into hiding.

4 II. Classification (First million years ago) A. SubPhylums 1. SubP. Trilobita includes extinct organisms

5 2. SubP. Crustacea shrimp, lobsters, crabs, barnacles, crayfish, water fleas, copepods. a. branched antennae b. chewing mouthparts called mandibles

6 Camel Spider 3. SubP. Chelicerata spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, horseshoe crabs. a. no antennae b. pincerlike mouthparts called chelicerae.

7 4. SubP. Myriapoda ( many feet ) centipedes, millipedes. a. antennae, mouthparts, appendages are unbranched.

8 5. SubP. Hexapoda - insects. Next Chapter

9 Phylogenetic Diagram of Arthropods

10 36-2 Subphylum Crustacea (mostly aquatic) Most are small barnacles are sessile, have 12 appendages called cirri. sow bugs and pill bugs are terrestrial. 7 identical pair of legs, they are also called isopods same feet

11 I. Crayfish (decapods means 10 feet ) A. External Structure two sections 1. Cephalothorax fused head and thorax, covered by carapace. 2. Abdomen 6 segments a. 6 th segment called the telson, forms a flat triangular section at the tail of the animal. Used for moving backwards in water.

12 3. Appendages see p. 728 antennules antennae mandibles maxillae maxillipeds chelipeds walking legs swimmerets uropods diagram pictures

13 Abdomen - The abdomen is the segmented tail area. The swimmerets, telson, and uropods are attached to the abdomen. Carapace - The protective shell (exoskeleton) of the cephalothorax. Cephalic groove - An indentation in the carapace between the head region and the thorax region. Cephalothorax - The combined head and thorax (this animal has no neck!). The cephalothorax contains the heart, gills, and stomach. Cheliped - One of two big claws used for defense and food handling. Eye - The two eyes are located towards the front. Long antennae - Two long, sensory organs towards the front of the crayfish. Short antennae - Two short antennae, also called antennules. Rostrum - The area above the eyes. Swimmerets - Five pairs of short appendages on the abdomen; they are used for swimming. Tail fan - The telson and the four uropods. It is used for backwards swimming. Telson - The single, hind-most extension of the tail fan. Uropods - Two pairs of appendages on the tail fan that surround the telson. Walking legs - Four pairs of long, jointed legs used for walking. The gills are attached to the tops of the walking legs.

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15 B. Digestion & Excretion Traps food with chelipeds, tear it with the maxillae and maxillipeds, and chew it with the mandibles. mouth -> esophagus stomach (where chitinous teeth grind it into a paste that is mixed with digestive juices)

16 Digestive glands absorb the mixture, -> intestine -> anus. Green glands remove wastes from the blood and retain salts, which are scarce in fresh water.

17 C. Circulatory (Blood Hemolymph ) Open circulatory blood is pumped from dorsal heart to seven large vessels where it bathes the organs and cells. The blood collects in a large ventral sinus. Other vessels then take it to the gills, then it returns to the dorsal sinus then to heart.

18 D. Respiration Gills are attached to each walking leg, under the carapace. As the crayfish walks, water goes over the gills. also, maxillae bail water over the gills.

19 E. Nervous Brain, ganglia, and ventral nerve cord Two compound eyes attached at the end of movable stalks. (2000 light sensitive lenses/eye) detect light, motion, crude images Statocysts cells that sense position. They contain particles of calcium carbonate, which slosh around when crayfish moves.

20 F. Reproduction (sexual) mate in fall, sperm is stored (seminal vesicle) until spring when fertilization takes place eggs stick (from secretion) to last three pairs of swimmerets, hatch in six weeks, young look like tiny adults. Molt seven times during first year, then twice a year for the next 2 to 3 years.

21 36-3 I. Class Arachnida (under Subphylum Chelicerata) Like crustaceans, have a cephalothorax and abdomen 4 pairs of legs, pair of chelicerae, and a pair of appendages called Pedipalps (used for chewing)

22 A. Spiders (.5cm to 9cm long) eat mostly insects variety of ways they catch prey chase trapdoors webs Trap Door Spider Wolf Spider Jumping Spider

23 Phylogenetic Diagram of Arthropods

24 1. Spinnerets (3 pair) made of microscopic tubes where fluid from silk glands pass through and harden silk is used to make webs, nest, egg cocoon, and as a sailing device

25 2. Reproduction Male store sperm in special sacs in the tips of the pedipalps. He transfers the sperm to female where it is stored in a seminal recepticle. Later, eggs are fertilized as they pass through the genital pore. Female seals egg in a case of silk. Young will molt once inside the case.

26 Daddy Long Leg Spider: MYTH The claim that the daddy long-legs is the most venomous spider in the world (but is harmless to humans because its fangs aren t long enough or are funny-shaped or whatever) is problematic right from the beginning, if only because the name daddy longlegs can refer to three different bugs, one of which being only roughly related to the spider and another not being a spider at all. The true spider, Pholcus phalangioides, is indeed venomous, but tests show that the venom s effect on insects was fairly weak and that if it were to bite a human (which it was indeed capable of doing) it would just cause a mild burning sensation. The other types of daddy long-legs are the arachnid Opiliones genus (none of whom have venom glands) and the crane fly (again, not even an arachnid let alone a spider). It s hard to see where this myth got started it s not like anyone needed greater incentive to avoid these creepy little boogers.

27 B. Scorpions enlarged pedipalps and have a stinger most are nocturnal Only a few are fatal to humans

28 Phylogenetic Diagram of Arthropods

29 C. Mites and Ticks fused cephalothorax and abdomen most abundant arachnids some are pests and some transmit diseases Dust Mites Eyelash Mites

30 Phylogenetic Diagram of Arthropods

31 II. Subphylum Myriapods ( many feet ) All terrestrial No waxy cuticle, must stay in moist environment A. Millipedes ( thousand feet ) Rounded body Two pairs of feet per body segment (except last two) Legs are strong but short (slow) live in soil, logs, under objects Roll up when threatened, some release a noxious chemical that contains cyanide. Good smell, poor vision herbivores

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33 Phylogenetic Diagram of Arthropods

34 B. Centipedes ( hundred legs ) Flattened body One pair of legs per segment (except first and last) Legs longer, move faster Voracious predators, eat earthworms, insects such as cockroaches. First body segment has a claw-like appendage that injects venom into prey.

35 Phylogenetic Diagram of Arthropods

36 Abdomen - The abdomen is the segmented tail area. The swimmerets, telson, and uropods are attached to the abdomen. Carapace - The protective shell (exoskeleton) of the cephalothorax. Cephalic groove - An indentation in the carapace between the head region and the thorax region. Cephalothorax - The combined head and thorax (this animal has no neck!). The cephalothorax contains the heart, gills, and stomach. Cheliped - One of two big claws used for defense and food handling. Eye - The two eyes are located towards the front. Long antennae - Two long, sensory organs towards the front of the crayfish. Short antennae - Two short antennae, also called antennules. Rostrum - The area above the eyes. Swimmerets - Five pairs of short appendages on the abdomen; they are used for swimming. Tail fan - The telson and the four uropods. It is used for backwards swimming. Telson - The single, hind-most extension of the tail fan. Uropods - Two pairs of appendages on the tail fan that surround the telson. Walking legs - Four pairs of long, jointed legs used for walking. The gills are attached to the tops of the walking legs.

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