Class Polychaeta: Marine Worms

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1 Class Polychaeta: Marine Worms

2 Animal Phyla Phylum Mollusca (Snails, Clams, Octopods and Allies):

3 Radula: rasping tongue Shell: 3 layers, mostly calcium carbonate Inner-most = nacre = mother of pearl Mantle: shell-producing tissue Mantle cavity: open area under mantle Encloses gills or lungs Visceral mass: lump of internal organs Foot: muscular mass used for locomotion In snails: sole-like In clams: tongue-like In squids: siphon-like

4 Class Gastropoda: (Snails and allies) Very diverse group Aquatic snail Keyhole limpet Tube snail Limpet Nudibranch

5 Class Bivalvia: Clams and allies Clams, oysters, mussels 1. Most clams burrow Dig with foot (tongue) 2. Mussels are sessile (attached with byssus) 3. Scallops and giant clams rest on surface Many have eyespots (Fig , p. 460) Shells Orientation/directionality Pearl formation Ecological concern: freshwater clams Pollution, dams, zebra mussel

6 Foot Eyespots Byssus

7 Bivalves are filter feeders Filter organic detritus from water

8 Class Cephalopoda: Squids, octopuses and allies: Cephalopod = head-foot : head and ancestral foot fused Most advanced mollusks Octopus: eight arms; ~150 spp.; arms regenerate Squids: ~ 400 spp.; have arms and tentacles Marine predators; all carnivorous Radula and parrot-like beak (jaws)

9 Class Cephalopoda: Squids, octopuses and allies: Foot forms siphons Eyes have lens & retina, like vertebrates Intelligent Can learn, remember, reason Squirt ink to elude/confuse predators Chromatophores; can also change texture Nautiloids: abundant ~ 100 MYA.

10 Cephalopod Reproduction Octopuses Solitary except during mating season Male ejaculates sperm down groove in arm to female Female finds area and lays egg cases Fans eggs Female dies when eggs hatch; mates only once

11 Animal Phyla Phylum Arthropoda (Shrimp, Lobsters, Crabs, Spiders, Insects and Allies):

12 Phylum Arthropoda: Arthropods jointed legs Crustaceans Insects

13 Arthropod Ecological Relationships All environments Air, land, fresh and marine waters Carnivores, omnivores, herbivores (most) and parasites Insects: Agricultural pests Pollinators Some crustaceans are basis of aquatic food chains, e.g. krill

14 Arthropod General Characteristics: Exoskeleton Made of chitin (ky-tin) Nutritious: sugars, lipids & proteins Secreted by single-layered epidermis Protective; allows flexibility Ecdysis (molting)

15 Arthropod General Characteristics: Jointed appendages One pair per somite in ancestral condition Often modified or reduced in modern forms: Sensory, feeding, walking, swimming, sex, flight Number and form used in taxonomy

16 Arthropod General Characteristics: Metamorphosis

17 Animal Phyla Phylum Echinodermata (Seastars, Urchins, Sea Cucumbers):

18 Animal Phyla Phylum Echinodermata (Seastars, Urchins, Sea Cucumbers): Radial symmetry Bilaterally symmetric larvae Metamorphosis Water-vascular system Dermal endoskeleton

19 Animal Phyla Phylum Chordata (Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals):

20 Phylum Chordata All members possess: 1. Notochord (notus = back, chorda = cord), a stiff, tubular, dorsal, rod Allows for more complex embryonic development Provides rigid scaffolding on which embryonic features, including skeleton and muscles, may be constructed. 2. Dorsal hollow nerve cord Fluid-filled In vertebrates: becomes the spinal cord; anterior end brain 3. Gill slits (perforations in pharynx) and gill arches (supporting structures) Originally for filter feeding Later gills; jaws 4. Post-anal tail Initially for swimming

21 Animal Phyla Phylum Chordata (Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals): Cartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes) Bony fishes (class Osteichthyes) Amphibians (class Amphibia) Reptiles (class Reptilia) Birds (class Aves) Mammals (class Mammalia)

22 Cartilaginous fishes (class (Chondrichthyes)

23 Cartilaginous fishes (class (Chondrichthyes)

24 Bony fishes (class Osteichthyes)

25 Bony fishes (class Osteichthyes)

26 Amphibians (class Amphibia)

27 Amphibians (class Amphibia) Metamorphosis

28 Reptiles (class Reptilia)

29 Amniotic egg Reptiles (class Reptilia)

30 Birds (class Aves)

31 Birds (class Aves) Feathers: modified scales Hollow bones (with struts) Efficient respiratory system of air sacs Homeothermic (warm-blooded)

32 Mammals (class Mammalia) Hair Homeothermic (warm-blooded) Feed young with milk Live birth (most)

33 Mammals (class Mammalia) Monotremes Lay eggs

34 Mammals (class Mammalia) Marsupials

35 Mammals (class Mammalia) Marsupials

36 Placentals Mammals (class Mammalia)

37 Mammals (class Mammalia)

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