ARTHROPODS. Phylum Arthropoda. 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 1
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1 ARTHROPODS Phylum Arthropoda 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 1
2 Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Arthropoda Greek: arthro = jointed, + pod = foot Huge group, > 1,000,000 species. estimate: 1,000,000 spp. arthropods 1,190,000 spp. animals ~ 84% of all animal species are arthropods!! 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 2
3 Body pla n Phylum Arthropoda Tube-in-tube, bilateral symmetry, protostomous, split coelom Marine, aquatic, terrestrial even Antarctica! Cell and tissue organization Triploblastic, complex organs ~ 30,000 genes in genome, (same as for mammals) 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 3
4 Phylum Arthropoda Huge group, > 1,000,000 species. How can we explain the success of the arthropods? Exoskeleton! 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 4
5 Phylum Arthropoda Exoskeleton of chitin and protein (= cuticle) structure: epicuticle (oily, waxy) exocuticle (chitin & protein) endocuticle (chitin only) epidermis secretes cuticle 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 5
6 Problems associated with exoskeleton. Problem 1. MOVEMENT Solution: Joints in exoskeleton. arthro-, = joint -pod, = leg, foot Exocuticle absent from joints; may form hinges. Endocuticle alone allows flexibility. 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 6
7 Problems associated with exoskeleton. Problem 2. GROWTH Solution: Molting 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 7
8 Molting (1) Secretion of "molting fluid" to dissolve old endocuticle. 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 8
9 Molting (2) New cuticle formed under old exocuticle. Break out of old cuticle Old cuticle breaks at line of weakness 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 9
10 Molting (3) Inflate with water/air to increase size while skeleton soft, but soft skeleton & gravity limit size; arthropods are mostly small. Hardening of new exocuticle. 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 10
11 Growth stages Arthropod passes thru growth stages in life cycle. Some stop molting as adults (insects, most spiders) Some continue to molt (crayfish, tarantulas) 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 11
12 Problems associated with exoskeleton. Problem 3. SENSORY INPUT touch sensory setae connected to neurons smell & taste hollow sensory setae w/ chemosensitive nerve endings 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 12
13 Problems associated with exoskeleton. Problem 3. SENSORY INPUT vision clear cuticle over compound or simple eyes 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 13
14 Problems associated with exoskeleton. Problem 3. SENSORY INPUT hearing tympanum = endocuticle, vibrates like eardrum trichobothria (right ) 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 14
15 Support Locomotion Benefits of Exoskeleton: lever system walk, swim, fly to individuals: Mechanical protection (armor) Retards evaporation (in air) and/or osmosis (in water) water balance. 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 15
16 Benefits of Exoskeleton: to the phylum: Reduction of coelom & segmentation Abandoned hydrostatic system of annelid-like ancestor) Coelom reduced to pericardial cavity Segments fused = Tagmosis Specialization of body regions (= tagmata) Specialization of appendages 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 16
17 Tagmosis Head (~ 4-6 segments) feeding, sensation Head appendages mandibles, maxillae, maxillipeds, chelicerae antennae 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 17
18 Tagmosis Thorax (~ 3-6 segments) locomotion, grasping. Thoracic appendages walking legs, wings chelipeds 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 18
19 Tagmosis Abdomen (~8-30+ segments) respiration, reproduction, etc. Abdominal appendages abdominal gills (aquatic insect larvae) swimmerets (crayfish) filtering legs (barnacles) gonopods (crayfish, etc.) spinnerets (spiders) 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 19
20 Tagmosis Number of segments/legs in each tagma varies by subphylum, class. Cephalothorax of 6 segments in Chelicerata 1 pr. chelicerae 1 pr. pedipalps 4 pr. walking legs Cephalothorax of 13 segments in Crustacea (shrimps) 2 pr. antennae 1 pr. mandibles 2 pr. maxillae 3 pr. maxillipeds 5 pr. walking legs (1 st pair modified as chelipeds) 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 20
21 Phylum Arthropoda Ways the needs of cells are met Food Herbivores, predators, detritivores, parasites, filter feeders,... O 2 and CO 2 exchange Gills usu. modified legs, Book lungs, Tracheal systems Waste removal Diffusion from gills, Malphigian tubules 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 21
22 Other arthropod characters Open circulatory system Dorsal heart pumps hemolymph over brain Hemolymph moves through hemocoel back toward heart Ostia (holes) in sides of heart let hemolymph in to go around again. 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 22
23 Phylum Arthropoda Special concerns of a multicellular animal Circulation: Open circulatory system, (analogous to that in Mollusca) Dorsal aorta Hemocoel Pores (ostia) valved Text fig Sept Arthropoda.ppt 23
24 Other arthropod characters Respiratory systems Gills in aquatic/marine arthropods Book lungs (modified gills) in spiders & scorpions Tracheal systems in most terrestrial arthropods 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 24
25 Other arthropod characters Nervous system resembles that of annelid Dorsal brain with nerves around esophagus Paired ventral nerve cords Segmental ganglia Often fused into 1-2 ganglia in each tagma 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 25
26 Phylum Arthropoda Special concerns of a multicellular animal Circulation: Open circulatory system, Coordination, Complex sensory organs, nervous system Structural support & Movement Exoskeleton & muscles Maintenance of homeostasis water balance. 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 26
27 Phylum Arthropoda Reproduction Usually sexual, some parthenogenic 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 27
28 Distinguishing Characters of Arthropoda Jointed exoskeleton Tagmosis Compound eyes 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 28
29 Classification of Arthropoda Subphylum Trilobita Subphylum Chelicerata Subphylum Myriopoda Clade Pancrustacea Subphylum Crustacea (polyphyletic) Subphylum Hexapoda 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 29
30 Classification of Arthropoda Subphylum Trilobita Class Trilobita Three-lobed head & body (left, middle, right) Diverse in Paleozoic ~ MYA Extinct 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 30
31 Classification of Arthropoda Subphylum Chelicerata Cephalothorax Jaws are chelicerae Pedipalps 4 pr. Walking legs Abdomen 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 31
32 Classification of Arthropoda Subphylum Chelicerata Class Horseshoe crabs Horseshoe crabs Scorpions?? 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 32
33 Classification of Arthropoda Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnids Lost compound eyes Spiders Daddy-long-legs vinegaroons mites & ticks more Scorpions?? 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 33
34 Classification of Arthropoda Subphylum Myriapoda Legs unbranched Head & body Class Centipedes 1 st legs are fangs 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 34
35 Classification of Arthropoda Subphylum Myriapoda Class Millipedes Double segments (2 pr. legs per segment) 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 35
36 Classification of Arthropoda Clade Pancrustacea Subphylum Hexapoda Subphylum Crustacea 2 pr. Antennae (antennules, antennae) Cephalothorax 13 segments & appendage pairs Abdomen variable among Classes 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 36
37 Classification of Arthropoda Subphylum Crustacea Class crabs Class barnacles 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 37
38 Classification of Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda Class Insects Head, thorax, abdomen 2 pr. Wings ~800,000 species, majority of all arthropods 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 38
39 Classification of Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda Class Insects Incomplete metamorphosis Dragonflies Orthoptera Hemiptera, Homoptera Complete metamorphosis Coleoptera (beetles) Hymenoptera (wasps, ants, bees) Diptera (flies) 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 39
40 Why are Arthropods so successful? Exoskeleton tagmosis evolution of flight speciation 10 6 species of insects. 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 40
41 Why are Arthropods so successful? Exoskeleton protection from water loss early colonization of land head start. Arthropods were diverse and widespread on land before vertebrates! 08 Sept Arthropoda.ppt 41
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