Traditional Aquaculture

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1 Traditional Aquaculture Prehistoric origins of both agriculture and aquaculture as crafts Oxbow lakes Neolithic hunter-gatherers in the Nile seasonal collection of catfish from oxbow lakes Egyptian bas-relief in one of the pharaoh tombs shows tilapia being removed from a pond religious connotation? ANS

2 Traditional Aquaculture Prehistoric origins of both terracultue and aquaculture as crafts Neolithic hunter-gatherers in the Nile seasonal collection of catfish from oxbow lakes South America Landscape fisheries in the Bolivian Amazon sas.upenn.edu/~ /~cerickso/applied2.html click on - AN ARTIFICIAL LANDSCAPE SCALE FISHERY IN THE BOLIVIAN AMAZON Egyptian bas-relief in one of the pharaoh s tombs (2,500 B.C.) tilapia being removed from a pond religious connotation? Hawaiian fish ponds Stew ponds in Europe ANS

3 Traditional Aquaculture (cont.) Prehistoric origins of both agriculture and aquaculture as crafts China Oracle bones before invention of paper ~ 4000 years ago Fan Lee 475 B.C. first aquaculture text China continuous its tradition of freshwater aquaculture to this day ANS

4 Aquatic Food Chains Traditional Aquaculture microns mm ANS

5 Herbivorous Fish = Filter Feeders silver carp ANS

6 Omnivorous fish - common carp ANS

7 The History of Aquaculture ANS

8 Carp Aquaculture Crustaceans 6% Seaweeds 23% Carp 61% of fish (39% animal aquaculture) Carp 30% Mollusk 22% Other fish 19% Total fish = 49% TOTAL AQUACULTURE ANS

9 Koi Koi (domestic carp) is the most popular fish in Japan because of its gorgeous, magnificent, and colorful style. In Japanese culture, the Koi represents strength, courage and success in life. On Children's Day in May, Carp windsocks are flown from each home. This is the parents wishing success for their children's lives in the future. ANS

10 Koi Grand Champion Kohaku,, 22nd & 24th All Japan Show, presently in service as a stud at Sakai Fish Farms in Hiroshima ANS

11 Common carp = Cyprinus carpio Temperature optimum; o C and will survive down to 4 o C While carp will tolerate low oxygen levels, optimum growth is achieved is > 3 ppm O 2. Algal crashes and resulting complete oxygen depuration are a common cause of carp mortalities. ANS

12 Carp reproduction Collection of eggs Natural spawning Dubisch method - small ( m2) shallow (30-60 cm deep) kept grass- covered and dry when not used. Temperature warms to 18-20oC; ponds are flooded cm deep; spawners stocked, 2-3 females and 4-5 males; spawning occurs within 1-2 days. Dry striping of spawners - ANS

13 1960 s Daylight/temp Pineal gland Pituitary gland Gonadotropin hormones Ovary or human chorionic gonadotrophin ANS

14 Spawning maturation in carp Hormone-treatment Original method, females sutured; mg dry pituitary/per kilogram of fish into the muscle on the back (2 X) Presently hormone injections are used o C the ripening process is complete in hours after the second treatment. ANS

15 Fertilization Fertilization - ~ 1 part sperm:100 parts eggs Urea 0.3% plus sodium chloride 0.4% is used as a saline solution for multiple washes, 1 part solution:10 parts fertilized eggs, over a period of 1.5 hours to remove the "stickiness" from eggs. A final rinse uses tannin to complete the "de- sticking" process. ANS

16 Larval rearing Egg Incubation - Upwelling jars days at 24 o C. Larval rearing - Upwelling tanks (200 l) 3-4 days at o C; inflation of air bladder and swimming commences. ANS

17 Fry rearing = small ponds ~ 0.1 ha Predator removal Quicklime CaO + H2O Ca (OH) ph > 11 Bleach Teaseed cake saponin (hemolytic toxin) Ponds fertilized - 2 weeks preparation combination organic and inorganic fert. nitrogen/phosphorus ratio = 3:1 to 6:1 stocked at larvae/m2; 30 days to fingerling size. ANS

18 Intensification of carp monoculture Natural production kg/ha/yr Fertilization kg/ha/yr Supplementary feeding mt/ha/yr (soaked grains) Complete feeds mt/ha/yr Complete feeds + aerators mt/ha/yr ANS

19 POLYCULTURE Tang dynasty ( A.D.) ANS

20 Chinese Carp production ,593,000 mt (39% of animal aquaculture and 61 % of fish) Mollusks & Crustaceans 35% Silver Carp 7% Grass Carp 9% Common Carp 6% Other Fish 39% Other Carps 7% Bighead Carp 5% Indian Carps 5% ANS

21 Grass carp = grass juice carp Fry feed on plankton change to vegetation at ~ 6 > 20 o C grass carp feed continuously eating several times their body weight in plant material daily. Rapid growth; live for as long as 10 yrs. Meat quality preferred ANS

22 Silver carp = phytoplankton ANS

23 Bighead carp feed on phytoplankton and zooplankton and/or pellets; fourth most important carp species ANS

24 Black carp feeds on molluscs ANS

25 Grass carp model - ~ 9000 kg/ha Species Stocking # Survival % Grass carp 7,500 ~ 90* 5,000 Silver carp 6,700 ~ 90* 2,000 Bighead carp 1,800 ~ Common carp 3,700 ~ 90 1,000 Tilapia 3,000 ~ Net yield (kg/ha) ANS

26 Rice-fish aquaculture Advantages rice production improved additional source of protein and/or revenue Disadvantages Not useful with high-yielding, short stem rice varieties calling for thin water sheets Not useful with rice multiple cropping; fish growth limited Need to provide refuges during rice field drainage Limits use of common insecticides and herbicides fish production food limited ANS

27 Integrated fish farming Integration with animal husbandry Terraculture species 1 egg-laying hen/yr 2 kg Fish/yr 1 duck/yr 3 kg 1 goose 4 kg 1 fattening pig (0 8 months old) 40 kg 1 milk cow 450 kg ANS

28 ANS

29 Integrated fish farming Multi-level integration Pig waste vegetables vegetable wastes fish Fish-sericulture sericulture Pond silt mulberry trees silkworm production silkworm pupae fish Cow waste mushroom earthworm fish You name it ANS