Marine Life. Fishes. Introductory Oceanography Ray Rector - Instructor

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1 Marine Life Fishes Introductory Oceanography Ray Rector - Instructor

MARINE FISHES - Main Concepts 1) Fishes are the oldest group of vertebrates 2) Fish inhabit virtually every marine habitat worldwide 3) Unique features for living in

Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes 5) Class Agnatha are eel-like: lack a jaw and have no paired fins Hagfish and Lampreys 6) Class Chondrichthyes possess a

2 MARINE FISHES - Main Concepts 1) Fishes are the oldest group of vertebrates 2) Fish inhabit virtually every marine habitat worldwide 3) Unique features for living in ocean include strong, flexible skeleton, gills for breathing, fins for swimming, and advanced set of internal organs 4) Fish are classified into three major classes: Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes 5) Class Agnatha are eel-like: lack a jaw and have no paired fins Hagfish and Lampreys 6) Class Chondrichthyes possess a cartilaginous skeleton Sharks, Skates, and Rays 7) Class Osteichthyes have a strong, lightweight bony skeleton Order Teleostei a very large diverse group all common types

3 The The Fish Fish Vertebrates Vertebrates Class Agnatha (jawless fish) Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) Class Osteichthyes (bony fish) These classes of Fish have several things in common: 1) Their earliest common ancestor lived in the early Paleozoic 2) They are all well-adapted to live in salt water 3) They all are interconnected in marine food webs 4) Most successful and longest-lived marine vertebrate 5) One or more of these classes found in every marine ecosystem 6) Over 30,000 species of marine fishes

Devonian, they rule the ocean Placoderms the dominant class 3)

4 Evolution Evolution of of Fishes Fishes The Devonian The Age of the Fishes 1) Fish first appear in the ocean around 580 years ago 2) By the Devonian, they rule the ocean Placoderms the dominant class 3) Chodrichthyes and Osteichtyes evolve during Devonian the two dominant classes today

advanced internal organs including eyes, circulation system with gill and heart, one-way

5 General Anatomy of Fish 1) Vertebrate with strong, flexible endoskeleton of either bone or cartilage 2) Most fish have multiple sets of fins, jaws and teeth 3) All have sets of advanced internal organs including eyes, circulation system with gill and heart, one-way digestive system with mouth and anus, reproductive system, and a nervous system with brain

6 Fish Body Shape and Movement

Body Body Type Type Specialization Specialization 1) High maneuverability (e.g., butterflyfish) 2) Rapid acceleration (e.g., barracuda) 3) Efficient cruising (e.

7 Body Body Type Type Specialization Specialization 1) High maneuverability (e.g., butterflyfish) 2) Rapid acceleration (e.g., barracuda) 3) Efficient cruising (e.g., tuna) 4) Eating methods: Ramming (e.g., sharks) Biting (e.g., triggerfish) Sucking (e.g., butterflyfish)

Habitat, Population, Community, Niche Every marine fish lives in a unique set of physical conditions within a given region of ocean, termed its habitat.

8 Habitat, Population, Community, Niche Every marine fish lives in a unique set of physical conditions within a given region of ocean, termed its habitat. A group of fishes of the same species living together within the same local habitat is termed a population. A number of different populations living together within the same local habitat is termed a community. Every marine organism has a unique lifestyle within its community, defined by its trophic level, specific place of residence, movement style, feeding, defense, and reproductive strategies its community relations - termed its niche

Class Agnatha Hagfishes and Lampreys Some Facts

for swimming Other unique features are thick,

in colonies on the self bottom sediments and

shaped mouths and typically attach themselves

9 Class Agnatha Hagfishes and Lampreys Some Facts Agnathas lack jaws and have no paired appendages for swimming Other unique features are thick, eel-like bodies, and slime glands Hagfish live in colonies on the self bottom sediments and like to eat worms Lampreys have toothed, funnel shaped mouths and typically attach themselves onto fish and whales as an external parasitic Hagfish Lamprey

10 Class Chondrichthyes Sharks and Rays

Class Chondrichthyes Sharks and Rays Some Facts Chondrichthyes possess a tough, elastic, cartilaginous skeleton Some of the most ancient types of fish fossils

largest living vertebrate except for a couple whale species Sharks have an undeservedly, notoriously bad reputation as man-eaters Rays and skates have an

11 Class Chondrichthyes Sharks and Rays Some Facts Chondrichthyes possess a tough, elastic, cartilaginous skeleton Some of the most ancient types of fish fossils date back to 280 MYA Small portion of the fish world = 350 species of shark; 320 species of rays Sharks, skates, and rays have no gas bladders Sharks are the largest living vertebrate except for a couple whale species Sharks have an undeservedly, notoriously bad reputation as man-eaters Rays and skates have an unusually flattened body form some have dangerous barbed tails while others produce an electric shock Pelagic and epifaunal lifestyles typically predatory and scavenger Sharks Rays

12 Unique Shark Anatomy 1) Muscles 2) Skeleton 3) Teeth 4) Skin 5) Senses 6) Extra-senses

13 Varieties of Sharks Leopard Whale Shark White-Tip Reef Shark Gray Reef Shark

14 Varieties of Sharks Great White Hammerheads Tiger Mako

15 Varieties of Hawaiian Sharks and Rays

16 Would You Go Scuba Diving Here?

17 Sharks How Dangerous are They.Really?

18 Chances of Being Shark Bait? Chances are Very Low

19 Chances of Being Shark Lifted from a Helo Attack? Chances are Extremely Very Low.

20 Fact: Most Sharks Are Harmless to Humans

21 Fact: Humans Are Extremely More Harmful to Sharks than Sharks are to Humans No Contest!

22 Class Chondrichthyes The Rays

23 Varieties of Rays Manta Ray Sting Ray Guitarfish Electric Ray

Class Osteichthyes The Bony Fish Key Characteristics Osteichthyes possess a hard, strong,

Over 27,000 species of bony fish 90% are in the Order Teleostei Major groups of Teleostei include

moving fins, highly effective camouflage, schooling and migratory behaviors Bony fish have adapted

24 Class Osteichthyes The Bony Fish Key Characteristics Osteichthyes possess a hard, strong, lightweight, bony skeleton Possess fin rays articulate with rows of basal and radial elements. Over 27,000 species of bony fish 90% are in the Order Teleostei Major groups of Teleostei include cod, halibut, perch, salmon, and tuna Unique to the Teleostei are gas bladders, independently moving fins, highly effective camouflage, schooling and migratory behaviors Bony fish have adapted to virtually every marine habitat imaginable The economic importance of the bony fish commercial fisheries is huge

25 Teleostei Like to Swim in Schools Why?

26 Coral Reef Fish

27 Tropical Reef Fish

28 Varieties of Coral/Algae-Eating Reef Fish Butterfly Fish Parrot Fish Triggerfish Parrot fish

29 Varieties of Predatory Reef Fish Scorpion fish Barracuda Eel Grouper Trevally

30 Other Notable Reef Fish Clownfish Seahorse Surgeon fish Pufferfish

California s Coastal Marine Fishes California s coastal waters have a very diverse variety of benthic and pelagic fishes that reflect the cool, nutrient-rich, highly productive, offshore waters, and

31 California s Coastal Marine Fishes California s coastal waters have a very diverse variety of benthic and pelagic fishes that reflect the cool, nutrient-rich, highly productive, offshore waters, and abundant kelp forests. Most of California s coastal fishes spend their entire lives locally, while others are migratory. California s coastal fishes can be divided between those that live on or near the bottom (benthic), and those that live up in the water column (pelagic). Eating strategies vary from filter feeding, to grazing, to scavenger, to predator.

32 California s Coastal Waters Bottom Fish

33 California s Coastal Surf Fish

34 Types of Local Kelp Forest Fish Rockfish Kelpfish Calico Kelp Bass Sheephead Garibaldi

35 Types of Local Bottom Fish Sculpin Kelpfish Halibut Garden eels

36 Types of Local Offshore Pelagic Fish Flying Fish Mackerel Calico Kelp Bass Garibaldi

37 Varieties of Big Game Fish Swordfish Salmon Wahoo Bluefin Tuna Mahi Mahi

38 Hungry Barracuda on the Prowl

39 Making Yourself Hard to See Two good reasons for being difficult to see? 1) 2)

40 Making Yourself Hard to See Two good reasons for being difficult to see: 1) Defense: Harder to be caught and eaten 2) Predation: Easier to catch something to eat

41 Predation and Defense? Camouflaged for?????

42 Predation or Defense? Camouflaged for??????

43 A Sea of Problems for Fish Water Viscosity Buoyancy Gas Exchange Osmoregulation Food Defense Pollution Overfishing

44 Fishing Concerns: Overfishing and By-Catch Drying Shark Fins

45 Class Reptilia Sea Turtles Sea Snakes

46 The World of the Sea Turtle Sea Turtles Like to Swim Sea Turtles Like to Nap

47 Ray s Encounter with Hawaiian Sea Turtle Sea Turtles Like to Swim

48 Discussion

49 Discussion

Origin and Importance! ! Fish were the first vertebrates to appear on Earth about 500 million years ago.

Origin and Importance! ! Fish were the first vertebrates to appear on Earth about 500 million years ago. 2/9/14 Origin and Importance Evolution Marine Fish Fish were the first vertebrates to appear on Earth about 500 million years ago. Fish are the most economically important organism and are a vital source