Climate Researchers Feeling Heat. By Juliet Eilperin Washington Post Staff Writer Thursday, April 6, 2006; A27

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1 Biology 2010 April 19, 2006 Readings - From Text (Campbell et al. Biology, 7 th ed.) Chapter 34 pp Climate Researchers Feeling Heat. By Juliet Eilperin Washington Post Staff Writer Thursday, April 6, 2006; A27 Today - Vertebrates 1 2 Relationships of Chordate Subphyla : Origin of Vertebrates UROCHORDATES CEPHALOCHORDATES VERTEBRATES Greatly expanded pharynx Reduction of nervous system Sessile Anteriorly extended notochord Oral cirri (tentacles) Burrowing Distinct head & brain (cephalization) Muscularization of pharynx Special paired sensory organs (eyes, nose, ears) Neural crest tissue & neurogenetic placodes in embryo Notochord Mechanics Postanal Tail Dorsal hollow nerve cord Segmentation of Trunk Muscles Cephalochordate Pharyngeal slits Myotomes Vertebrate Somites; segmented trunk muscles Axial skeleton & postanal tail retained in adult Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal slits Postanal tail 3 Hydostatic Skeletal Structure Notochord replaced by vertebral column 4

2 Relationships of Chordate Subphyla : Origin of Vertebrates Feeding Strategies & Vertebrate Evolution UROCHORDATES CEPHALOCHORDATES VERTEBRATES Greatly expanded pharynx Reduction of nervous system Sessile Anteriorly extended notochord Oral cirri (tentacles) Burrowing Distinct head & brain (cephalization) Muscularization of pharynx Special paired sensory organs (eyes, nose, ears) Neural crest tissue & neurogenetic placodes in embryo Development of New Head Large Prey Now Possible Become Dominant Predators Neural crest structures Somites; segmented trunk muscles Notochord & postanal tail retained in adult Suction feeding Muscularized Pharynx & Supportive Skeleton Suction Feeding Begins Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal slits Postanal tail 5 Ciliary Driven Food Restricted to Zooplankton 6 Neural Crest Tissue & Neurogenic Placodes Key Innovation in Vertebrate History Neurogenic Placodes Nasal placode Text Fig

3 Lateral line - line of mechanoreceptors on body surface that detect movement of water. 10a 9 Muscular Pharynx and Gill Ventilation Electroreception 10b 11

4 Figure Hox mutations and the origin of vertebrates Relationships Among The Classes of Fishes MYXINI Oral tentacles Slime glands Scavenging lifestyle 520 mya CEPHALASPIDOMORPHA Parasitic lifestyle Extensive bony armor PLACODERMI Extensive, jointed armor CHONDRICTHYES Distinctive tooth-like scales Gill slits exposed externally OSTEICHTHYES Gills covered by bony operculum Tendency for tail to become symmetrical Lungs or swim bladder AGNATHA = Jawless Fishes Vertebral column 425 mya Circular sucking mouth Jaws Lateral line sensory system Bone (dermal) 12 AGNATHAN FISHES Myxini Key Sensory System Unique Skeletal Material Basic Ancestral Vertebrate Features 13 Feeding Strategies in Jawless Fishes No jaws No true paired appendages No vertebrae Cephalaspidomorpha Feeding tactics of Lamprey HAGFISH Knotting behavior in Hagfish Keratinaceous teeth Lateral line mya Bony armor (calcium phosphate) Common Ancestor in Cambrian Not homologous 14 15

5 Relationships Among The Classes of Fishes MYXINI CEPHALASPIDOMORPHA PLACODERMI CHONDRICTHYES OSTEICHTHYES Evolution of Jaws Oral tentacles Slime glands Scavenging lifestyle Parasitic lifestyle Extensive bony armor Extensive, jointed armor Distinctive tooth-like scales Gills covered by bony operculum Tendency for tail to become symmetrical Lungs or swim bladder Vertebral column Gnathostomes Circular sucking mouth Jaws Major Shift in Feeding & Maneuverability Lateral line sensory system Bone (dermal) Basic Ancestral Vertebrate Features 16 Text Fig PLACODERMS Jaws Great size range Jointed armor Persistent notochord First fresh water fishes Dunkleosteus 370 mya 18 19

6 MYXINI Oral tentacles Slime glands Scavenging lifestyle CEPHALASPIDOMORPHA Parasitic lifestyle Relationships Among The Classes of Fishes Extensive bony armor PLACODERMI CHONDRICTHYES OSTEICHTHYES Extensive, jointed armor Distinctive tooth-like scales Gills covered by bony operculum Tendency for tail to become symmetrical Representative Chondrichthyes Cartilage skeleton Tooth-like scales Multiple external gill slits No lungs or swimbladder Lungs or swim bladder Sharks Vertebral column Circular sucking mouth Jaws Faster, Sustained Swimming Lateral line sensory system Chimaera / ratfish Shark Placoid Scale Craniates Bone (dermal) Basic Ancestral Vertebrate Features 20 Ray 21 Relationships Among The Classes of Fishes OSTEICHTHYES MYXINI Oral tentacles Slime glands Scavenging lifestyle CEPHALASPIDOMORPHA Parasitic lifestyle Extensive bony armor PLACODERMI CHONDRICTHYES OSTEICHTHYES Extensive, jointed armor Distinctive tooth-like scales Gills covered by bony operculum Tendency for tail to become symmetrical ACTINOPTERYGII Ray-finned SARCOPTERYGII Lobe-finned Dipnoans Coelacanths Rhipidisitians Tetrapods Lungs or swim bladder Circular sucking mouth Jaws Vertebral column Faster Swimming & Buoyancy Control, Air Breathing Lateral line sensory system Basic Ancestral Vertebrate Features Bone (dermal) 22 Lungs Operculum (gill cover) Symmetrical tail 23

7 Basal vertebrate heart (fish) is/was composed primarily of spongy myocardium. Remarkably bad design Good design 24 Farmer, 1997 Osteichthyean Fishes - ACTINOPTERYGII (ray-finned) OSTEICHTHYES ACTINOPTERYGII SARCOPTERYGII Tetrapods Guppy Seahorse Teleosts 400 families 24,000 species 25 Dipnoans Coelacanths Rhipidisitians Zebra Firefish Reinforced vertebral column Dactylous limbs Pelvis united with backbone (sacrum) Single ear ossicle Porcupine fish Halibut Enormous, Rapid Adaptive Radiation Fins with robust internal skeleton Perch Mechanism of protrusible jaws is thought to be a key innovation. Muscular fins Well developed lungs Sailfish Teleost explosion begins in late Cretaceous 26 Lungs Operculum (gill cover) Symmetrical tail 27

8 SARCOPTERYGII Rhipidistian Primitive tetrapod Bony Fish - Tetrapod Transition Dipnoans (Lungfish) Rhipidistians Coelacanth Primitive tetrapod (amphibian) 28

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